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E-raamat: Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater with Constructed Wetlands

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Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater with Constructed WetlandsSuurem pilt
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Pollution of waterbodies and the environment by petroleum industry is of particular concern in Nigeria. This problem can be addressed by the application of constructed wetlands (CWs) which is a nature-based system that is simple to construct, have low operational and maintenance costs in terms of supply of energy and its periodic maintenance.

The application of CWs in Nigeria for polishing of petroleum refinery wastewater is an unprecedented research. This PhD thesis focused on some specific objectives which were characterization of treated secondary refinery wastewater, design, construction, operation and monitoring of planted (T. latifolia, C. alternifolius and C. dactylon) and unplanted vertical subsurface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and hybrid CWs for the removal of suspended solids, nutrients, heavy metals, organic matter and organic pollutants. The CWs effectively treated the petroleum contaminated wastewater to effluent compliance limits.

In this study, T. latifolia planted CWs had consistently higher removal efficiencies for all the measured parameters than C. alternifolius and C. dactylon planted CW systems. Therefore, in order to improve the wastewater quality discharged by Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) Nigeria, meet stringent guidelines and protect the recipient streams, installation of CWs at the effluent discharge point of KRPC is strongly recommended.

Acknowledgement vii
Summary ix
Samenvatting xi
Table of Contents
xiii
Chapter 1 General Introduction
1(12)
1.1 Background of the study
2(1)
1.2 The Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), Kaduna
3(1)
1.3 Problem statement
4(1)
1.4 Research objectives of the thesis
5(1)
1.4.1 General objectives
5(1)
1.4.2 Specific objectives
5(1)
1.5 Research questions
6(1)
1.6 Significance of the study
6(2)
1.7 Outline of the thesis
8(1)
1.8 References
9(4)
Chapter 2 Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater generated in conventional petroleum refining industry: a review
13(58)
Abbreviations and notations
15(1)
2.1 Introduction
16(7)
2.1.1 Petroleum refining wastewater types
16(2)
2.1.2 Petroleum contaminants
18(5)
2.2 Constructed wetlands for treatment of petroleum refining wastewater
23(15)
2.2.1 Conventional treatment technologies
23(1)
2.2.2 Constructed wetland design
24(14)
2.3 Removal pathways in constructed wetlands
38(3)
2.4 Components of constructed wetland treatment
41(8)
2.4.1 The macrophyte component
41(4)
2.4.2 Microorganisms
45(3)
2.4.3 Role of substrate media of constructed wetlands
48(1)
2.5 Capital, operation and maintenance costs
49(1)
2.6 Conclusions
50(1)
2.7 Acknowledgement
51(1)
2.8 References
51(20)
Chapter 3 Characterization of secondary treated refinery effluent
71(20)
3.1 Introduction
73(2)
3.1.1 Petroleum effluents
73(2)
3.2 Materials and methods
75(3)
3.2.1 Description of experimental study site
75(1)
3.2.2 Physical and chemical quality characterization
75(2)
3.2.3 Data analysis
77(1)
3.3 Results
78(5)
3.3.1 Characterization of secondary refinery wastewater
78(1)
3.3.2 Heavy metal concentrations in secondary refinery wastewater
79(1)
3.3.3 Special organic contaminant concentrations in secondary refinery wastewater
79(1)
3.3.4 M-K test
80(3)
3.4 Discussion
83(2)
3.4.1 Implication of the discharge of secondary treated refinery wastewater into the environment
83(1)
3.4.2 Heavy metal content in the secondary oil refinery wastewater
