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E-raamat: Treaty Interpretation

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Treaty InterpretationSuurem pilt
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This book explains the rules for interpretation of treaties and gives examples of their application in national and international jurisdictions. The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties now apply to virtually all treaties which may be encountered in an international context and also within national legal systems where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters.

The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, and also some administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organizations, are increasingly likely to encounter issues of treaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Now that the codified rules of treaty interpretation have been in force for some twenty-five years, there is a considerable body of case law on their application. This case law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has to consider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of the relevant domestic legislation. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules.

Arvustused

Gardiner has structured his material in a lucid and intelligble manner...the book reads well, is informative and rich in useful material, and manages to tackle an issue that, at least to this reviewer, seems tremendously difficult, if not terrifying: that of intelligibly interpreting the rules on treaty interpretation. It should be of good use to advanced students and practitioners alike. Antonios Tzanakopoulos, German Yearbook of International Law 2010. Review from previous edition 'Treaty interpretation is analysed in the wider context of the law of treaties, of which Gardiner has unparalleled knowledge. It is very rarely that the whole subject of treaty interpretation is dealt with in such detail in one study, and the achievement of the author is therefore even more significant...The book will undoubtedly become a classic study on the interpretation of treaties - of great use to both practitioners and academics.' Malgosia Fitzmaurice, European Journal of International Law 2009

Muu info

Shortlisted for the 2011 Inner Temple Book Prize
Foreword xiii
Sir Michael Wood
Preface to Paperback Edition xv
Preface to First Edition lvii
Acknowledgments lix
Abbreviations lxi
Note on Citations lxiii
Table of Cases
lxv
Table of Treaties and Legislation
lxxiii
PART I OVERVIEW, HISTORY, MATERIALS, AND DRAMATIS PERSONAE
The Vienna Rules
3(2)
1 A Single Set of Rules of Interpretation
5(46)
1 Introduction
5(7)
1.1 Guide to analytical approach
9(3)
2 Applicability of the Vienna Rules Generally
12(7)
2.1 History of recognition by the ICJ of the Vienna rules
13(2)
2.2 Express endorsement of the Vienna rules by the ICJ
15(2)
2.3 Endorsement of the Vienna rules by other international courts and tribunals
17(1)
2.4 Endorsement of the Vienna rules by national courts
18(1)
3 Definitions and Key Concepts
19(10)
3.1 Treaty
20(2)
3.2 Party, signatory, etc
22(1)
3.3 Treaty relations
23(1)
3.4 Preparatory work
24(1)
3.5 Intertemporal law
25(1)
3.6 `Interpretation' and `application'
26(3)
4 The Process of Interpretation and the Nature of the Rules
29(9)
4.1 The process of interpretation and the principle of autonomous interpretation
29(4)
4.2 A general `rule' and `rules' of interpretation
33(3)
4.3 Are the Vienna rules `rules'?
36(2)
5 Four Examples
38(13)
5.1 Interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights---a typical approach
39(2)
5.2 An interpretation by an arbitral tribunal of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)---interpretation and application
41(4)
5.3 Interpretation within a national legal system---contrasting application of Vienna rules and domestic precedent
45(3)
5.4 Interpretation within a national legal system---increasing awareness of the Vienna rules in courts in the UK
48(3)
2 Development of Rules of Interpretation
51(23)
1 Introduction
51(3)
2 Treaty Interpretation in the Greco-Roman Era
54(1)
3 Grotius, Pufendorf, Vattel, and Canons of Interpretation
55(1)
4 The Harvard Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties
56(3)
5 The Permanent Court of International Justice
59(1)
6 Restrictive Interpretation and Effectiveness
60(2)
7 Institut de Droit International
62(1)
8 The Practice of the International Court of Justice Before the Vienna Convention
63(2)
9 The New Haven School and World Public Order
65(4)
10 The Work of the International Law Commission and the Vienna Conference
69(5)
3 Interpretative Material Generated in Making Treaties
74(35)
1 Introduction
74(1)
2 Making Treaties
75(9)
