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E-raamat: Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore Structures

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(Cranfield University, UK), (University of Stavanger, Norway)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Apr-2021
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119633822
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Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore StructuresSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Apr-2021
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119633822
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"The oil and gas industry relies increasingly on infrastructure consisting of a significant number of ageing offshore structures requiring substantial inspection and repair. However, the available literature on these topics is dated and does not sufficiently address ageing structures. Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore Structures provides an overview of inspection and repair processes for offshore structures with emphasis on ageing structures. It will include the reasons why inspection is performed and how inspection is linked to the management of structural integrity, statutory requirements and types of damage. It will also address the long-term planning of inspection, tools and methods and their deployment underwater. It will focus on both steel and concrete offshore oil and gas installations. It will be complementary to the recently published book Ageing and Life Extension of Offshore Structures by the same authors."--

UNDERWATER INSPECTION AND REPAIR FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

Benefit from a much-needed, up-to-date handbook on underwater inspection and repair processes and technologies

Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore Structures fills a gap in the literature to provide an overview of the inspection and repair processes for both steel and concrete offshore structures. Authors and noted experts on the topic John V. Sharp and Gerhard Esdal guide readers through the reasons why inspection and repair are performed and how both are linked to the management of structural integrity, statutory requirements, and various types of damage.

The book addresses critical topics, including the execution and planning of inspection and repair, the tools and methods used, and their deployment underwater. The authors put particular focus on steel and concrete offshore oil and gas installations, but the content is also applicable to the substructures of offshore wind turbines. Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore Structures is complementary to the authors&; book Ageing and Life Extension of Offshore Structures, also from Wiley. This important book:

  • Covers current inspection and monitoring techniques to evaluate existing structures
  • Includes coverage of robotic (ROV) inspection and repair methods
  • Provides an overview of repair and maintenance techniques applicable to the splash&;zone and underwater operations

Written for engineers, designers, and safety auditors working with offshore structures. Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore Structures is a comprehensive resource for understanding how to effectively inspect and repair these vulnerable structures.

