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E-raamat: Unlocking Criminal Law

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  • Formaat: 714 pages
  • Sari: Unlocking the Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000770131
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Unlocking Criminal LawSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 714 pages
  • Sari: Unlocking the Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000770131
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Unlocking Criminal Law will help you grasp the main concepts of the subject with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising Criminal Law.

The information is clearly presented in a logical structure and the following features support learning helping you to advance with confidence:
- Clear learning outcomes at the beginning of each chapter set out the skills and knowledge you will need to get to grips with the subject;
- Key Facts boxes throughout each chapter allow you to progressively build and consolidate your understanding;
- End-of-chapter summaries provide a useful check-list for each topic;
- Cases and judgments are highlighted to help you find them and add them to your notes quickly;
- Frequent activities and self-test questions are included so you can put your knowledge into practice;
- Sample essay questions with annotated answers prepare you for assessment;
- Glossary of legal terms clarifies important definitions.

This edition has been fully updated to include discussion of recent changes and developments within criminal law, including the latest case law and those laws passed in the wake of the Covid-19 crisis.



The Eighth edition of Unlocking Criminal Law will help you grasp the main concepts of the subject with ease. Containing accessible explanations in clear and precise terms that are easy to understand, it provides an excellent foundation for learning and revising Criminal Law.
 

Acknowledgements xvi
Guide to the book xvii
Preface xix
List of figures
xx
Table of cases
xxii
Table of statutory instruments
xl
Table of legislation
xli
1 Introduction To Criminal Law
1(34)
1.1 Purpose of criminal law
1(4)
1.1.1 Should the law enforce moral values?
2(2)
1.1.2 Example of the changing nature of criminal law
4(1)
1.2 Sources of criminal law
5(3)
1.2.1 Common law offences
5(1)
1.2.2 Statutory offences
6(1)
1.2.3 Codification of the criminal law
6(2)
1.2.4 Reform of the law
8(1)
1.3 Defining a crime
8(2)
1.3.1 Conduct criminalised by the judges
9(1)
1.3.2 Retroactive effect of case law
9(1)
1.4 Classification of offences
10(2)
1.4.1 Classifying law by its source
10(1)
1.4.2 Categories for purposes of police powers of detention
11(1)
1.4.3 Classifying by the type of harm caused by the crime
12(1)
1.4.4 Classification by court of trial
12(1)
1.5 Criminal justice system
12(5)
1.5.1 Trials in magistrates' courts
12(1)
1.5.2 Trials in the Crown Court
13(1)
1.5.3 Appeals from a magistrates' court
14(1)
1.5.4 Appeals from trials in the Crown Court
15(1)
1.5.5 The hierarchy of the courts
16(1)
1.6 Sentencing
17(1)
1.6.1 Purposes of sentencing
17(1)
1.7 Elements of a crime
18(1)
1.8 Burden and standard of proof
18(3)
1.8.1 Presumption of innocence
18(1)
1.8.2 Raising a defence
19(1)
1.8.3 Standard of proof
20(1)
1.8.4 Reverse onus
20(1)
1.9 Criminal law and human rights
21(11)
1.9.1 The right to a fair trial
21(1)
1.9.2 Burden of proof
22(4)
1.9.3 No punishment without law
26(1)
1.9.4 Other human rights
27(3)
1.9.5 Human rights and criminal procedure
30(2)
Further reading