84(1)
3.4.3 Organic contaminants
85(1)
3.5 Conclusions
85(1)
3.6 Acknowledgement
85(1)
3.7 References
86(5)
Chapter 4 Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for polishing secondary Kaduna refinery wastewater in Nigeria
91(22)
4.1 Introduction
93(1)
4.2 Materials and methods
94(4)
4.2.1 Description of experimental study site
94(1)
4.2.2 Refinery effluent sampling
95(1)
4.2.3 Constructed wetland design and operation
95(1)
4.2.4 Bacteriological sampling and analysis
96(2)
4.2.5 Data analysis
98(1)
4.3 Results
98(7)
4.3.1 Treatment efficiencies of the VSF - CWs
98(2)
4.3.2 Properties of bacterial isolates in wastewater, gravel and root media
100(5)
4.4 Discussion
105(1)
4.4.1 Vertical subsurface flow CW for petroleum secondary effluent treatment
105(1)
4.4.2 Bacteriological analysis of subsurface flow constructed wetlands
106(1)
4.5 Conclusions
106(1)
4.6 Acknowledgement
107(1)
4.7 References
107(6)
Chapter 5 Optimization of petroleum refinery wastewater treatment by vertical flow constructed wetlands under tropical conditions: plant species selection and polishing by a horizontal flow constructed wetlands
113(34)
5.1 Introduction
115(2)
5.2 Materials and methods
117(4)
5.2.1 Description of experimental study site
117(1)
5.2.2 Experimental design
117(2)
5.2.3 Sample collection
119(1)
5.2.4 Monitoring the growth of Typha latifolia in VSSF and HSSF CWs
119(1)
5.2.5 Analysis
120(1)
5.2.6 Performance of constructed wetlands based on mass balance calculations
120(1)
5.3 Results
121(12)
5.3.1 Growth of Typha latifolia in wetlands treating secondary refinery wastewater
121(1)
5.3.2 Physicochemical wastewater parameters
122(1)
5.3.3 Turbidity
122(2)
5.3.4 Total suspended solids
124(1)
5.3.5 Biological and chemical oxygen demand
125(2)
5.3.6 Nitrogenous compounds
127(2)
5.3.7 Phosphate
129(1)
5.3.8 Relationship between organic mass loading rates and mass removal rates
130(2)
5.3.9 HSSF CW (Stage 2) of the hybrid treatment systems
132(1)
5.4 Discussion
133(5)
5.4.1 Efficiency of the VSSF-HSSF CWs in improving the quality of the secondary refinery effluent
133(3)
5.4.2 Role of T. latifolia planted VSSF CWs in the optimization of the treatment system
136(1)
5.4.3 Removal efficiency of the HSSF C W treatment systems
137(1)
5.4.4 Performance of T. latifolia in the VSSF-HSSF CWs
138(1)
5.4.5 Physicochemical wastewater characteristics
138(1)
5.5 Conclusions
138(1)
5.6 Acknowledgement
139(1)
5.7 References
139(8)
Chapter 6 Fate of heavy metals in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating secondary treated petroleum refinery wastewater in Kaduna, Nigeria
147(26)
6.1 Introduction
149(1)
6.2 Materials and methods
150(3)
6.2.1 Experimental design
150(1)
6.2.2 Water and plant sampling
151(1)
6.2.3 Analytical methods
151(1)
6.2.4 Treatment efficiency of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands
152(1)
6.2.5 Bioaccumulation factor in plant parts
152(1)
6.2.6 Translocation factor
152(1)
6.3 Results
153(3)
6.3.1 Heavy metal removal from the refinery wastewater
153(2)
6.3.2 Plant height and shoots
155(1)
6.3.3 Plant contribution to heavy metal removal in VSF-CWs
155(1)
6.3.4 Heavy metal concentrations, translocation and bioaccumulation in plant parts
156(1)
6.4 Discussion
156(10)
6.4.1 Heavy metal removal from secondary refinery wastewater by VSF-CWs
156(5)
6.4.2 Relationship between heavy metal removal by plants and removal by VSF-CWs
161(1)
6.4.3 Bioaccumulation and translocation of metals in wetland plants
162(4)
6.5 Conclusions
166(1)
6.6 Acknowledgement
166(1)
6.7 References
166(7)
Chapter 7 Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands for the removal of petroleum contaminants from secondary refinery effluent at the Kaduna refining and petrochemical company (Kaduna, Nigeria)
