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E-raamat: Unmanned and Autonomous Ships: An Overview of MASS

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Mar-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429834356
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Unmanned and Autonomous Ships: An Overview of MASSSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Mar-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429834356
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"Unmanned ships and autonomous ships are quickly becoming a reality making shipping safer and more efficient. However, traditional tasks and functions are becoming blurred as new technology changes how the unique needs of different sectors are met. In addition to large vessels dedicated to the transport of goods and cargo across the oceans, major efforts are underway towards the automation of small coastal shipping that includes ferries, tugboats, supply and service vessels, and barges. Automated vehicles are also replacing conventional ships for inspecting and servicing pipelines, drilling platforms, wind farms and other offshore installations. Automated shipping is explored in terms of economics, technology, safety and the environment under the broad themes of ship design and engineering, command and control, navigation, communications, security, regulatory issues, and training. This includes initiatives for autonomous shipping as well as civilian implications of military ship automation programs. Thisbook is primarily for maritime professionals, regulatory authorities, insurers, and environmental groups. It also suits undergraduate students involved in deck officer training, and graduate students and academics involved in research in ship design, operations and management"--

Unmanned ships and autonomous ships are quickly becoming a reality, making shipping safer and more efficient. However, traditional tasks and functions are becoming blurred as new technology changes how the unique needs of different sectors are met. In addition to large vessels dedicated to the transport of goods and cargos across the oceans, major efforts are underway towards the automation of small coastal shipping that includes ferries, tugboats, supply and service vessels, and barges. Automated vehicles are also replacing conventional ships for inspecting and servicing pipelines, drilling platforms, wind farms and other offshore installations.

Automated shipping is explored in terms of economics, technology, safety and the environment under the broad themes of ship design and engineering, command and control, navigation, communications, security, regulatory issues, and training. This includes initiatives for autonomous shipping as well as civilian implications of military ship automation programs. This book is primarily for maritime professionals, regulatory authorities, insurers, and environmental groups. It also suits undergraduate students involved in deck officer training, and graduate students and academics involved in research in ship design, operations and management.

Arvustused

"The book covers the main topics and provides a very good overview for professionals, mariners, researchers, regulatory authorities and anyone working in the field."