32(3)
2 Actus Reus
35(32)
2.1 The physical element
35(2)
2.1.1 Conduct and consequences
36(1)
2.1.2 Circumstances
36(1)
2.1.3 The physical element alone is not a crime
36(1)
2.1.4 Omissions
37(1)
2.2 Voluntary conduct
37(1)
2.3 Omissions
37(8)
2.3.1 Commission by omission
38(1)
2.3.2 Imposition of a duty to act
39(5)
2.3.3 Breach of duty to act
44(1)
2.3.4 Reform
45(1)
2.4 Causation
45(17)
2.4.1 Factual causation
46(1)
2.4.2 Legal causation
46(16)
Sample essay question 1
62(2)
Sample essay question 2
64(2)
Further reading
66(1)
3 Mens Rea
67(22)
3.1 The mental element
67(1)
3.2 Intention
68(5)
3.2.1 Direct intention
68(1)
3.2.2 Oblique intention
68(5)
3.3 Recklessness
73(5)
3.3.1 The Cunningham test
74(1)
3.3.2 The Caldwell years: 1981-2003
75(1)
3.3.3 Back to Cunningham: G and another
76(2)
3.4 Negligence
78(1)
3.5 Dishonesty
79(1)
3.6 Transferred malice
79(4)
3.7 Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea
83(3)
Sample essay question
86(2)
Further reading
88(1)
4 Strict Liability
89(34)
4.1 Absolute liability
90(2)
4.2 Strict liability
92(5)
4.2.1 No due diligence defence
93(1)
4.2.2 No defence of mistake
94(2)
4.2.3 Summary of strict liability
96(1)
4.3 Common law strict liability offences
97(1)
4.4 Statutory strict liability offences
98(19)
4.4.1 The presumption of mens rea
98(1)
4.4.2 The Gammon criteria
99(1)
4.4.3 Looking at the wording of an Act
100(2)
4.4.4 Quasi-criminal offences
102(2)
4.4.5 Strict liability and human rights
104(2)
4.4.6 Issues of social concern
106(1)
4.4.7 Promoting enforcement of the law
107(2)
4.4.8 Twenty-first-century cases
109(8)
4.5 Justification for strict liability
117(2)
4.5.1 Arguments against strict liability
118(1)
4.6 Proposals for reform
119(2)
Sample essay question
121(1)
Further reading
122(1)
5 Murder
123(52)
5.1 Actus reus of homicide
123(3)
5.1.1 Human being: birth
123(1)
5.1.2 Human being: death
124(1)
5.1.3 Under the King or Queen's Peace
124(1)
5.1.4 Within any county of the realm
125(1)
5.1.5 The year and a day rule
125(1)
5.2 Murder
126(4)
5.2.1 Intention
127(1)
5.2.2 Grievous bodily harm
127(1)
5.2.3 Procedure in murder trials
127(1)
5.2.4 Mercy killings and euthanasia
128(2)
5.3 Voluntary manslaughter
130(35)
5.3.1 Diminished responsibility
130(18)
5.3.2 Loss of control
148(17)
5.3.3 Suicide pacts
165(1)
5.4 Reform of the law of homicide
165(2)
5.4.1 The structure of homicide offences
165(1)
5.4.2 First-degree murder
165(1)
5.4.3 Second-degree murder
165(2)
Sample essay question 1
167(1)
Sample essay question 2
168(2)
Sample problem question
170(3)
Further reading
173(2)
6 Homicide (Other Than Murder)
175(46)
6.1 Involuntary manslaughter
175(18)
6.1.1 Constructive manslaughter
175(8)
6.1.2 Gross negligence manslaughter
183(9)
6.1.3 Reckless manslaughter
192(1)
6.2 Reform of murder and manslaughter
193(3)
6.2.1 A three-tier structure of homicide offences
193(1)
6.2.2 First-degree murder
193(1)
6.2.3 Second-degree murder
194(1)
6.2.4 Manslaughter
194(1)
6.2.5 Intention
195(1)
6.2.6 Duress
195(1)
6.2.7 Response to the Law Commission's reform proposals
195(1)
6.3 Causing or allowing the death or serious physical harm of a child or vulnerable adult
196(2)
6.4 Offences of causing death by driving
198(2)
6.5 Infanticide
200(1)
6.6 Offences against a foetus
201(1)
6.6.1 Child destruction
201(1)
6.6.2 Procuring a miscarriage
202(1)
6.7 Corporate manslaughter
202(14)
6.7.1 Previous law
202(3)
6.7.2 Reform of corporate manslaughter
205(1)
6.7.3 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007
206(2)
6.7.4 Is the Act working?
208(3)