2.1 Who initiates and negotiates treaties?
75(1)
2.2 Negotiating and Drawing up a treaty
75(1)
2.2.1 Negotiation and full Powers
76(1)
2.3 Adoption and authentication of a treaty text
77(1)
2.4 Concluded and other instruments
78(1)
2.4.1 Final acts and protocols
79(1)
2.4.2 Distinguishing treaties from other instruments
80(4)
3 Statements or Declarations by States Affecting Interpretation of Treaties
84(15)
3.1 Reservations
84(2)
3.2 Interpretative declarations
86(1)
3.3 Differentiating between reservations and interpretative declarations
87(1)
3.4 Wrinkles in the distinction
87(1)
3.5 Confusing terminology
88(1)
3.6 Significance of how the maker characterizes a statement or declaration
89(1)
3.7 `Conditional declarations'
90(1)
3.8 Other declarations
91(1)
3.9 Statements in response to declarations
92(1)
3.10 Effects of responses to interpretative declarations
93(1)
3.11 Effects of interpretative declarations
94(1)
3.12 Decisions of courts and tribunals on interpretative declarations
95(3)
3.13 Conclusion on interpretative declarations
98(1)
4 Preparatory Materials
99(10)
4.1 How far does preparatory work trace history?
99(1)
4.1.1 What illuminates work trace history?
100(1)
4.1.2 Tracing a historical line
101(1)
4.1.3 Looking at the main source
101(2)
4.1.4 Using all material available to negotiators
103(1)
4.2 Whether preparatory work can be differentially admissible
104(1)
4.3 Documents associated with treaty negotiations
105(1)
4.4 Admissibility of documents from a unilateral source
106(3)
4 Who Uses the Vienna Convention to Interpret Treaties?
109(32)
1 Introduction
109(2)
2 International Organizations
111(3)
2.1 General interpretative competence in international organizations
111(1)
2.2 The two Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties
112(1)
2.3 The United Nations and other organizations
113(1)
2.4 The European Community and European Union
113(1)
3 International Courts and Tribunals
114(12)
3.1 International Court of Justice
114(1)
3.2 Arbitration
115(1)
3.3 The World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding
116(3)
3.4 The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
119(1)
3.5 The European Court of Human Rights
119(1)
3.6 The European Court of Justice
120(1)
3.6.1 The treaties founding the Community
121(1)
3.6.2 Treaties to which the Community is a party with non-member states
122(2)
3.6.3 Community instruments giving effect to treaties with non-members
124(2)
3.7 Other international courts and tribunals
126(1)
4 National Legal Systems
126(15)
4.1 Implementation of treaties
126(2)
4.2 Judicial interpretation within national legal systems
128(1)
4.2.1 Parties to the Vienna Convention generally
128(1)
4.2.2 The common law tradition
129(4)
4.2.9 States which are not parties to the Vienna Convention
133(8)
PART II INTERPRETATION APPLYING THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES
A The General Rule
5 The General Rule: (1) The Treaty, its Terms, and their Ordinary Meaning
141(62)
1 A `Treaty'
142(5)
1.1 The `treaty' and its `terms'
144(1)
1.2 The sound of silence---absent and implied terms
145(2)
2 `Good Faith'
147(14)
2.1 History and preparatory work relating to `good faith'
148(2)
2.2 Ordinary meaning of `good faith'
150(2)
2.3 `Good faith' in context and in the light of the Convention's object and purpose
152(1)
2.4 Issues and practice
152(1)
2.4.1 `Good faith' generally
152(5)
2.4.2 `Good faith' meaning reasonableness
157(1)
2.4.3 `Good faith' limiting interpretation of a power
157(1)
2.4.4 `Good faith' requiring balancing of treaty elements
158(1)
2.4.5 `Good faith' and the principle of effectiveness (ut res magis valeat quam pereat)
159(2)
3 `Ordinary Meaning'
161(16)
3.1 History and preparatory work
162(1)
3.2 Ordinary meaning of `ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty'
163(2)
3.3 Issues and practice
165(1)
3.3.1 Role of ordinary meaning
165(1)
3.3.2 Dictionaries and other sources of definitions
166(3)
3.3.3 Literal meanings of single terms
169(1)
3.3.4 No ordinary meaning or no single one?
170(2)
3.3.5 Generic terms
172(1)
3.3.6 `Ordinary' to whom?