-- Marko Höyhtyä, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd

Preface xvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 A Historical Perspective on Advances in Shipping
2(7)
1.1.1 Construction
3(1)
1.1.2 Function
4(1)
1.1.3 Propulsion
4(1)
1.1.4 Navigation
5(1)
1.1.5 Communications
5(1)
1.1.6 Electronic Navigation and Communications
6(2)
1.1.7 Command and Control
8(1)
1.2 Current Initiatives in Unmanned and Autonomous Shipping
9(4)
1.2.1 Industry and Academia
9(3)
1.2.2 Regulatory Authorities
12(1)
1.2.3 Classification Societies
12(1)
1.2.4 Non-Governmental Organizations
13(1)
1.3 A Mariner's Perspective
13(4)
1.3.1 Human Senses Exceed Remote Operator and Full Autonomy Capabilities
14(1)
1.3.2 Implicit Devaluation of the Maritime Professions
15(1)
1.3.3 Maritime Jobs
16(1)
1.3.4 Other Issues
17(1)
References
17(4)
2 Making the Case for Unmanned and Autonomous Ships
21(16)
2.1 Economic Perspectives
23(5)
2.1.1 Economical Transport
23(1)
2.1.1.1 Fixed Costs
24(1)
2.1.1.2 Operating Costs
25(1)
2.1.2 New Business Opportunities
26(1)
2.1.3 Data Monetization
27(1)
2.2 Safety
28(4)
2.2.1 Safety of Navigation
28(1)
2.2.2 Job Safety
29(1)
2.2.2.1 Hazard and Failure Prognostics and Detection
29(1)
2.2.2.2 Automation of Hazardous Tasks
30(2)
2.3 Environment
32(1)
References
33(4)
3 Autonomy, Automation and Reasoning
37(22)
3.1 Metrics of Autonomy
37(7)
3.1.1 Lloyds Register
38(2)
3.1.2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
40(1)
3.1.3 Norwegian Forum for Autonomous Ships (NFAS)
40(1)
3.1.4 Maritime UK
41(1)
3.1.5 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
42(1)
3.1.6 IMO Definition of Autonomy
42(1)
3.1.7 Comparisons between Different Approaches to Autonomy
42(2)
3.2 Process Automation
44(5)
3.2.1 Propulsion Control
44(1)
3.2.2 Power Generation, Distribution and Control
45(1)
3.2.3 Auxiliary Systems
46(1)
3.2.4 Navigation
46(1)
3.2.5 Communications
47(1)
3.2.6 Alarm Monitoring and Damage Control
48(1)
3.2.7 Integration of Process Automation
49(1)
3.3 MASS Reasoning
49(8)
3.3.1 Some Thoughts on Reasoning
50(1)
3.3.2 Artificial Intelligence
51(1)
3.3.2.1 Neural Network Architecture
52(2)
3.3.2.2 Software Simulation
54(1)
3.3.2.3 Network Training
54(2)
3.3.2.4 Hardware Implementation
56(1)
References
57(2)
4 MASS Design and Engineering
59(28)
4.1 Applications and Operational Settings
59(15)
4.1.1 Hull and Deck Design
60(1)
4.1.2 Propulsion and Power Generation
61(1)
4.1.2.1 Engines
61(1)
4.1.2.2 Fuel and Power Sources
62(2)
4.1.3 Sensors
64(1)
4.1.3.1 Environment Visualization
64(1)
4.1.3.2 Situational Awareness and Comprehension
65(1)
4.1.3.3 Sensor Suite Composition and Placement
65(4)
4.1.4 Maintenance
69(1)
4.1.4.1 Introduction of Highly Reliable Systems
69(1)
4.1.4.2 Multiple Redundant Systems
70(2)
4.1.4.3 Predictive Maintenance
72(1)
4.1.4.4 Robotic Maintenance
73(1)
4.2 Implementations of MASS
74(7)
4.2.1 Container and Bulk Shipping
74(1)
4.2.1.1 Yara Birkeland
74(1)
4.2.1.2 Project SeaShuttle
75(1)
4.2.1.3 Great Intelligence
75(1)
4.2.2 Ferries
76(1)
4.2.2.1 Folgefonn
76(1)
4.2.2.2 Falco
76(1)
4.2.2.3 Suomenlinna II
77(1)
4.2.3 Surveillance, Firefighting, Survey, and Search and Rescue
77(1)
4.2.3.1 Sharktech
77(1)
4.2.3.2 Sea Machines
78(1)
4.2.3.3 C-Worker 7
78(1)
4.2.4 Offshore Support
78(1)
4.2.4.1 Hronn
78(1)
4.2.4.2 SeaZip 3
79(1)
4.2.4.3 Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ships (SpaceX)
79(1)
4.2.5 Tugboat
79(1)
4.2.5.1 R. Amora 2400
79(1)
4.2.5.2 Svitzer Hermod
80(1)
4.2.5.3 Keppel Singmarine
80(1)
4.3 Harbor Enhancements to Accommodate MASS
81(2)
4.3.1 Port and Harbor Facilities
81(1)
4.3.1.1 Automatic Berthing and Unberthing
81(1)
4.3.1.2 Bunkering
82(1)
4.3.2 Harbor Approaches
83(1)
References
83(4)
5 Remote Control Centers
87(28)
