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E-raamat: Understanding Flowers and Flowering Second Edition

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(Professor of Plant Systematics and Evolution, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191637629
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Understanding Flowers and Flowering Second EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780191637629
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Flowers are the beautiful and complex reproductive structures of the angiosperms, one of the most diverse and successful groups of living organisms. The underlying thesis of this book is that to fully understand plant development (and why flowers differ in shape, structure and colour), it is necessary to understand why it is advantageous for them to look like they do. Conversely, in order to fully understand plant ecology, it is necessary to appreciate how floral structures have developed and evolved. Uniquely, this book addresses flowers and flowering from both a molecular genetic perspective (considering flower induction, development and self-incompatibility) and an ecological perspective (looking at the selective pressures placed on plants by pollinators, and the consequences for animal-plant co-evolution).

Understanding Flowers and Flowering, the first edition of which won BES Marsh Book of the Year in 2009, begins by considering the evolution of flowers and the history of research into their development. This is followed by a detailed description of the processes which lead to flower production in model plants. The book then examines how flowers differ in shape, structure and colour, and how these differences are generated. Finally it assesses the role of these various aspects of floral biology in attracting pollinators and ensuring successful reproduction.

This new edition has been completely revised and updated to reflect the latest advances in the field, especially an increased understanding of the evolution of floral traits. New chapters consider the genetic basis of the floral transition in diverse species, as well as the evolutionary lability of floral form. There is a new focus throughout on both phylogenetic position and morphological diversity across the angiosperm phylogeny. Understanding Flowers and Flowering continues to provide the first truly integrated study of the topic - one that discusses both the how and why of flowering plant reproductive biology.

Arvustused

Review from previous edition Flowers and Flowering is a well written text that would well serve undergraduates, early graduate students , or anyone with a solid biology background who is interested in floral biology. * BioScience * Now updated, with new insights, it is an even better book. Virtually every page gives fascinating insights, from the genetic control of flower induction and the development of gametophytes, to ideas of how and why flowers have different shapes, colours and fragrances. This is a fascinating read. * BES Bulletin * ...a very carefully written, detailed and up-to-date book. It can be recommended as a text book for courses at the master's level and for PhD courses alike. It can also help the specialist to get a quick overview about expanding field. Finally, it is a great pleasure to read just for the love of flowers! * Plant Molecular Biology *

