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E-raamat: Understanding and Preventing Falls: An Ergonomics Approach

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  • Formaat: 272 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Nov-2005
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781134519651
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  • Formaat: 272 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Nov-2005
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781134519651
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Readable and authoritative, Understanding and Preventing Falls provides a guide to the nature and extent of the problem of falls. Drawing on the latest research, the authors outline the combination of environmental factors that commonly lead to falls and explore how to prevent them. The case is made for a multifaceted approach to falls prevention, taking account of the complex interplay that exists between individuals and the environment.

Broad in scope, the book is divided into two parts. The first part examines the current state of knowledge and understanding of the causes and prevention of falls, with chapters on human ambulation and balance on level surfaces and on steps and stairs followed by chapters exploring vision and the effects of aging. Rounding out the coverage, the second part contains a series of case studies illustrating how falls occur in different circumstances and varying approaches to their prevention.

While there have been reductions in the number and severity of injuries from other causes over recent decades, the incidence of injuries from falling has remained consistently high. However, many falls are preventable. This unique resource supplies a concise overview of how to minimize the occurrences of slips, trips, and falls in a variety of situations and conditions.
Introduction
1(14)
Roger Haslam
David Stubbs
Background
1(7)
Extent of the Falls Problem
3(1)
Types of Falls
4(2)
Causes of Falls
6(2)
Fall Outcomes
8(1)
Book Structure
8(7)
References
12(3)
Walking on the Level: Footwear and the Walking Surface
15(36)
Raoul Gronqvist
Introduction
16(1)
Walking on the Level
16(5)
Normal Gait and Balance
17(1)
Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces
17(1)
Foot Trajectory and Heel Landing
17(2)
Critical Gait Phases
19(2)
Anticipation and Adaptation to Slipperiness
21(1)
Biomechanics of Slips, Trips, and Falls
21(3)
Recovery of Balance and Risk of Injury
21(1)
Slip vs. Trip-Related Falls
22(1)
Latencies of Muscle Responses to Slips, Trips and Stumbles
22(1)
Protective Movements in Falls
23(1)
Frictional Mechanisms in Walking
24(3)
Basic Safety Criteria for Walking
27(3)
Friction Requirements and Thresholds
27(1)
Available Friction vs. Required or Utilized Friction
27(1)
Difference between Static and Kinetic Friction
28(1)
Other Safety Criteria
29(1)
Slip Velocity and Distance
29(1)
Trunk Acceleration
30(1)
Methods for Slipperiness Measurement
30(3)
Human-Centred Approaches
31(1)
Apparatus-Based Approaches
32(1)
Kinetic vs. Transitional and Static Friction
32(1)
Implications for Falling Accidents and Guidance for Prevention
33(9)
Surface Roughness and Porosity Effects
33(2)
Walkway Surfaces
35(2)
Footwear Solings
37(2)
Shoe Soling Material and Tread Wear Effects
39(1)
Shoe Soling Hardness and Ice
40(1)
Antiskid Devices for Ice and Snow
41(1)
Conclusions
42(9)
Acknowledgments
42(1)
References
43(8)
Steps and Stairs
51(18)
Mike Roys
Introduction
52(1)
The Extent of the Problem
53(1)
Gait on Stairs
53(3)
Ascent
54(1)
Descent
55(1)
Gait Disruption
55(1)
Inconsistent Step Dimensions
56(3)
The Problem
56(1)
Differences in Rise
56(2)
Differences in Going
58(1)
Inappropriate Step Sizes
59(3)
The Problem
59(1)
Minimum Going
60(1)
Maximum Rise
61(1)
Inadequate Handrails
62(2)
The Problem
62(1)
Handrail Height
63(1)
Handrail Shape
63(1)
Poor Step Visibility
64(2)
The Problem
64(1)
Adequate Lighting
64(1)
Nosing Contrast
65(1)
Conclusions
66(3)
References
67(2)
Role of Vision in Falls
69(20)
Peter Howarth
Introduction
70(1)
Vision and Conspicuity
70(3)
Visual Ability
73(7)
Working Distances
73(1)
Distance Vision
73(1)
Intermediate Vision
74(1)
Near Vision
74(1)
Spectacles
75(2)
Problems with the Wearing of Spectacles
77(1)
Single Vision
77(1)
Bifocals and Multifocals
77(1)
The Wearing of the Wrong Spectacles (or None at All)
78(1)
Loss of Visual Ability through Disease
79(1)
Static and Dynamic Situations
80(3)
Behaviour and the Environment
83(2)
Interaction between the Visual and Vestibular Systems
85(1)
Summary
86(3)
References
87(2)
Ageing and Falls
89(26)
Stephen Lord
Catherine Sherrington
Hylton Menz
Introduction
90(1)
Epidemiology of Falls in Older People
90(3)
Circumstances of Falls among Older People
92(1)
Physical Risk Factors for Falls
93(6)
Ageing, Impaired Balance, and Falls