6.7.5 Why make organisations criminally liable for manslaughter?
211(5)
Sample essay question 1
216(2)
Sample essay question 2
218(1)
Further reading
219(2)
7 Non-Fatal Offences Against The Person
221(50)
7.1 Common assault
222(8)
7.1.1 Actus reus of assault
223(1)
7.1.2 Actus reus of battery
224(5)
7.1.3 Mens rea of assault and battery
229(1)
7.2 Section 47
230(3)
7.2.1 Actus reus of s 47
230(2)
7.2.2 Mens rea of s 47
232(1)
7.3 Section 20
233(3)
7.3.1 Actus reus of s 20
233(2)
7.3.2 Mens rea of s 20
235(1)
7.4 Section 18
236(3)
7.4.1 Actus reus of s 18
237(1)
7.4.2 Mens rea of s 18
237(2)
7.5 Racially or religiously aggravated assaults
239(1)
7.6 Consent
240(18)
7.6.1 Consent may be implied
240(1)
7.6.2 Consent must be valid
240(1)
7.6.3 Consent and fraud
240(4)
7.6.4 The scope of consent
244(11)
7.6.5 The impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950) and the Human Rights Act 1998
255(3)
7.7 Reform
258(4)
7.8 Administering poison
262(3)
7.8.1 Administer
263(1)
7.8.2 Noxious thing
263(1)
7.8.3 Maliciously
264(1)
7.9 Strangulation and suffocation
265(2)
7.9.1 The new offences
265(1)
7.9.2 Special defence of consent
265(2)
Sample essay question
267(1)
Sample problem question
268(1)
Further reading
269(2)
8 Sexual Offences
271(38)
8.1 Rape
272(22)
8.1.1 Penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth of another person, with the penis
273(1)
8.1.2 The absence of consent
274(17)
8.1.3 Intent to penetrate
291(1)
8.1.4 Lack of reasonable belief
291(2)
8.1.5 The marital exception to rape
293(1)
8.1.6 Women as defendants
293(1)
8.2 Assault by penetration
294(1)
8.3 Sexual assault
295(3)
8.4 Causing a person to engage in sexual activity
298(1)
8.5 Administering a substance with intent
298(1)
8.6 Committing an offence with intent to commit a sexual offence
299(1)
8.7 Trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence
299(1)
8.8 Other crimes under the Sexual Offences Act 2003
300(2)
Sample essay question
302(2)
Sample problem question
304(2)
Further reading
306(3)
9 Theft
309(38)
9.1 Background
309(2)
9.1.1 Theft
310(1)
9.1.2 The elements of theft
311(1)
9.2 Appropriation
311(9)
9.2.1 Assumption of the rights of an owner
312(1)
9.2.2 Consent to the appropriation
313(1)
9.2.3 The decision in Gomez
314(3)
9.2.4 Consent without deception
317(1)
9.2.5 Protection of innocent purchasers
318(2)
9.3 Property
320(5)
9.3.1 Things which cannot be stolen
321(1)
9.3.2 Real property
322(1)
9.3.3 Things in action
323(1)
9.3.4 Other intangible property
324(1)
9.4 Belonging to another
325(6)
9.4.1 Possession or control
325(1)
9.4.2 Proprietary right or interest
326(2)
9.4.3 Property received under an obligation
328(2)
9.4.4 Property got by a mistake
330(1)
9.5 Dishonestly
331(7)
9.5.1 Dishonesty
331(2)
9.5.2 The meaning of `dishonesty': from Feely (1973) to Ghosh (1982) to Ivey (2017)
333(2)
9.5.3 Problems with the Ghosh test
335(1)
9.5.4 The Ivey test
336(2)
9.6 With intention to permanently deprive
338(6)
9.6.1 Borrowing or lending
340(1)
9.6.2 Conditional disposition
340(4)
Sample essay question
344(1)
Sample problem question
345(1)
Further reading
346(1)
10 Robbery, Burglary, And Other Offences In The Theft Acts
347(44)
10.1 Robbery
347(8)
10.1.1 The elements of robbery
348(1)
10.1.2 Theft as an element of robbery
348(1)
10.1.3 Force or threat of force
349(2)
10.1.4 Force immediately before or at the time of the theft
351(1)
10.1.5 Force in order to steal
352(3)
10.2 Burglary
355(6)
10.2.1 The actus reus of burglary
355(1)
10.2.2 Entry
356(1)
10.2.3 Building or part of a building
356(1)
10.2.4 As a trespasser
357(2)
10.2.5 Mens rea of burglary
359(1)
10.2.6 Burglary of a dwelling
360(1)
10.3 Aggravated burglary
361(2)
10.3.1 Has with him
362(1)
10.4 Removal of items from a place open to the public
363(1)
10.4.1 Actus reus of removal of items from a public place
364(1)
10.5 Taking a conveyance without consent
364(3)
10.5.1 Actus reus of taking a conveyance
365(1)
10.5.2 Without consent
366(1)
10.5.3 Conveyance
366(1)
10.5.4 Mens rea of taking a conveyance
367(1)
