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E-raamat: Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation

(Professor of Ecosystem Management, ETH Zurich), (Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Uganda, and Center for International Forestry Research, Indonesia)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Mar-2024
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780198897064
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Mar-2024
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780198897064

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Rain forests represent the world's richest repository of terrestrial biodiversity, and play a major role in regulating the global climate. They support the livelihoods of a substantial proportion of the world's population and are the source of many internationally traded commodities. They remain (despite decades of conservation attention) increasingly vulnerable to degradation and clearance, with profound though often uncertain future costs to global society. Understanding the ecology of these diverse biomes, and peoples' dependencies on them, is fundamental to their future management and conservation.

Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation introduces and explores what rain forests are, how they arose, what they contain, how they function, and how humans use and impact them. The book starts by introducing the variety of rain forest plants, fungi, microorganisms, and animals, emphasizing the spectacular diversity that is a principal motivation for their conservation. The central chapters describe the origins of rain forest communities, the variety of rain forest formations, and their ecology and dynamics. The challenge of explaining the species richness of rain forest communities lies at the heart of ecological theory, and forms a common theme throughout. The book's final section considers historical and current interactions of humans and rain forests. It explores biodiversity conservation as well as livelihood security for the people that depend on rain forests---inextricable issues that represent urgent priorities for scientists, conservationists, and policy makers.

This accessible text is written for both students and professionals with interests in tropical ecology, forestry, geography, development, and conservation biology.

Rain forests represent the world's richest repository of terrestrial biodiversity, and play a major role in regulating the global climate. They support the livelihoods of a substantial proportion of the world's population and are the source of many internationally traded commodities. They remain (despite decades of conservation attention) increasingly vulnerable to degradation and clearance, with profound though often uncertain future costs to global society. Understanding the ecology of these diverse biomes, and peoples' dependencies on them, is fundamental to their future management and conservation.
Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation introduces and explores what rain forests are, how they arose, what they contain, how they function, and how humans use and impact them. The book starts by introducing the variety of rain forest plants, fungi, microorganisms, and animals, emphasising the spectacular diversity that is the motivation for their conservation. The central chapters describe the origins of rain forest communities, the variety of rain forest formations, and their ecology and dynamics. The challenge of explaining the species richness of rain forest communities lies at the heart of ecological theory, and forms a common theme throughout. The book's final section considers historical and current interactions of humans and rain forests. It explores biodiversity conservation as well as livelihood security for the many communities that are dependent on rain forests - inextricable issues that represent urgent priorities for scientists, conservationists, and policy makers.

Arvustused

Any attempt to write a comprehensive account of all tropical rain forests represents a major commitment in time and expertise and both can be found in this volume. It contains a wealth of valuable information and difficult topics such as competitive exclusion are well discussed. * Janet Sprent, Bulletin of the British Ecological Society * The book is a useful synthesis of a vast array of information. * The Biologist * Without exception, we all enjoyed this book and felt it was quite an achievement; most readers will be satisfied and challenged by it. * Plant Science Bulletin * I congratulate the authors for a book that, although technical in nature, reminds us of what we are beginning to understand about the tropical rainforests and inspires even the world-weary to continue the battle to conserve these most diverse of terrestrial systems for their inherent biodiversity value, * Trends in Ecology and Evolution *