94(1)
Standing
94(1)
Responses to Perturbation
94(1)
Gait
94(2)
Sensori-Motor Impairment and Risk of Falling
96(1)
Vision and Hearing
96(1)
Peripheral Sensation
97(1)
Vestibular Sense
97(1)
Muscle Strength
98(1)
Reaction Time
98(1)
Relative Importance of Physiological Risk Factors
98(1)
Environmental Risk Factors
99(1)
Interventions to Prevent Falls
100(5)
Environmental Modifications
101(1)
Exercise
102(1)
Modification of Medication Use
103(1)
Multifaceted Falls Prevention Strategies
104(1)
Conclusion
105(10)
References
106(9)
Epidemiological Approaches to Investigating Causes of Occupational Falls
115(24)
Tim Bentley
Roger Haslam
Introduction
116(1)
Falls in the Royal Mail
117(1)
Epidemiological Approaches: Archival Data Analysis
117(9)
Method
118(1)
Example Results
119(1)
Activity, Fall Initiating Event, and Surface Condition or Hazard
120(1)
Temporal Analysis of Delivery STF
121(2)
Sex of Accident-Involved PDOs
123(1)
Discussion
123(1)
Usefulness and Limitations of Epidemiological Approaches in Fall Investigation Research
124(2)
Prospective Epidemiological Methods for Investigating STF
126(1)
Methods and Techniques Complimentary to Descriptive Epidemiology
127(8)
Accident-independent Survey Methods
128(1)
Questionnaire Survey of PDOs and Delivery Office Managers (DOMs)
128(1)
Interviews with Safety Personnel
128(1)
Focus Groups
128(1)
Overview of Results
129(2)
Usefulness and Limitations of Accident-Independent Methods in Fall Investigation Research
131(1)
STF Incident Follow-Up Investigations
131(1)
Method
132(1)
Results
132(3)
Discussion
135(1)
Conclusions
135(4)
References
136(3)
Investigation of Individual Fall Incidents
139(16)
Paul Lehane
David Stubbs
Introduction
140(1)
STF and Their Investigation
140(2)
Manager and Fall Victim Perceptions
142(4)
Causal Responsibility
142(1)
Foreseeability by Managers
143(1)
Prevention
143(1)
How Do Managers Conduct Investigations?
143(3)
Social Psychology and Falls
146(5)
World Knowledge
146(2)
Appreciation of Causal Mechanisms
148(1)
Psychology and Investigation
149(1)
Hindsight Bias
149(1)
Confirmation Bias
150(1)
Actor/Observer Effect
150(1)
Self-Serving Bias
150(1)
Causal Schema
150(1)
Conclusions
151(4)
References
152(3)
The Assessment and Prevention of Pedestrian Slip Accidents
155(18)
Steve Thorpe
Paul Lemon
Stephen Taylor
Introduction
156(1)
The Assessment of Slipperiness
157(5)
Site-Based Techniques
157(3)
Laboratory-Based Techniques
160(2)
Slips Assessment Tool
162(1)
Contamination of Flooring
162(1)
The Designer's Dilemma
163(3)
Case Studies
166(5)
Case Study 1: Public Art Gallery
167(2)
Case Study 2: Large-Scale Food Production Facility
169(2)
Conclusions
171(2)
References
171(2)
Occupational Falls Outdoors: Understanding and Preventing Falls in the New Zealand Logging Industry
173(18)
Tim Bentley
Richard Parker
Liz Ashby
Introduction
174(2)
Epidemiological Analysis of Logging Injury Data
176(10)
Method
176(1)
Results
177(1)
Logging Operation
178(1)
Fall Initiating Events (FIE) and Underfoot Hazards
179(2)
Seasonal Effects and Temporal Patterns
181(1)
Job Experience of Injured Logger
182(1)
Nature and Seriousness of Injury
183(1)
Discussion of Key Findings and Implications for STF Injury Prevention
184(2)
The Effect of Spiked-Soled Boots on Logger Safety, Productivity, and Workload
186(2)
Method
186(1)
Results
187(1)
Conclusions
188(1)
Conclusion
188(3)
Acknowledgments
188(1)
References
189(2)
Falls during Entry/Egress from Vehicles
191(18)
Fadi Fathallah
Introduction
192(1)
Cost and Prevalence
192(1)
Risks of Improper Entry/Egress
193(1)
Impact Forces and Slip Potential during Vehicle Egress
194(7)
Methods
195(4)
Study Results and Implications
199(2)
Approaches to Preventing Vehicle-Related Falls
201(5)
Newly Purchased Equipment
201(2)
Modifying Existing Equipment
203(1)
Access System Maintenance
204(1)
Training and Supervision
204(1)
Docking Areas
205(1)
Work Organization
205(1)
Summary
206(3)
Acknowledgment
207(1)
References
207(2)
Behaviour and the Safety of Older People on Stairs
209(26)
Roger Haslam
Denise Hill
Joanne Sloane
Peter Howarth
Katherine Brooke Wavell
Introduction
210(1)
Preliminary Focus Groups
211(1)
Home Interview Survey
212(1)
Home Interview Survey Results
212(10)
Participant and Housing Details
212(4)
Use of Stairs
216(4)
Interviewee Health and Experience of Falls
220(2)
Discussion
222(8)
Interviewee Fall Experience
222(1)
Stair Environment
223(2)
Stair Usage
225(2)
Individual Capability
227(3)
Awareness of Risks
230(1)
Concluding Discussion
230(5)
Acknowledgments
232(1)
References
232(3)
Preventing Falls
235(12)
Roger Haslam
David Stubbs
Overview
235(1)
The Politics of Falls
236(2)
Understanding Falls
238(2)
Preventing Falls
240(5)
Primary Prevention
241(2)
Risk Reduction
243(1)
Maximise Capability
244(1)
Concluding Remarks
245(2)
Index 247


Roger Haslam , David Stubbs