10.6 Aggravated vehicle-taking
367(1)
10.6.1 Dangerous driving
368(1)
10.6.2 Injury or damage
368(1)
10.7 Abstracting electricity
368(1)
10.8 Blackmail
369(4)
10.8.1 Demand
369(1)
10.8.2 Unwarranted demand
370(1)
10.8.3 Menaces
371(1)
10.8.4 View to gain or to cause loss
372(1)
10.9 Handling stolen goods
373(7)
10.9.1 Goods
374(1)
10.9.2 Stolen
374(2)
10.9.3 Handling stolen goods
376(1)
10.9.4 Undertaking or assisting
377(1)
10.9.5 Mens rea of handling
378(2)
10.10 Going equipped for stealing
380(2)
10.10.1 Actus reus of going equipped
380(2)
10.10.2 Mens rea of going equipped
382(1)
10.11 Making off without payment
382(5)
10.11.1 Actus reus of making off without payment
382(2)
10.11.2 Mens rea of making off without payment
384(3)
Sample essay question
387(1)
Sample problem question
388(1)
Further reading
389(2)
11 Fraud
391(26)
11.1 Background to the Fraud Act 2006
391(1)
11.2 The need for reform
392(2)
11.3 Fraud Act 2006
394(1)
11.4 Fraud by false representation
394(8)
11.4.1 False representation
395(2)
11.4.2 False
397(2)
11.4.3 Intent to make a gain or cause loss
399(1)
11.4.4 Mens rea of s 2
400(2)
11.5 Fraud by failing to disclose information
402(2)
11.5.1 Legal duty to disclose
402(1)
11.5.2 Mens rea of fraud contrary to s 3
403(1)
11.6 Fraud by abuse of position
404(4)
11.6.1 Occupies a position
404(2)
11.6.2 Abuse of position
406(1)
11.6.3 Mens rea of fraud contrary to s 4
407(1)
11.7 Possession of articles for use in fraud
408(1)
11.7.1 Mens rea of s 6
408(1)
11.8 Making or supplying articles for use in frauds
408(1)
11.8.1 Mens rea of s7
409(1)
11.9 Obtaining services dishonestly
409(4)
11.9.1 Actus reus of obtaining services dishonestly
410(1)
11.9.2 Mens rea of obtaining services dishonestly
410(3)
Sample essay question
413(2)
Sample problem question
415(1)
Further reading
416(1)
12 Criminal Damage
417(26)
12.1 Simple criminal damage
418(7)
12.1.1 Destroy or damage
418(2)
12.1.2 Property
420(1)
12.1.3 Belonging to another
421(1)
12.1.4 Mens rea of the basic offence
421(4)
12.2 Aggravated criminal damage
425(4)
12.2.1 Intention or recklessness as to endangering life
425(2)
12.2.2 Life need not actually be endangered
427(1)
12.2.3 Own property
427(1)
12.2.4 Mens rea
427(2)
12.3 Arson
429(1)
12.4 Threats to destroy or damage property
430(2)
12.5 Possessing anything with intent to destroy or damage property
432(1)
12.6 Without lawful excuse
432(4)
12.6.1 Belief in consent
433(1)
12.6.2 Belief that other property was in immediate need of protection
433(3)
12.7 Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage
436(2)
Sample essay question
438(1)
Sample problem question
439(2)
Further reading
441(2)
13 Public Order Offences
443(28)
13.1 Riot
443(3)
13.1.1 Actus reus of riot
444(1)
13.1.2 Mens rea of riot
445(1)
13.1.3 Trial and penalty
445(1)
13.2 Violent disorder
446(2)
13.2.1 Present together
447(1)
13.2.2 Mens rea of violent disorder
447(1)
13.2.3 Comparison with riot
448(1)
13.2.4 Trial and penalty
448(1)
13.3 Affray
448(3)
13.3.1 Actus reus of affray
449(1)
13.3.2 Mens rea of affray
450(1)
13.3.3 Trial and penalty
450(1)
13.4 Fear or provocation of violence
451(2)
13.4.1 Actus reus of a s 4 offence
451(1)
13.4.2 Threatening, abusive or insulting
452(1)
13.4.3 Towards another person
452(1)
13.4.4 Mens rea of s 4
452(1)
13.5 Intentionally causing harassment, alarm or distress
453(3)
13.5.1 Defences
455(1)
13.6 Harassment, alarm or distress
456(6)
13.6.1 Mens rea of a s 5 offence
459(1)
13.6.2 Defences
459(2)
13.6.3 Section 5 and freedom of expression
461(1)
13.7 Racially or religiously aggravated public order offences
462(2)
13.8 `Gatherings' and coronavirus offences
464(4)
Sample essay question
468(1)
Further reading
469(2)
14 Capacity Defences
471(54)
14.1 Children
472(3)
14.1.1 Children under the age of ten
472(1)
14.1.2 Children aged ten and over
472(3)
14.2 Insanity
475(15)
14.2.1 Procedure
476(1)
14.2.2 The special verdict
476(1)
14.2.3 The M'Naghten Rules
477(7)
14.2.4 Situations not covered by the Rules
484(1)
14.2.5 Criticism and reform proposals
485(5)
14.3 Automatism
490(7)