Preface xiii
Definitions and abbreviations xv
1 Introduction To Underwater Inspection And Repair
1(12)
1.1 Background
1(2)
1.2 Why Do We Inspect and Repair Structures
3(3)
1.3 Types of Offshore Structures
6(4)
1.3.1 Fixed Steel Structures
6(2)
1.3.2 Floating Structures
8(1)
1.3.3 Concrete Platforms
9(1)
1.4 Overview of this Book
10(1)
1.5 Bibliographic Notes
11(1)
References
11(2)
2 Statutory Requirements For Inspection And Repair Of Offshore Structures
13(24)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Examples of Country Statutory Requirements
14(3)
2.2.1 Introduction
14(1)
2.2.2 Regulation in the US Offshore Industry
15(1)
2.2.3 Regulation in the UK Offshore Industry
16(1)
2.2.4 Regulation in the Norwegian Offshore Industry
17(1)
2.3 Standards and Recommended Practices for Steel Structures
17(7)
2.3.1 Introduction
17(1)
2.3.2 API RP-2A and API RP-2SIM (Structural Integrity Management)
18(3)
2.3.3 API RP-2FSIM (Floating Systems Integrity Management)
21(1)
2.3.4 ISO 19902
22(1)
2.3.5 ISO 19901-9
23(1)
2.3.6 NORSOK N-005
23(1)
2.4 Standards and Recommended Practices for Mooring Systems
24(3)
2.4.1 Introduction
24(1)
2.4.2 API RP-2MIM (Mooring Integrity Management)
25(1)
2.4.3 IACS Guideline for Survey of Offshore Moorings
26(1)
2.5 Standards and Guidance Notes for Concrete Structures
27(6)
2.5.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.5.2 ISO 19903---Concrete Structures
27(4)
2.5.3 Department of Energy Guidance Notes
31(1)
2.5.4 NORSOK N-005---Concrete Structures
32(1)
2.6 Discussion and Summary
33(1)
References
34(3)
3 Damage Types In Offshore Structures
37(42)
3.1 Introduction
37(6)
3.1.1 General
37(1)
3.1.2 Corrosion
38(2)
3.1.3 Cracking Due to Fatigue
40(1)
3.1.4 Dents, Bows and Gouges Due to Impact
41(1)
3.1.5 Cracking Due to Hydrogen Embrittlement
42(1)
3.1.6 Erosion, Wear and Tear
42(1)
3.1.7 Brittle Fracture
43(1)
3.1.8 Grout Crushing and Slippage
43(1)
3.2 Previous Studies on Damage to Offshore Structures
43(1)
3.3 Previous Studies on Damage to Fixed Steel Structures
44(13)
3.3.1 MTD Underwater Inspection of Steel Offshore Structures
44(2)
3.3.2 MTD Review of Repairs to Offshore Structures and Pipelines
46(1)
3.3.3 PMB AIM Project for MMS
47(3)
3.3.4 HSE Study on Causes of Damage to Fixed Steel Structures
50(1)
3.3.5 Single-Sided Closure Welds
51(1)
3.3.6 MSL Rationalization and Optimisation of Underwater Inspection Planning Report
52(2)
3.3.7 Studies on Hurricane and Storm Damage
54(3)
3.4 Previous Studies on Damage to Floating Steel Structures
57(4)
3.4.1 D.En. Studies on Semi-Submersibles
57(1)
3.4.2 SSC Review of Damage Types to Ship-Shaped Structures
57(2)
3.4.3 Defect Type for Tanker Structure Components
59(1)
3.4.4 Semi-Submersible Flooding Incident Data
59(2)
3.5 Previous Studies on Damage Types to Mooring Lines and Anchors
61(5)
3.5.1 Introduction and Damage Statistics for Moorings
61(1)
3.5.2 API RP-2MIM Overview of Damage Types to Mooring Lines
62(1)
3.5.3 HSE Studies on Mooring Systems
63(1)
3.5.4 Studies on Corrosion of Mooring Systems
64(1)
3.5.5 Studies on Fatigue of Mooring Systems
64(2)
3.6 Previous Studies on Concrete Structures
66(4)
3.6.1 Concrete in the Oceans Project
66(1)
3.6.2 Durability of Offshore Concrete Structures
67(1)
3.6.3 PSA Study on Damage to Offshore Concrete Structures
68(2)
3.7 Previous Studies on Marine Growth (Marine Fouling)
70(2)
3.8 Summary of Damage and Anomalies to Offshore Structures
72(4)
3.8.1 General
72(1)
3.8.2 Damage Types Specific to Steel Structures
72(3)
3.8.3 Damage Types Specific to Concrete Structures
75(1)
3.8.4 Summary Table of Damage to Different Types of Structures
75(1)
3.9 Bibliographic Notes
76(1)
References
76(3)
4 Inspection Methods For Offshore Structures Underwater
79(62)
4.1 Introduction to Underwater Inspection
79(2)
4.2 Previous Studies on Inspection
81(19)
4.2.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2.2 SSC Survey of Non-Destructive Test Methods
81(3)
4.2.3 Underwater Inspection / Testing / Monitoring of Offshore Structures
84(1)
4.2.4 HSE Handbook for Underwater Inspectors
85(1)
4.2.5 MTD Underwater Inspection of Steel Offshore Structures
85(1)
4.2.6 Department of Energy Fourth Edition Guidance Notes on Surveys
86(1)
4.2.7 HSE Detection of Damage to Underwater Tubulars and Its Effect on Strength
87(2)
4.2.8 MSL Rationalization and Optimisation of Underwater Inspection Planning Report
89(4)
4.2.9 Projects on Testing of Inspection Methods and Their Reliability