173(1)
3.3.7 Treaty language and terms
174(2)
3.3.8 Terms and concepts
176(1)
4 `Context'
177(12)
4.1 Background and context
178(1)
4.2 Issues and practice
178(1)
4.2.1 Immediate context---grammar and syntax
178(2)
4.2.2 Title, headings, and chapeaux
180(2)
4.2.3 Context showing structure or scheme
182(3)
4.2.4 Related and contrasting provisions
185(1)
4.2.5 Preamble
186(1)
4.2.6 Punctuation and syntax
187(2)
5 `Object and Purpose'
189(13)
5.1 History and preparatory work relating to `object and purpose'
190(1)
5.2 Ordinary Meaning of `object and purpose' in context
191(3)
5.3 Issues and practice
194(1)
5.3.1 Singular object and purpose
194(2)
5.3.2 Finding object and purpose from preamble and substantive provisions
196(1)
5.3.3 Can the object and purpose be used to counter clear substantive provisions?
197(2)
5.3.4 Object and purpose identifying general scope of treaty
199(1)
5.3.5 Object and purpose in a particular provision
200(1)
5.3.6 Principle of effectiveness (general)
200(2)
6 Conclusions
202(1)
6 The General Rule: (2) Agreements as Context, Subsequent Agreements, and Subsequent Practice
203(47)
1 Introduction
203(6)
1.1 The linking notion of agreement
203(1)
1.2 Substantial identity of effect of subsequent agreements on interpretation as of those at time of conclusion
204(4)
1.3 Interpretative agreement in subsequent practice
208(1)
2 Agreements and Instruments Made in Connection with Conclusion of a Treaty
209(7)
2.1 `Conclusion' of a treaty
209(3)
2.2 Interpretative role of agreements connected with conclusion of a treaty
212(2)
2.3 Interpretative role of instruments made by one or more parties
214(1)
2.3.1 Instruments covered by article 31(2)(b) of the Vienna Convention
214(1)
2.3.2 Role of unilateral instruments covered by article 31(2)(b)
215(1)
3 Subsequent Agreements
216(9)
3.1 Fact of agreement, not form, is the key factor
216(1)
3.1.1 History and analysis
217(1)
3.1.2 ICJ looks for fact of agreement, not form
218(2)
3.2 Less formal or informal agreement
220(2)
3.3 Effect of amending agreements
222(3)
4 Subsequent Practice
225(25)
4.1 Elements of subsequent practice
226(1)
4.1.1 History and development of the provision
226(1)
4.1.2 Meaning of `subsequent practice'
226(1)
4.1.3 Practice to be concordant, common, and consistent
227(1)
4.1.4 Practice may consist of executive, legislative, and judicial acts
228(2)
4.1.5 `Subsequent practice' and `subsequent conduct' distinguished
230(2)
4.1.6 Practice `in the application of the treaty'
232(1)
4.2 Deduction from absence of subsequent practice
232(3)
4.3 Parties participating in the practice
235(1)
4.3.1 Practice must be attributable to parties
235(1)
4.3.2 Agreement, not practice, of all parties is required
235(1)
4.3.3 Practice of some parties only does not interpret a treaty `inter se' unless so agreed
236(1)
4.3.4 Practice of some parties in absence of that of others
237(2)
4.4 `Establishing' agreement
239(2)
4.5 Subsequent practice linked with informal agreement, understandings, or other instruments
241(1)
4.6 Subsequent practice and `evolutive' interpretation distinguished
242(1)
4.7 Subsequent practice and amendment differentiated
243(3)
4.8 Subsequent practice in international organizations
246(1)
4.8.1 Whose practice in the organization?
246(1)
4.8.2 Practice in relation to treaty establishing an organization
247(2)
4.8.3 Practice in relation to treaty provisions other than constitutional ones
249(1)
7 The General Rule: (3) Relevant Rules of International Law and Special Meanings
250(51)
1 Introduction
250(6)
1.1 The intertemporal rule in general international law
252(1)
1.2 Time factors in treaty interpretation
253(3)
2 History and Preparatory Work of Article 31(3)(c)
256(3)
3 Ordinary Meaning of Article 31(3)(c) in Context, etc
259(6)
3.1 There shall be taken into account, together with the context...
259(1)
3.2 Relevant rules of international law
260(1)
3.2.1 Relevance
260(1)
3.2.2 Rules of international law
260(3)
3.3 Which are `the parties'?
263(2)
4 Issues and Practice
265(26)
4.1 Terms
266(1)
4.1.1 Extent of relevant `international law'
266(2)
4.1.2 `Rules'
268(1)