Preface v
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
1(26)
1 The evolution of flowers
3(13)
1.1 The origin of flowering plants
3(4)
1.2 Seed plant reproductive structures
7(1)
1.3 The first flowers
8(4)
1.4 Floral diversification
12(1)
1.5 Morphological diversity of the flower
13(1)
1.6 An introduction to angiosperm phylogeny
13(3)
2 Historical interpretations of flower induction and flower development
16(11)
2.1 The foliar theory of the flower
16(5)
2.2 The foliar theory in an evolutionary context
21(1)
2.3 The transition to flowering
22(1)
2.4 Developmental explanations of floral induction
22(1)
2.5 Environmental explanations of floral induction
23(2)
2.6 The florigen problem
25(2)
SECTION II THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF FLOWERING: INDUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
27(124)
Part A Induction of Flowering
29(2)
3 Flower induction in Arabidopsis thaliana
31(12)
3.1 Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for the study of flowering
31(4)
3.2 Mechanisms of gene silencing
35(3)
3.3 Flowering-time mutants
38(5)
4 The autonomous pathways for floral inhibition and induction
43(9)
4.1 The floral inhibition pathway
43(4)
4.2 The autonomous induction pathway
47(3)
4.3 Other endogenous factors that influence flowering time
50(2)
5 The photoperiodic pathway of floral induction
52(11)
5.1 Sensing daylight
52(6)
5.2 Measuring time
58(2)
5.3 Integrating light and clock signals
60(3)
6 The vernalization pathway of floral induction and the role of gibberellin
63(7)
6.1 The vernalization promotion pathway
63(4)
6.2 The gibberellin promotion pathway
67(2)
6.3 Does gibberellin act in the vernalization promotion pathway as well as independently?
69(1)
7 Integrating the Arabidopsis thaliana flower induction pathways
70(7)
7.1 Integrating the flowering-time pathways
70(1)
7.2 Function of flowering-time integrators
71(6)
8 Flower induction beyond Arabidopsis thaliana
77(12)
8.1 The Arabidopsis flower induction model in other species
77(1)
8.2 Flower induction in rice: a model short day plant
77(4)
8.3 Flower induction in wheat and barley: a novel vernalization pathway
81(1)
8.4 Flower induction in perennials
82(3)
8.5 Flower induction in legumes
85(1)
8.6 Flower induction in other species
85(4)
Part B Development of Flowers
87(2)
9 Changes at the shoot apical meristem in response to floral induction
89(13)
9.1 Physiological changes at the shoot apical meristem
89(1)
9.2 Shoot apical meristem anatomy
90(1)
9.3 Gene expression patterns in the shoot apical meristem
91(1)
9.4 Floral meristem identity genes act downstream of the flowering-time integrators
92(1)
9.5 Floral meristem identity genes
92(10)
10 Development of the floral organs
102(13)
10.1 The original ABC model of flower development
102(7)
10.2 The role of D function genes
109(1)
10.3 The role of E function genes
110(1)
10.4 The role of cadastral genes
111(2)
10.5 The quartet model of organ identity
113(2)
11 The ABC model and the diversity of plant reproductive structures
115(12)
11.1 Evolutionary history of MADS box transcription factors
115(2)
11.2 ABC genes in gymnosperms
117(2)
11.3 ABC genes in early diverging angiosperms
119(1)
11.4 ABC genes in monocots
120(4)
11.5 ABC genes in the basal eudicots
124(1)
11.6 Variations on the ABC model
124(1)
11.7 Is A function unique to the Brassicaceae?
125(2)
12 Function and development of gametophytes
127(9)
12.1 Alternation of generations in multicellular organisms
127(2)
12.2 Diversity of gametophyte form
129(1)
12.3 The angiosperm female gametophyte
129(3)
12.4 The angiosperm male gametophyte
132(3)
12.5 Events following pollination
135(1)
13 Outcrossing and self-fertilization
136(15)
13.1 Reducing self-pollination in a hermaphroditic flower
136(2)
13.2 Monoecy
138(2)
13.3 Dioecy
140(2)
13.4 Self-incompatibility (SI)
142(1)
13.5 Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)
142(4)
13.6 Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI)
146(2)
13.7 Heteromorphic self-incompatibility
148(1)
13.8 Ensuring self-pollination
149(2)
SECTION III POLLINATION SUCCESS: MOLECULAR AND ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
151(94)
Part A How and Why Does Floral Form Vary?
153(2)
14 Why are flowers different? Pollination syndromes: the theory
155(12)
14.1 Cross-pollination
155(1)
14.2 Abiotic pollen vectors
155(2)
14.3 Biotic pollen vectors
157(1)
14.4 Principles underlying the pollination syndrome concept
157(1)
14.5 The pollination syndromes
158(9)
15 Diverse floral shape and structure
167(9)
15.1 Controlling corolla size
167(2)
15.2 Controlling corolla symmetry
169(3)
15.3 Controlling petal shape
172(1)
15.4 Generating a nectar spur
173(1)
15.5 Generating a composite inflorescence
174(2)
16 Colouring the flower
176(12)
16.1 Colour as a signal
176(2)
16.2 Plant pigments
178(1)
16.3 Carotenoid synthesis
178(3)
16.4 Flavonoid synthesis
181(4)
16.5 Betalains
185(3)
17 Enhancing flower colour
188(12)
17.1 Mixing pigments
188(1)
17.2 Co-pigmentation
189(1)
17.3 Regulation of pigment distribution
189(4)
17.4 The effects of metal ions
193(1)
17.5 The importance of pH
194(2)
17.6 The role of petal cell shape
196(2)
17.7 Structural colour and structural enhancement of colour
198(2)
18 Lability of floral form
200(13)
18.1 Lability of floral size
200(1)
18.2 Lability of floral symmetry
201(3)
18.3 Lability of nectar spur length
204(1)
18.4 Lability of flower colour
205(2)
18.5 Lability of epidermal morphology
207(2)
18.6 Lability of floral scent
209(4)
Part B The Influence of Pollinators on Floral Form
211(2)
19 Are flowers under selective pressure to increase pollinator attention?
213(10)
19.1 Competition for pollinator attention
213(1)
19.2 Facilitation of pollination
214(1)
19.3 Techniques for investigating the role of pollinator attention in limiting fitness
214(3)
19.4 Evidence based on fruit and seed set following hand pollination
217(1)
19.5 Evidence from mixed species plots
218(2)
19.6 Analysis of character traits potentially displaced by pollination competition
220(3)
20 Do pollinators discriminate between different floral forms?
223(13)
20.1 What pollinators see
223(2)
20.2 What pollinators sense in other ways
225(2)
20.3 Discrimination between petals of different colours
227(5)
20.4 Discrimination between corollas of different sizes
232(2)
20.5 Discrimination between zygomorphic and actinomorphic flowers
234(1)
20.6 Discrimination between flowers with different petal cell shapes
234(1)
20.7 Discrimination between flowers on the basis of scent
235(1)
21 Pollination syndromes: the evidence
236(9)
21.1 Historical context
236(1)
21.2 Putting the assumptions together
237(3)
21.3 Evidence for pollination syndromes
240(1)
21.4 Evidence against pollination syndromes
241(2)
21.5 The most effective pollinator?
243(2)
Epilogue 245(2)
References 247(36)
Index 283
Dr Beverley Glover is Professor of Plant Systematics and Evolution at the University of Cambridge and Director of Cambridge University Botanic Garden. She studied Plant and Environmental Biology at the University of St. Andrews and then a PhD at the John Innes Centre in Norwich. After that she moved to Cambridge, where her research interests are focused on the development, function and evolution of floral features which enhance attraction of pollinators.
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