93(3)
4.2.10 Concrete in the Oceans Programme
96(4)
4.3 Inspection and Inspection Methods
100(12)
4.3.1 Introduction
100(1)
4.3.2 Visual Inspection
100(3)
4.3.3 Ultrasonic Testing Methods
103(1)
4.3.4 Electromagnetic Methods
104(2)
4.3.5 Radiographic Testing
106(1)
4.3.6 Flooded Member Detection
106(2)
4.3.7 Rebound Hammer
108(1)
4.3.8 Chloride Ingress Test
108(1)
4.3.9 Electro-Potential Mapping
109(2)
4.3.10 Cathodic Protection Inspection
111(1)
4.4 Deployment Methods
112(5)
4.4.1 Introduction
112(1)
4.4.2 Divers
113(1)
4.4.3 ROV and AUV
114(2)
4.4.4 Splash Zone Access
116(1)
4.4.5 Summary of Inspection Methods and Their Deployment
117(1)
4.5 Competency of Inspection Personnel and Organisations
117(7)
4.5.1 Introduction
117(2)
4.5.2 Regulatory Requirements on Competency
119(1)
4.5.3 Requirements on Competency in Standards
119(2)
4.5.4 Certification and Training of Inspectors
121(1)
4.5.5 Trials to Study Inspector Competency
121(1)
4.5.6 Organisational Competency
122(2)
4.6 Reliability of Different Inspection Methods Underwater
124(2)
4.7 Inspection of Fixed Steel Structures
126(2)
4.8 Inspection of Concrete Structures
128(5)
4.9 Inspection of Floating Structures and Mooring Systems
133(4)
References
137(4)
5 Structural Monitoring Methods
141(20)
5.1 Introduction
141(5)
5.1.1 General
141(1)
5.1.2 Historical Background
142(3)
5.1.3 Requirements for Monitoring in Standards
145(1)
5.2 Previous Studies on Structural Monitoring Methods
146(5)
5.2.1 MTD Underwater Inspection of Steel Offshore Installations
146(1)
5.2.2 HSE Review of Structural Monitoring
146(2)
5.2.3 HSE Updated Review of Structural Monitoring
148(2)
5.2.4 SIMoNET
150(1)
5.3 Structural Monitoring Techniques
151(4)
5.3.1 Introduction
151(1)
5.3.2 Acoustic Emission Technique
151(1)
5.3.3 Leak Detection
152(1)
5.3.4 Global Positioning Systems and Radar
152(1)
5.3.5 Fatigue Gauge
153(1)
5.3.6 Continuous Flooded Member Detection
153(1)
5.3.7 Natural Frequency Monitoring
153(1)
5.3.8 Strain Monitoring
154(1)
5.3.9 Riser and Anchor Chain Monitoring
155(1)
5.3.10 Acoustic Fingerprinting
155(1)
5.3.11 Monitoring with Guided Waves
155(1)
5.4 Structural Monitoring Case Study
155(2)
5.5 Summary on Structural Monitoring
157(2)
5.6 Bibliographic Notes
159(1)
References
159(2)
6 Inspection Planning, Programme And Data Management
161(26)
6.1 Introduction
161(12)
6.1.1 General
161(1)
6.1.2 Long-Term Inspection Plan
162(1)
6.1.3 Approaches for Long-Term Inspection Planning
163(4)
6.1.4 Inspection Programme
167(3)
6.1.5 Integrity Data Management
170(3)
6.1.6 Key Performance Indicators
173(1)
6.2 Previous Studies on Long-Term Planning of Inspections
173(7)
6.2.1 PMB AIM Project for MMS
173(1)
6.2.2 MSL Rationalization and Optimisation of Underwater Inspection Planning Report
174(1)
6.2.3 HSE Study on the Effects of Local Joint Flexibility
175(1)
6.2.4 HSE Ageing Plant Report
176(1)
6.2.5 Studies on Risk-Based and Probabilistic Inspection Planning
176(4)
6.2.6 EI Guide to Risk-Based Inspection Planning
180(1)
6.3 Summary on Inspection Planning and Programme
180(4)
6.3.1 Introduction
180(1)
6.3.2 Fixed Steel Platforms
181(1)
6.3.3 Floating Steel Structures
182(1)
6.3.4 Concrete Platforms
183(1)
6.4 Bibliographic Notes
184(1)
References
184(3)
7 Evaluation Of Damage And Assessment Of Structures
187(52)
7.1 Introduction
187(2)
7.2 Previous Studies on Evaluation of Damaged Tubulars
189(26)
7.2.1 Remaining Fatigue Life of Cracked Tubular Structures
189(6)
7.2.2 Static Strength of Cracked Tubular Structures
195(4)
7.2.3 Effect of Multiple Member Failure
199(2)
7.2.4 Corroded Tubular Members
201(4)
7.2.5 Dent and Bow Damage to Underwater Tubulars and Their Effect on Strength
205(3)
7.2.6 Studies on Assessment of System Strength
208(1)
7.2.7 PMB AIM Project for MMS
209(2)
7.2.8 MSL Significant JIP for MMS
211(3)
7.2.9 MSL Assessment of Repair Techniques for Ageing or Damaged Structures
214(1)
7.3 Previous Studies on Evaluation of Damaged Plated Structures
215(3)
7.3.1 Introduction
215(1)
7.3.2 SSC Studies on Residual Strength of Damaged Plated Marine Structures
216(2)
7.4 Previous Studies on Evaluation of Damaged Concrete Structures
218(5)
7.4.1 Department of Energy Assessment of Major Damage to the Prestressed Concrete Tower
218(2)
7.4.2 Department of Energy Review of Impact Damage Caused by Dropped Objects
220(1)
7.4.3 HSE Review of Durability of Prestressing Components
220(1)
7.4.4 HSE Review of Major Hazards to Concrete Platforms