4.1.3 Applicable in the relations between which `parties'?
269(7)
4.2 Intertemporal and temporal issues
276(2)
4.3 Clarifying meaning by reference to international law
278(3)
4.4 Reference to other treaties
281(1)
4.4.1 Reference to international law stated in common form treaties
282(1)
4.4.2 Reference to the same word as used in other treaties
283(1)
4.4.3 Reference to terms or phrases used in treaties on the some subject
283(1)
4.5 Filling gaps by reference to general international law
284(4)
4.6 Parallel and conflicting obligations
288(1)
4.7 Taking account of international law developments
289(2)
5 Special Meanings
291(10)
5.1 Introduction
291(1)
5.2 History and preparatory work
291(3)
5.3 Issues and practice
294(1)
5.3.1 Special meaning and ordinary meaning distinguished
294(1)
5.3.2 Burden of establishing a special meaning
295(1)
5.3.3 Evidence required to establish a special meaning
296(1)
5.3.4 Special meanings and special regimes
297(4)
B Supplementary Means of Interpretation
8 Supplementary Means of Interpretation
301(52)
1 Introduction
301(2)
2 History and Preparatory Work
303(7)
2.1 Separating supplementary means from the general rule
303(3)
2.2 Ready reference to preparatory work distinguished from basing interpretations on it alone
306(1)
2.3 Distinction between use of supplementary means `to confirm' and `to determine' the meaning
307(3)
3 Meaning of `Recourse' and `Supplementary'
310(2)
3.1 `Recourse'
310(1)
3.2 `Supplementary'
311(1)
3.3 Further supplementary means
311(1)
4 Issues and Practice
312(41)
4.1 Systematic use of gateways, unsystematic use, and by-passing them
312(1)
4.1.1 Explicit reference to the qualifying gateway
312(1)
4.1.2 Reaching the preparatory work informally
313(2)
4.1.3 Incidental use of supplementary means
315(1)
4.1.4 Admitting preparatory work introduced by parties
316(1)
4.2 Confirming meaning
316(1)
4.2.1 Role of `confirming' when not `determining'
316(7)
4.2.2 Confirming a clear meaning
323(1)
4.2.3 Using supplementary means to confirm `intension'
324(2)
4.2.4 Using supplementary means to confirm `reinforce' an interpretation
326(1)
4.2.5 Using preparatory work as general support
327(1)
4.2.6 Reciting and using preparatory work contrasted
327(1)
4.3 Determining meaning
328(1)
4.3.1 Qualifying conditions: `ambiguous or obscure' or `manifestly absurd or unreasonable'
328(2)
4.3.2 Ambiguous by reference to availability of another word having one of the claimed meanings
330(1)
4.4 Modalities of use of supplementary means
331(1)
4.4.1 Using and construing preparatory work
331(2)
4.4.2 Reading preparatory work to show agreement to exclude
333(1)
4.4.3 Deduction from absence from preparatory work
334(2)
4.4.4 Change of word or words during negotiation of treaty
336(1)
4.4.5 Exclusion of preparatory work from consideration
337(2)
4.4.6 May preparatory work be deployed as context?
339(1)
4.4.7 Using Preparatory work to identify or confirm object and purpose
340(1)
4.4.8 Effect of interpretation recorded in preparatory work
341(1)
4.4.9 Reading preparatory work in combination with other supplementary means
342(1)
4.5 Circumstances of conclusion and other supplementary means
343(1)
4.5.1 Meaning of `circumstances of conclusion'
343(2)
4.5.2 Comparison with provisions in other treaties or associated material as a circumstance of conclusion
345(1)
4.5.3 Commentaries, explanatory reports, academic writing, etc
346(3)
4.5.4 Other supplementary means
349(4)
9 Languages
353(34)
1 Introduction
353(1)
2 History and Preparatory Work
354(5)
3 Ordinary Meaning of Terms in Article 33
359(1)
4 Issues and Practice
360(27)
4.1 Interpretation by reference first to only one of several languages
360(2)
4.2 Use of `versions', `official' and other texts
362(1)
4.3 Presumption of the same meaning in all authentic texts
363(1)
4.4 How many languages must be considered if there is a need to reconcile texts?
364(2)
4.5 Is the `original' language of a treaty particularly significant for interpretation?
366(3)
4.6 Translation of terms and legal concepts in different languages
369(6)
4.7 Reconciliation where one or more texts are clear but another is ambiguous
375(2)
4.8 Different punctuation in different languages
377(3)
4.9 Reconciliation of language differences by reference to object and purpose
380(4)
4.10 Using preparatory work in reconciling differences between languages
384(3)
Bibliography 387(10)
Supplementary Bibliography 397(2)
Index 399
Richard Gardiner was an assistant legal adviser at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for some twelve years. For the next twenty years he was lecturer, then senior lecturer, at University College London. He also practices as a barrister. He is the author of a book on international law and has written many articles on international law topics. He is one of the editors of Shawcross and Beaumont on Air Law.
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