| Acknowledgements |
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vii | |
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Chapter 1 Tropical rain forests: myths and inspirations |
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1 | (8) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (4) |
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SECTION I THE NATURAL HERITAGE |
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Chapter 2 An exuberance of plant life |
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9 | (24) |
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9 | (6) |
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2.1.1 Angiosperms: the flowering plants |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (2) |
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2.1.4 Bryophytes and allied taxa |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (16) |
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2.2.1 An introduction to leaves |
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16 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Trees, shrubs, and treelets |
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18 | (5) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 The great unseen: fungi and microorganisms |
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33 | (12) |
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33 | (8) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Pathogens of plants |
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38 | (2) |
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3.1.5 Pathogens of insects |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 More than monkeys: the vertebrates |
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45 | (26) |
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46 | (10) |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Ground-dwelling herbivores |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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4.1.6 Sloths, anteaters, and pangolins |
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55 | (1) |
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4.1.7 New mammalian species |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (7) |
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4.2.1 Distribution of major bird groups |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (5) |
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4.3 Amphibians and Reptiles |
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63 | (5) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 The little things: invertebrates |
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71 | (28) |
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74 | (17) |
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5.1.1 Butterflies and moths |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (2) |
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5.1.3 The social insects: ants, bees, wasps, and termites |
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80 | (7) |
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87 | (4) |
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5.2 Other invertebrate groups |
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91 | (4) |
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91 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Annelids: earthworms and leeches |
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92 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Miscellaneous others |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (4) |
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SECTION II ORIGINS, PATTERNS, AND PROCESSES |
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Chapter 6 From the beginning: origins and transformation |
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99 | (30) |
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99 | (8) |
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6.1.1 Mushrooms with a view |
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99 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Devonian to Carboniferous: the first tropical forests sow their own downfall |
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99 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Carboniferous: the age of forest carbon |
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101 | (1) |
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6.1.4 The Mesozoic: browsing dinosaurs |
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102 | (2) |
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6.1.5 The Tertiary: climate change |
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104 | (3) |
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6.2 The rain forest pick `n' mix |
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107 | (13) |
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109 | (7) |
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6.2.2 Trans-oceanic movements |
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116 | (3) |
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6.2.3 Communities: chance assembly versus dependent webs |
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119 | (1) |
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6.3 Regional themes and variations: a brief biogeography of quirks |
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120 | (6) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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6.3.5 New Guinea and Australia |
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124 | (1) |
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6.3.6 Oceanic and continental islands |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Many rain forests: formations and ecotones |
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129 | (26) |
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129 | (13) |
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7.1.1 Non-seasonal lowland rain forest |
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130 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Seasonal rain forest |
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131 | (1) |
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7.1.3 The wet-dry and the latitudinal ecotones |
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132 | (1) |
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7.1.4 Montane rain forests and `cloud forests' |
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132 | (2) |
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7.1.5 Freshwater swamp forests |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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7.1.9 Other rain forest formations |
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138 | (4) |
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142 | (1) |
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7.3 Rain forest landscapes |
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143 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Landscape variation |
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143 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Contexts and boundaries |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (7) |
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146 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Canopies, strata, and spaces |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 So many species, so many theories |
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155 | (24) |
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8.1 Restricted range species and widespread generalists |
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157 | (2) |
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8.1.1 Restricted range species |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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8.2 Alpha- and beta-diversity |
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159 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Environmental factors underlying alpha-diversity |
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162 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Environmental variability and beta-diversity |
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163 | (1) |
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8.3 Why are there more species in the tropics? Global and regional perspectives |
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164 | (13) |
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8.3.1 Evolutionary and biogeographic explanations of species diversity |
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164 | (6) |
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8.3.2 Ecological mechanisms for the maintenance of species diversity |
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170 | (7) |
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177 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Processes and cycles |
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179 | (18) |
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179 | (2) |
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9.1.1 The climate of tropical rain forest regions |
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181 | (1) |
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9.2 Atmospheric chemistry |
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181 | (3) |
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181 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Lungs of the world? |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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9.3.1 Principal soil types |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Nutrient-holding capacity and stocks |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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9.5 Productivity, biomass, and carbon |
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190 | (2) |
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9.5.1 Total carbon stores |
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190 | (1) |
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9.5.2 How productive are tropical rain forests? |
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190 | (2) |
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9.6 Hydrology and land stability |
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192 | (3) |
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9.6.1 Outputs: why forests evaporate so much water |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Plant form and function: what it takes to survive |
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197 | (32) |
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10.1 Energy capture: light and shade |
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197 | (10) |
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198 | (3) |
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10.1.2 Changing irradiance |
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201 | (6) |
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207 | (1) |
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10.2.1 Transpiration: water and CO2 |
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207 | (1) |
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10.3 Nutrients and soil chemistry |
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208 | (5) |