Acknowledgements vii
Chapter 1 Tropical rain forests: myths and inspirations
1(8)
Defining rain forests
3(2)
This book
5(4)
SECTION I THE NATURAL HERITAGE
Chapter 2 An exuberance of plant life
9(24)
2.1 Botanical overview
9(6)
2.1.1 Angiosperms: the flowering plants
10(1)
2.1.2 Gymnosperms
11(2)
2.1.3 Pteridophytes
13(2)
2.1.4 Bryophytes and allied taxa
15(1)
2.2 Diverse forms
15(16)
2.2.1 An introduction to leaves
16(2)
2.2.2 Trees, shrubs, and treelets
18(5)
2.2.3 Climbers
23(1)
2.2.4 Epiphytes
23(3)
2.2.5 Hemi-epiphytes
26(1)
2.2.6 Herbs
26(2)
2.2.7 Carnivores
28(1)
2.2.8 Parasites
28(2)
2.2.9 Saprophytes
30(1)
2.3 Conclusion
31(2)
Chapter 3 The great unseen: fungi and microorganisms
33(12)
3.1 Fungi
33(8)
3.1.1 Mycorrhizas
33(3)
3.1.2 Endophytes
36(1)
3.1.3 Saprophytes
37(1)
3.1.4 Pathogens of plants
38(2)
3.1.5 Pathogens of insects
40(1)
3.1.6 Insect symbionts
40(1)
3.2 Lichens
41(1)
3.3 Other microorganisms
42(1)
3.4 Conclusion
43(2)
Chapter 4 More than monkeys: the vertebrates
45(26)
4.1 Mammals
46(10)
4.1.1 Primates
47(5)
4.1.2 Bats
52(1)
4.1.3 Ground-dwelling herbivores
52(1)
4.1.4 Rodents
53(1)
4.1.5 Carnivores
54(1)
4.1.6 Sloths, anteaters, and pangolins
55(1)
4.1.7 New mammalian species
56(1)
4.2 Birds
56(7)
4.2.1 Distribution of major bird groups
57(1)
4.2.2 Feeding guilds
58(5)
4.3 Amphibians and Reptiles
63(5)
4.3.1 Amphibians
63(2)
4.3.2 Reptiles
65(3)
4.4 Fish
68(2)
4.5 Conclusion
70(1)
Chapter 5 The little things: invertebrates
71(28)
5.1 Insects
74(17)
5.1.1 Butterflies and moths
74(4)
5.1.2 Beetles
78(2)
5.1.3 The social insects: ants, bees, wasps, and termites
80(7)
5.1.4 Other insects
87(4)
5.2 Other invertebrate groups
91(4)
5.2.1 Arachnids
91(1)
5.2.2 Annelids: earthworms and leeches
92(1)
5.2.3 Miscellaneous others
93(2)
5.3 Conclusion
95(4)
SECTION II ORIGINS, PATTERNS, AND PROCESSES
Chapter 6 From the beginning: origins and transformation
99(30)
6.1 Ancient forests
99(8)
6.1.1 Mushrooms with a view
99(1)
6.1.2 Devonian to Carboniferous: the first tropical forests sow their own downfall
99(2)
6.1.3 Carboniferous: the age of forest carbon
101(1)
6.1.4 The Mesozoic: browsing dinosaurs
102(2)
6.1.5 The Tertiary: climate change
104(3)
6.2 The rain forest pick `n' mix
107(13)
6.2.1 Land routes
109(7)
6.2.2 Trans-oceanic movements
116(3)
6.2.3 Communities: chance assembly versus dependent webs
119(1)
6.3 Regional themes and variations: a brief biogeography of quirks
120(6)
6.3.1 Continental Africa
120(1)
6.3.2 Madagascar
121(1)
6.3.3 Americas
122(1)
6.3.4 Asia
123(1)
6.3.5 New Guinea and Australia
124(1)
6.3.6 Oceanic and continental islands
125(1)
6.4 Conclusion
126(3)
Chapter 7 Many rain forests: formations and ecotones
129(26)
7.1 Forest types
129(13)
7.1.1 Non-seasonal lowland rain forest
130(1)
7.1.2 Seasonal rain forest
131(1)
7.1.3 The wet-dry and the latitudinal ecotones
132(1)
7.1.4 Montane rain forests and `cloud forests'
132(2)
7.1.5 Freshwater swamp forests
134(2)
7.1.6 Heath forests
136(1)
7.1.7 Peat forests
137(1)
7.1.8 Mangroves
138(1)
7.1.9 Other rain forest formations
138(4)
7.2 Secondary forests
142(1)
7.3 Rain forest landscapes
143(3)
7.3.1 Landscape variation
143(1)
7.3.2 Contexts and boundaries
143(2)
7.3.3 Local features
145(1)
7.4 Forest structure
146(7)
7.4.1 Stem packing
146(1)
7.4.2 Canopies, strata, and spaces
146(2)
7.4.3 Microclimates
148(1)
7.4.4 Illumination
149(2)
7.4.5 Gaps
151(2)
7.5 Conclusion
153(2)
Chapter 8 So many species, so many theories
155(24)
8.1 Restricted range species and widespread generalists
157(2)
8.1.1 Restricted range species
157(2)
8.1.2 Widespread species
159(1)
8.2 Alpha- and beta-diversity
159(5)
8.2.1 Environmental factors underlying alpha-diversity
162(1)
8.2.2 Environmental variability and beta-diversity
163(1)
8.3 Why are there more species in the tropics? Global and regional perspectives
164(13)