220(1)
7.4.5 Department of Energy Review of the Effects of Temperature Gradients
221(1)
7.4.6 Concrete in the Oceans Review of Corrosion Protection of Concrete Structures
221(1)
7.4.7 Norwegian Road Administration Guideline V441
222(1)
7.5 Practice of Evaluation and Assessment of Offshore Structures
223(9)
7.5.1 General
223(2)
7.5.2 Fixed and Floating Steel Structures
225(5)
7.5.3 Concrete Structures
230(2)
References
232(7)
8 Repair And Mitigation Of Offshore Structures
239(98)
8.1 Introduction to Underwater Repair
239(3)
8.2 Previous Generic Studies on Repair of Structures
242(8)
8.2.1 UEG Report on Repair to North Sea Offshore Structures
242(1)
8.2.2 MTD Study on Repairs of Offshore Structures
242(5)
8.2.3 UK Department of Energy Fourth Edition Guidance Notes
247(1)
8.2.4 DNV GL Study on Repair Methods for PSA
248(2)
8.3 Previous Studies on Repair of Tubular Structures
250(26)
8.3.1 Grout Repairs to Steel Offshore Structures
250(2)
8.3.2 UK Joint Industry Repairs Research Project
252(2)
8.3.3 UK Department of Energy and TWI Study on Repair Methods for Fixed Offshore Structures
254(3)
8.3.4 UK Department of Energy-Funded Work on Adhesive Repairs
257(3)
8.3.5 Residual and Fatigue Strength of Grout-Filled Damaged Tubular Members
260(1)
8.3.6 Fatigue Life Enhancement of Tubular Joints by Grout Injection
261(1)
8.3.7 ATLSS Projects on Repair to Dent-Damaged Tubular Members
261(2)
8.3.8 ATLSS Projects on Repair to Corrosion Damaged Tubulars
263(2)
8.3.9 MSL Strengthening, Modification and Repair of Offshore Installations
265(1)
8.3.10 MSL Underwater Structural Repairs Using Composite Materials
266(1)
8.3.11 HSE Experience from the Use of Clamps Offshore
267(2)
8.3.12 MSL Study on Neoprene-Lined Clamps
269(1)
8.3.13 MSL Repair Techniques for Ageing and Damaged Structures
270(3)
8.3.14 MMS Studies on Hurricane Damage and Repair
273(1)
8.3.15 BOEME Report on Wet Weld Repairs to US Structures
274(2)
8.4 Previous Studies on Repair of Concrete Structures
276(10)
8.4.1 Introduction
276(1)
8.4.2 Repair of Major Damage to Concrete Offshore Structures
277(1)
8.4.3 Scaling of Underwater Concrete Repairs
278(2)
8.4.4 Assessment of Materials for Repair of Damaged Concrete Underwater
280(5)
8.4.5 Effectiveness of Concrete Repairs
285(1)
8.5 Previous Studies on Repair of Plated Structures
286(3)
8.6 Repair of Steel Structures
289(27)
8.6.1 Introduction
289(1)
8.6.2 Selection of Mitigation and Repair Methods
290(5)
8.6.3 Machining Methods (Grinding)
295(2)
8.6.4 Re-Melting Methods
297(1)
8.6.5 Weld Residual Stress Improvement Methods (Peening)
297(1)
8.6.6 Stop Holes and Crack-Deflecting Holes
298(2)
8.6.7 Structural Modifications
300(1)
8.6.8 Underwater Welding
301(4)
8.6.9 Doubler Plates
305(1)
8.6.10 Removal of Structural Elements
305(1)
8.6.11 Bonded-Type Repairs
306(1)
8.6.12 Structural Clamps and Sleeves
307(3)
8.6.13 Grout Filling of Members
310(2)
8.6.14 Grout Filling of Tubular Joints
312(1)
8.6.15 Installation of New Structural Elements
312(1)
8.6.16 Summary of Steel Repairs
313(3)
8.7 Repair of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Systems
316(3)
8.7.1 Introduction
316(2)
8.7.2 Repair of Damaged Coatings
318(1)
8.7.3 Replacement of Corroded Material
318(1)
8.7.4 Repair or Replacement of the Corrosion Protection System
318(1)
8.8 Repair of Mooring Systems
319(1)
8.9 Repair of Concrete Structures
320(8)
8.9.1 Introduction
320(2)
8.9.2 Choice of Repair Method
322(1)
8.9.3 Concrete Material Replacement
323(2)
8.9.4 Injection Methods
325(1)
8.9.5 Repair of Reinforcement and Prestressing Tendons
326(1)
8.9.6 Summary of Concrete Repairs
327(1)
8.10 Overview of Other Mitigation Methods
328(1)
8.11 Bibliographic Notes
329(1)
References
329(8)
9 Conclusions And Future Possibilities
337(5)
9.1 Overview of the Book
337(1)
9.2 Emerging Technologies
338(2)
9.3 Final Thoughts
340(1)
References
341(1)
Index 342
John V. Sharp is a Visiting Professor at Cranfield University, UK. His main research interests include the ageing and life extension of structures and their inspection and repair. Formerly he was responsible for the UK Health & Safety Executives offshore research programme.

Gerhard Ersdal is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Material science at the University of Stavanger, Norway. His main research interests include structural integrity management, life extension of structures, and risk management.
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