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E-raamat: Unani Medicine in the Making: Practices and Representations in 21st-century India

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Unani Medicine in the Making examines the institutions and practices of Unani medicine, the Graeco-Islamic healing practice based on the humoral theory attributed to Hippocrates and officially recognized as a system of medicine in India. Drawing on diverse materials, including Urdu sources, interviews with practitioners, and observations in clinics, the book explores what Unani medicine is today by attending to its multiplicity, scrutinizing apparent tensions between the understanding of Unani as a system of medicine and its multiple enactments as Islamic medicine, medical science, or alternative medicine. Ethnographic details provide vivid descriptions of the current practice of Unani in India, and invite readers to rethink the idea that humoral medicine is incommensurable with modern medicine and science, and that the modernization of Asian medicines invariably leads to their biomedicalization. Ultimately, the book also discusses the relationship of Unani with Muslim communities, examining the growing practice of Prophetic Medicine in Urban India and increasing representations of Unani as Islamic Medicine.
Acknowledgements 9(2)
Introduction 11(24)
Multiplicity, Practice Ontology, and Looping Effects
12(4)
Unani and Traditional Medicine in South Asia
16(8)
The Biomedicalization of Traditional Medicines
17(4)
Theory vs. Practice?
21(3)
From the Topic to Fieldwork
24(11)
Conducting Fieldwork
26(7)
Sources and Methods
33(2)
1 A System of Medicine?
35(46)
Official Representations of Unani Medicine
37(17)
Government Institutions and Official Publications
37(6)
The Prescription of Drugs
43(4)
The National Formulary of Unani Medicine and the Unani Pharmacopoeia of India
47(7)
Unani Practitioners
54(13)
Doctors or Hakims?
54(3)
The Old Khandani Hakim as Embodiment of Unani Knowledge
57(2)
The Cult of Eminent Hakims
59(4)
The Unani Fraternity
63(4)
Textual Sources of Authority
67(7)
Systematization and Looping Effects
74(7)
The Systematization of (Unani) Medicine: Historical Overview
74(3)
Enactments and Loopings
77(4)
2 Authority, Originality, and the Limits of Standardization
81(40)
Creation and Transmission of Medical Knowledge
81(12)
Becoming a Hakim
81(2)
Institutionalized Training and its Shortcomings
83(5)
Family Lineages and Secret Knowledge
88(5)
Degrees and (Un-)Official Practice
93(10)
The Regulation of Practice
93(2)
Qualified and Registered Practitioners
95(1)
BUMS as Second Choice
96(2)
Practicing Allopathy' with a Unani Degree
98(5)
Defying Standards
103(18)
Individualized Treatments and Clinical Falsification
103(4)
Pulse Diagnosis and the Limits of Standardization
107(4)
Exclusive Knowledge and the Pursuit of Originality
111(4)
Standardized Drugs
115(3)
Variations of Medicine and Multiplicity
118(3)
3 Beyond Humouralism
121(40)
Fundamental Principles of Unani Medicine
122(9)
The Concept of Medicine and the Principles of Human Physiology
122(2)
`What is First'
124(2)
Diseases
126(4)
Treatments and Prevention
130(1)
Finding the Root Cause of Disease
131(10)
Observation and Questioning
131(3)
Pulse Examination
134(3)
`It is Written in the Books that Urine Speaks to the Hakims'
137(4)
Therapeutic Practices
141(15)
Food and Health
142(4)
Lifestyle and Regimen
146(5)
Unani Medicines
151(5)
Humoralism and Looping Effects
156(5)
4 The Appropriation of Modern Scientific Advances and Concepts
161(32)
A Case of Biomedicalization?
161(5)
Using Modern Diagnostic Methods
166(15)
Diagnostic Aids
167(8)
Proof of Effectiveness
175(4)
Biomedical Technologies?
179(2)
Modernizing Concepts
181(12)
On Matter and Qualities
181(5)
Combining Unani and Biomedical Knowledge
186(7)
5 Science and the Quest for Acceptance and Recognition
193(34)
Science as Means for Recognition
194(17)
The Beginnings of Modern Scientific Research on Unani
197(4)
The Government's Agenda for Unani Research and Global Health Policy
201(5)
A `New Unani': The Unani Pharmaceutical Industry and the Global CAM Market
206(5)
Validating Unani through Modern Science
211(16)
Clinical Trials
211(5)
`The Method Has Changed but Not the Principles'
216(4)
Is Translation Possible?
220(7)
6 Unani Medicine and Muslims in India
227(28)
Unani Medicine and Muslim Culture
228(8)
Historical Background
228(1)
Unani, Muslims, and Urdu
229(3)
Medical Communalism
232(4)
Islamic Medicine?
236(9)
Unani and Tibb-iNabavl
236(3)
Unani Medicine and Islam
239(6)
Secular or Islamic? Unani and Prophetic Medicine
245(10)
Hijamah in the Context of Unani
245(4)
The Revival of Prophetic Medicine in the Context of Unani
249(6)
Summary and Ref lexions for Future Engagement 255(10)
Bibliography 265(14)
Index 279(1)
People 279(1)
Places 280(1)
Subjects 280
Kira Schmidt Stiedenroth is assistant professor of Anthropology at the South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, where she coordinates the Masters program Health and Society in South Asia. Her teaching and research interests lie mainly in medical anthropology, with a particular focus on the anthropology of drugs and pharmaceuticals, South Asian healing practices, and (forced) migration studies.