8.3.1 Evolutionary and biogeographic explanations of species diversity
164(6)
8.3.2 Ecological mechanisms for the maintenance of species diversity
170(7)
8.4 Conclusion
177(2)
Chapter 9 Processes and cycles
179(18)
9.1 Climate and weather
179(2)
9.1.1 The climate of tropical rain forest regions
181(1)
9.2 Atmospheric chemistry
181(3)
9.2.1 Trace gases
181(2)
9.2.2 Lungs of the world?
183(1)
9.3 Soils
184(2)
9.3.1 Principal soil types
184(2)
9.3.2 Other soil types
186(1)
9.4 Nutrient cycling
186(4)
9.4.1 Nutrient-holding capacity and stocks
187(1)
9.4.2 Flows
187(1)
9.4.3 Decomposition
188(1)
9.4.4 Soil biota
188(1)
9.4.5 Nutrient losses
189(1)
9.5 Productivity, biomass, and carbon
190(2)
9.5.1 Total carbon stores
190(1)
9.5.2 How productive are tropical rain forests?
190(2)
9.6 Hydrology and land stability
192(3)
9.6.1 Outputs: why forests evaporate so much water
193(1)
9.6.2 Inputs
193(1)
9.6.3 Protection roles
194(1)
9.7 Conclusion
195(2)
Chapter 10 Plant form and function: what it takes to survive
197(32)
10.1 Energy capture: light and shade
197(10)
10.1.1 Catching sunshine
198(3)
10.1.2 Changing irradiance
201(6)
10.2 Water
207(1)
10.2.1 Transpiration: water and CO2
207(1)
10.3 Nutrients and soil chemistry
208(5)
10.4 Growth and survival in the space race
213(2)
10.5 Sun trees, shade trees: pioneer and `climax' species
215(7)
10.5.1 Pioneers
220(1)
10.5.2 Climax species
221(1)
10.5.3 Shade tolerance
221(1)
10.6 Functional traits as predictors of demographic rates
222(5)
10.7 Conclusion
227(2)
Chapter 11 The ever changing forest: disturbance and dynamics
229(18)
11.1 Disturbance
229(10)
11.1.1 Gaps and tree falls
230(4)
11.1.2 Landslides
234(1)
11.1.3 Floods and rivers
234(1)
11.1.4 Wind
235(2)
11.1.5 Drought
237(1)
11.1.6 Fire
238(1)
11.2 Patterns in space and time
239(7)
11.2.1 Succession-forest colonization and recovery
240(4)
11.2.2 Turnover
244(1)
11.2.3 Resilience and climax communities
245(1)
11.3 Conclusion
246(1)
Chapter 12 The bloomin' rainforests: how flowering plants reproduce
247(32)
12.1 Flowering
247(12)
12.1.1 Phenology
248(1)
12.1.2 Breeding systems
249(3)
12.1.3 Pollination
252(7)
12.2 Seed set
259(13)
12.2.1 Seed predation
260(1)
12.2.2 Seed size, production, and dispersal
261(1)
12.2.3 Agents of dispersal
262(9)
12.2.4 Evolutionary implications of clumped versus scattered seed dispersal
271(1)
12.3 Genetic neighbourhoods
272(1)
12.4 Seed dormancy and germination
273(3)
12.4.1 Seed dormancy
273(2)
12.4.2 Germination
275(1)
12.5 Vegetative regeneration
276(1)
12.6 Conclusion
277(2)
Chapter 13 Nature's society: life's interactions
279(16)
13.1 Herbivory (and plant responses to it)
280(5)
13.1.1 Plant defences
281(2)
13.1.2 Managing mercenaries
283(1)
13.1.3 Diet specialization in insects
284(1)
13.1.4 Ecological impacts of herbivory
284(1)
13.2 Ant-mediated interactions
285(3)
13.2.1 Ant-fed plants, ant gardens, and devil's gardens
285(2)
13.2.2 Leafcutter ants
287(1)
13.3 Interactions across multiple trophic levels
288(3)
13.3.1 Food webs
288(2)
13.3.2 Trophic cascades
290(1)
13.4 Animal diseases and parasitism
291(1)
13.5 Conclusion
292(3)
SECTION III OUR FUTURE LEGACY
Chapter 14 Forests in the Anthropocene
295(32)
14.1 Humans arrive: Pleistocene and Holocene extinctions
296(8)
14.1.1 Prehistoric legacies of human occupation
298(1)
14.1.2 Paleohuman settlements
299(5)
14.1.3 Forest recovery and concepts of `naturalness'
304(1)
14.2 European expansion
304(4)
14.3 Tropical rain forest degradation and loss in the industrial era
308(3)
14.4 Drivers of deforestation
311(10)
14.4.1 Deforestation history in Brazil
315(1)
14.4.2 Deforestation history in Asia
316(1)
14.4.3 Direct causes of forest loss and degradation
317(4)
14.5 Regional and global atmospheric change
321(4)
14.6 Conclusion
325(2)
Chapter 15 People of the forest: livelihoods and welfare
327(24)
15.1 Indigenous people
327(2)
15.1.1 Diversity of rain forest peoples