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10.4 Growth and survival in the space race |
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213 | (2) |
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10.5 Sun trees, shade trees: pioneer and `climax' species |
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215 | (7) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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10.6 Functional traits as predictors of demographic rates |
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222 | (5) |
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227 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 The ever changing forest: disturbance and dynamics |
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229 | (18) |
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229 | (10) |
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11.1.1 Gaps and tree falls |
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230 | (4) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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11.2 Patterns in space and time |
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239 | (7) |
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11.2.1 Succession-forest colonization and recovery |
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240 | (4) |
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244 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Resilience and climax communities |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 The bloomin' rainforests: how flowering plants reproduce |
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247 | (32) |
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247 | (12) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (7) |
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259 | (13) |
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260 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Seed size, production, and dispersal |
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261 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Agents of dispersal |
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262 | (9) |
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12.2.4 Evolutionary implications of clumped versus scattered seed dispersal |
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271 | (1) |
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12.3 Genetic neighbourhoods |
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272 | (1) |
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12.4 Seed dormancy and germination |
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273 | (3) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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12.5 Vegetative regeneration |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Nature's society: life's interactions |
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279 | (16) |
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13.1 Herbivory (and plant responses to it) |
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280 | (5) |
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281 | (2) |
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13.1.2 Managing mercenaries |
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283 | (1) |
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13.1.3 Diet specialization in insects |
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284 | (1) |
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13.1.4 Ecological impacts of herbivory |
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284 | (1) |
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13.2 Ant-mediated interactions |
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285 | (3) |
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13.2.1 Ant-fed plants, ant gardens, and devil's gardens |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (1) |
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13.3 Interactions across multiple trophic levels |
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288 | (3) |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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13.4 Animal diseases and parasitism |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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SECTION III OUR FUTURE LEGACY |
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Chapter 14 Forests in the Anthropocene |
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295 | (32) |
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14.1 Humans arrive: Pleistocene and Holocene extinctions |
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296 | (8) |
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14.1.1 Prehistoric legacies of human occupation |
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298 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Paleohuman settlements |
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299 | (5) |
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14.1.3 Forest recovery and concepts of `naturalness' |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (4) |
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14.3 Tropical rain forest degradation and loss in the industrial era |
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308 | (3) |
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14.4 Drivers of deforestation |
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311 | (10) |
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14.4.1 Deforestation history in Brazil |
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315 | (1) |
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14.4.2 Deforestation history in Asia |
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316 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Direct causes of forest loss and degradation |
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317 | (4) |
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14.5 Regional and global atmospheric change |
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321 | (4) |
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325 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 People of the forest: livelihoods and welfare |
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327 | (24) |
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327 | (2) |
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15.1.1 Diversity of rain forest peoples |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (5) |
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15.2.1 Shifting cultivation |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (4) |
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334 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (10) |
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15.4.1 Infectious diseases in the rain forest |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (3) |
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15.4.3 Psychoactive plants |
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347 | (1) |
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15.4.4 Growing trade and declining supply |
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348 | (1) |
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15.5 Forests, subsistence, and poverty |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Biodiversity in a changing world |
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351 | (20) |
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16.1 How many species are going extinct? |
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356 | (3) |
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16.1.1 Extinction proneness and coextinctions |
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357 | (2) |
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16.2 Causes of biodiversity decline |
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359 | (10) |
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359 | (4) |
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16.2.2 Fragmentation and edge effects |
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363 | (3) |
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366 | (1) |
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16.2.4 Species introductions |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 A matter for scientists and society: conserving forested landscapes |
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371 | (28) |
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17.1 Defined conservation areas |
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372 | (7) |
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17.1.1 Protected area systems |
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372 | (4) |
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17.1.2 Indigenous and extractive reserves |
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376 | (1) |
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17.1.3 Conservation concessions |
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377 | (1) |
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17.1.4 Debt-for-nature swaps |
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378 | (1) |
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17.2 Conservation and livelihoods: biodiversity as business? |
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379 | (11) |
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17.2.1 Sustainable forest management and Reduced Impact Logging |
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380 | (1) |
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17.2.2 Forest certification |
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381 | (3) |
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17.2.3 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (2) |
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17.2.5 Payments for Environmental Services (PES) |
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387 | (1) |
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17.2.6 Bioprospecting and intellectual property rights |
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388 | (1) |
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17.2.7 Land sparing vs. wildlife-friendly farming |
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389 | (1) |
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17.3 Governance and land ownership |
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390 | (6) |
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17.3.1 Poor governance and corruption |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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17.3.3 The Kyoto Protocol |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (3) |
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Chapter 18 Requiem or revival |
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399 | (8) |
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18.1 A question of societal will |
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399 | (1) |
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18.2 What role for scientists? |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (3) |
| Glossary |
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407 | (16) |
| References |
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423 | (82) |
| Index |
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505 | |