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There is no doubt that the triads have become recognized as a sophisticated and international criminal force and, following the handover of Hong Kong to China, there have been increasing fears that their influence will spread to the West through emigration. This book investigates the reality behind the myth with a study of the Hong Kong triads, generally regarded as the headquarters of triad societies throughout the world. Yiu Kong Chu examines their origins, their organized extortion from legitimate businesses large and small, and their more recent moves into illegal activities such as drug trafficking, human smuggling and gambling.

Contrary to the popular belief that Hong Kong triads are replacing the Italian Mafia as the most powerful criminal organization in the world, this book argues that Hong Kong triads may be declining, as other ethnic Chinese crime gangs emerge as powerful crime groups in Western societies.

Based on interviews with ex triad members and victims of the triads, police from Hong Kong, mainland China and Europe, as well as documentary evidence The Triads as Business gives a vivid and compelling picture of the triads as part of a wider society.
List of figures and tables
vii
Foreword viii
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
List of newspaper and journal abbreviations
xiv
1 Triads, business, and markets
1(8)
PART I The triads
9(32)
2 Origins
11(11)
3 Organisation
22(19)
PART II Legal markets
41(40)
4 Protection against extortionists
43(10)
5 Protection against competitors: traditional operations
53(13)
6 Protection against competitors: recent operations
66(11)
7 Dispute settlement
77(4)
PART III Illegal markets
81(26)
8 Drug dealing
83(5)
9 Gambling
88(11)
10 Prostitution
99(8)
PART IV International markets
107(14)
11 Drug trafficking
109(6)
12 Human smuggling
115(6)
PART V Implications and reflections
121(21)
13 Are triads extortionists, entrepreneurs, or protectors?
123(6)
14 International triad movement: emigration or reversion?
129(4)
15 New directions in the study of triads
133(9)
Appendix 1 Data sources 142(3)
Appendix 2 The formation of the Tiandihui 145(2)
Appendix 3 The 14K 147(2)
Appendix 4 Translation of a triad expulsion order 149(1)
Appendix 5 The Big Circle Boys 150(3)
Appendix 6 An actress's experience with triads 153(2)
Bibliography 155(7)
Index 162
Yiu Kong Chu is Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at The University of Hong Kong. He is also the Hong Kong Representative of the Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, UK.