329(1)
15.2 Farming the forests
329(5)
15.2.1 Shifting cultivation
331(2)
15.2.2 Agroforestry
333(1)
15.3 Forest products
334(4)
15.3.1 Animal resources
334(4)
15.3.2 Plant resources
338(1)
15.4 Human health
338(10)
15.4.1 Infectious diseases in the rain forest
341(3)
15.4.2 Medicinal species
344(3)
15.4.3 Psychoactive plants
347(1)
15.4.4 Growing trade and declining supply
348(1)
15.5 Forests, subsistence, and poverty
348(2)
15.6 Conclusion
350(1)
Chapter 16 Biodiversity in a changing world
351(20)
16.1 How many species are going extinct?
356(3)
16.1.1 Extinction proneness and coextinctions
357(2)
16.2 Causes of biodiversity decline
359(10)
16.2.1 Logging
359(4)
16.2.2 Fragmentation and edge effects
363(3)
16.2.3 Hunting
366(1)
16.2.4 Species introductions
367(2)
16.3 Conclusion
369(2)
Chapter 17 A matter for scientists and society: conserving forested landscapes
371(28)
17.1 Defined conservation areas
372(7)
17.1.1 Protected area systems
372(4)
17.1.2 Indigenous and extractive reserves
376(1)
17.1.3 Conservation concessions
377(1)
17.1.4 Debt-for-nature swaps
378(1)
17.2 Conservation and livelihoods: biodiversity as business?
379(11)
17.2.1 Sustainable forest management and Reduced Impact Logging
380(1)
17.2.2 Forest certification
381(3)
17.2.3 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
384(1)
17.2.4 Ecotourism
385(2)
17.2.5 Payments for Environmental Services (PES)
387(1)
17.2.6 Bioprospecting and intellectual property rights
388(1)
17.2.7 Land sparing vs. wildlife-friendly farming
389(1)
17.3 Governance and land ownership
390(6)
17.3.1 Poor governance and corruption
391(1)
17.3.2 Land ownership
391(2)
17.3.3 The Kyoto Protocol
393(1)
17.3.4 REDD alert
394(2)
17.4 Conclusion
396(3)
Chapter 18 Requiem or revival
399(8)
18.1 A question of societal will
399(1)
18.2 What role for scientists?
400(3)
18.3 Societal oversight
403(1)
18.4 Final words
404(3)
Glossary 407(16)
References 423(82)
Index 505
Jaboury Ghazoul's first encounter with tropical rain forests in 1993 was a prolonged one, spending one year living rough in the forests of Vietnam where his scientific subjects were disturbingly close. It was during this year that he learnt to distinguish the sound of a chainsaw from the call of a cicada. Imbued with such knowledge and confidence, he began to study the reproductive ecology of plants in the context of land use change, working in Thailand and Costa Rica, employed by the Center for International Forestry Research and the Natural History Museum, London. Since joining Imperial College London in 1998, and ETH Zurich from 2005, he has expanded his research interests to encompass a variety of issues relating to tropical plant ecology, genetics and conservation. He generally selects nice places to work, and is thus currently engaged in research in India, Malaysia and the Seychelles.



Douglas Sheil spent the first three years of his life in Nigeria. He returned to the tropics several times as a Natural Sciences student in Cambridge, before gaining a Masters Degree in Forestry and its relation to Land use from Oxford in 1989. He worked in East Africa for two years before returning to Oxford to complete his doctorate examining long-term dynamics of Ugandan rainforests in 1996. From 1998 to 2008 he worked for the Center for International Forest Research in Indonesia - where he was for a time the only staff ecologist. His work has taken him to all the main rain forest regions of the World. He is now director of the Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC), a field station under the Mbarara University of Science and Technology, located in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, in South West Uganda - a site famed for its mountain gorillas. His publications have covered a wide range of tropical forest topics. Current research includes ecology, conservation and human needs.