14.3.1 What is automatism?
490(1)
14.3.2 The need for an evidential foundation
491(1)
14.3.3 Extent of involuntariness required
492(2)
14.3.4 Self-induced automatism
494(2)
14.3.5 Reflex actions
496(1)
14.3.6 Reform
496(1)
14.4 Unfitness to plead
497(2)
14.5 Intoxication
499(21)
14.5.1 Intoxication is no defence if D still formed mens rea
500(1)
14.5.2 Involuntary intoxication
501(3)
14.5.3 Voluntary intoxication
504(7)
14.5.4 `Dutch courage'
511(1)
14.5.5 Intoxication and insanity
512(2)
14.5.6 Intoxication and automatism
514(1)
14.5.7 Intoxicated mistakes
514(2)
14.5.8 Reform of the intoxication defence
516(4)
Sample essay question 1
520(1)
Sample essay question 2
521(2)
Further reading
523(2)
15 General Defences
525(52)
15.1 Duress
525(21)
15.1.1 Sources of the duress
526(1)
15.1.2 The seriousness of the threat
526(1)
15.1.3 Threats against whom?
527(1)
15.1.4 Imminence of the threat, opportunities to escape and police protection
528(2)
15.1.5 Duress does not exist in the abstract
530(1)
15.1.6 Voluntary exposure to risk of compulsion
531(3)
15.1.7 Should D have resisted the threats?
534(3)
15.1.8 The scope of the defence
537(5)
15.1.9 The development of duress of circumstances
542(4)
15.2 Necessity
546(6)
15.3 Marital coercion
552(1)
15.4 Mistake
553(1)
15.4.1 Mistakes of fact
553(1)
15.4.2 Mistakes of law
554(1)
15.5 Self-defence and related defences
554(20)
15.5.1 The necessity of force
556(5)
15.5.2 The reasonableness of force
561(4)
15.5.3 Intoxication, mistake and self-defence
565(2)
15.5.4 `Grossly disproportionate' force in `householder' cases
567(5)
15.5.5 Should excessive force in homicide reduce murder to manslaughter?
572(2)
Sample essay question
574(2)
Further reading
576(1)
16 Parties To A Crime
577(24)
16.1 Principal offenders
577(1)
16.1.1 Difficulties in identifying the principal
577(1)
16.2 Innocent agents
578(1)
16.3 Secondary parties
578(14)
16.3.1 Actus reus of secondary parties: aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring
579(6)
16.3.2 Mens rea of secondary parties
585(7)
16.4 Withdrawal from participation
592(2)
16.4.1 Pre-planned criminal activity
592(1)
16.4.2 Spontaneous criminal activity
593(1)
16.5 Assisting an offender
594(1)
16.6 Reform
594(2)
Sample essay question
596(2)
Sample problem question
598(1)
Further reading
599(2)
17 Inchoate Offences
601(38)
17.1 Inchoate offences
601(1)
17.2 Attempt
602(12)
17.2.1 Actus reus of attempt
602(5)
17.2.2 Mens rea of attempt
607(2)
17.2.3 Impossibility
609(3)
17.2.4 Excluded offences
612(1)
17.2.5 Successful attempts
613(1)
17.2.6 Reform
613(1)
17.3 Conspiracy
614(11)
17.3.1 Actus reus of statutory conspiracy
615(3)
17.3.2 Mens rea of statutory conspiracy
618(4)
17.3.3 Common law conspiracy
622(2)
17.3.4 Impossibility
624(1)
17.4 Assisting or encouraging crime
625(12)
17.4.1 Background
625(1)
17.4.2 Liability under the Serious Crime Act 2007
626(2)
17.4.3 Actus reus elements
628(1)
17.4.4 Mens rea elements
629(2)
17.4.5 No requirement for substantive offence to be committed (s 49)
631(1)
17.4.6 Defence of `acting reasonably' (s 50)
631(1)
17.4.7 Defence for victims (s 51)
632(1)
17.4.8 Impossibility
632(1)
17.4.9 Attempt liability
633(1)
17.4.10 Evaluation of the Serious Crime Act 2007
633(4)
Sample essay question
637(1)
Further reading
638(1)
Appendix 1 639(2)
Appendix 2 641(8)
Glossary of legal terminology 649(2)
Index 651
Tony Storey is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Northumbria where he teaches Criminal Law, EU Law, Sports Law, and the English Legal System. Tony is the programme leader for the MLaw programme at Northumbria Law School.

Natalie Wortley is Associate Professor of Law at Northumbria University, teaching and researching Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, Evidence, and Sentencing.

Jacqueline Martin practised as a barrister for ten years before becoming a law lecturer. She was also chief examiner for a major awarding body for ten years, and has written and edited many law textbooks.
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