173(28)
7.1 Introduction
175(1)
7.2 Materials and methods
176(5)
7.2.1 Experiment set up
176(2)
7.2.2 Sampling
178(1)
7.2.3 Analysis
178(2)
7.2.4 Calculations
180(1)
7.3 Results
181(8)
7.3.1 Physicochemical parameters of VSF CW influent and effluent
181(1)
7.3.2 Removal of TSS and COD
182(1)
7.3.3 Petroleum contaminant removal
183(1)
7.3.4 Nutrient removal by VSF CW
184(1)
7.3.5 Growth of Typha latifolia in the VSF CW
185(1)
7.3.6 Concentration of contaminants in Typha latifolia tissue
186(2)
7.3.7 Bioaccumulation and translocation factors
188(1)
7.4 Discussion
189(5)
7.4.1 Performance of constructed wetlands for treatment of petroleum contaminants
189(2)
7.4.2 Bioaccumulation and translocation of petroleum contaminants in plant parts
191(1)
7.4.3 CW effluent quality: TSS and COD
192(1)
7.4.4 CW effluent quality: physicochemical parameters
193(1)
7.5 Conclusions
194(1)
7.6 Acknowledgement
195(1)
7.7 References
195(6)
Chapter 8 Performance evaluation of duplex constructed wetlands for the treatment of diesel contaminated wastewater
201(36)
8.1 Introduction
203(2)
8.2 Material and Methods
205(5)
8.2.1 Experimental setup
205(2)
8.2.2 Preparation of synthetic diesel refinery oil effluent
207(1)
8.2.3 Wastewater sampling and analysis
207(1)
8.2.4 Numerical Experiments
208(2)
8.3 Results
210(11)
8.3.1 Water quality parameters
210(1)
8.3.2 Organic pollutants
210(11)
8.4 Discussion
221(8)
8.4.1 Constructed wetlands for treatment of diesel contaminated wastewater
221(3)
8.4.2 Single stage versus hybrid CW system
224(3)
8.4.3 Effect of nutrient addition on duplex-CW performance
227(1)
8.4.4 Physical-chemical characteristics of secondary refinery wastewater
228(1)
8.5 Conclusion
229(1)
8.6 Acknowledgement
229(1)
8.7 References
229(8)
Chapter 9 General discussion and outlook
237(34)
9.1 Introduction
238(1)
9.2 Petroleum refinery wastewater characterization
239(7)
9.3 Wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands
246(7)
9.3.1 Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSF CWs)
247(1)
9.3.2 Macrophytes
248(2)
9.3.3 Hybrid constructed wetlands
250(3)
9.4 Implications for application by petroleum refining industry
253(1)
9.5 Scaling up of constructed wetland for treating petroleum refinery effluent
254(9)
9.5.1 Design parameters
254(5)
9.5.2 Operation and maintenance
259(3)
9.5.3 Cost implication for siting a subsurface flow constructed wetland to polish the secondary treated Kaduna refinery wastewater
262(1)
9.6 Outlook: Application of constructed wetland treatment technology to KRPC effluent
263(1)
9.7 References
263(8)
Appendix 271(4)
List of publications 275(1)
Conference Proceeding 276(2)
About the author 278(1)
Acknowledgements of financial support 279
Hassana Ibrahim Mustapha was born in Lokoja, Nigeria in 1974. Her first and second degrees were obtained at the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria in Agricultural Engineering (B.Eng.) and Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (M. Eng.) in year 2000 and 2005, respectively. Hassana joined the UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education in the Netherlands in 2011 as a PhD Research Fellow. Her research work focused on the treatment of petroleum refining wastewater. Her PhD was supervised by Professor dr. ir. Piet N. L. Lens (Professor of Environmental Biotechnology). She has co-authored 12 papers on constructed wetlands for petroleum refining wastewater treatment, including 6 conference papers. Her research interests are in constructed wetlands, phytoremediation and treatment of wastewater. This book is a PhD dissertation and six of its chapters have been published separately in reputable journals.
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