5.1 Transition to Remote Control and Supervision
88(1)
5.2 Remote Control Center Functions
89(7)
5.2.1 Distribution of Authority
91(1)
5.2.1.1 Individual Ship Operations
91(4)
5.2.1.2 RCC Handling of Multiple Ship Operations
95(1)
5.3 Remote Control Center Facilities
96(14)
5.3.1 Management Level
97(1)
5.3.1.1 Corporate Representative
97(2)
5.3.1.2 Captain and First Mate
99(2)
5.3.1.3 Chief Engineer
101(2)
5.3.2 Operational Level
103(1)
5.3.2.1 Second and Third Mates
103(1)
5.3.2.2 Helmsman
103(3)
5.3.2.3 Second and Third Engineers
106(1)
5.3.2.4 Security Officer
106(2)
5.3.2.5 Communications Officer
108(1)
5.3.2.6 Automation Officer
108(1)
5.3.2.7 Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV)/Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) Operator
109(1)
5.3.3 Support Level
109(1)
5.3.3.1 Technical Experts
109(1)
5.3.3.2 Other Support Staff
110(1)
5.4 Remote Control Center Organization
110(3)
5.4.1 Functional Organization
110(2)
5.4.2 Allocation of Physical Space
112(1)
5.4.3 Computational Facilities
112(1)
References
113(2)
6 Navigation
115(30)
6.1 Aids to Navigation
116(1)
6.2 Collision Avoidance
117(1)
6.3 Environmental Sensor Systems
118(19)
6.3.1 Conventional vs. Smart Sensors
119(1)
6.3.2 Shipboard Sensors
120(3)
6.3.2.1 Surface Sensors and Systems
123(4)
6.3.2.2 Subsea Sensors
127(2)
6.3.3 Air-Based Sensors
129(1)
6.3.4 Space-Based Sensors
129(1)
6.3.4.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
129(1)
6.3.4.2 Automatic Identification System (AIS)
130(1)
6.3.4.3 Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC)
130(1)
6.3.4.4 Other Sensors
131(1)
6.3.5 Sensor Data Types and Characteristics
131(2)
6.3.6 Sensor System Limitations and Vulnerabilities
133(1)
6.3.6.1 GNSS Outages, Spoofing, Jamming and Denial of Service
133(1)
6.3.6.2 AIS Range, Clutter, Spoofing and Jamming
134(1)
6.3.6.3 Database Hacking
135(1)
6.3.6.4 Multiple Sensor Modalities
136(1)
6.4 Navigational Reasoning
137(4)
6.4.1 Navigation under Nominal Conditions
138(1)
6.4.2 Navigation Absent Expected ATON
139(1)
6.4.3 Navigation under Threat of Collision, Allision or Attack
140(1)
6.4.4 Navigation under GNSS/AIS Denial of Service Attack or Spoofing
140(1)
6.4.5 Digital Twin Simulation
141(1)
References
141(4)
7 Communications
145(16)
7.1 General Communication Requirements for Ships
145(1)
7.2 e-Navigation Enhancements to Communications
146(1)
7.3 Limitations of e-Navigation as Relate to MASS
147(1)
7.4 Communications Requirements for MASS
148(1)
7.5 Communication Internal to MASS
149(3)
7.5.1 Navigation Systems
149(1)
7.5.2 Engineering Systems
150(1)
7.5.3 Imaging Systems
151(1)
7.5.4 Local Area Networks
151(1)
7.6 Bridge-to-Bridge Communication
152(4)
7.6.1 Lights and Shapes
153(1)
7.6.2 Sound and Light Signals
154(1)
7.6.3 Signals to Attract Attention and Distress Signals
154(1)
7.6.4 VHE Radio
155(1)
7.6.5 Distress Radio Communications
155(1)
7.7 Communication between Ship and Shore
156(2)
7.7.1 Medium/High Frequency Radio
156(1)
7.7.2 Cellular Communication
157(1)
7.7.3 Satellite Communication
157(1)
7.7.4 Microwave Communication
157(1)
7.8 MASS Area Communications
158(1)
References
159(2)
8 Security
161(18)
8.1 It Begins with the Vessel Security Plan
161(1)
8.2 MASS Ability to Maintain Security
162(2)
8.2.1 Qualifications
163(1)
8.2.2 Capabilities
164(1)
8.3 Physical Security
164(5)
8.3.1 Unauthorized Entry
164(1)
8.3.1.1 Area Defenses
165(1)
8.3.1.2 Perimeter Defenses
166(1)
8.3.1.3 Exterior Defenses
167(1)
8.3.1.4 Internal Defenses
168(1)
8.3.1.5 Non-lethal Defenses
168(1)
8.3.2 Physical Attack
169(1)
8.4 Threats Internal to the Vessel
169(2)
8.4.1 Proper Vetting of Authorized Personnel
169(1)
8.4.2 Obsolete Software
170(1)
8.4.3 Crew and Vendor Awareness
171(1)
8.5 External Electronic Threats
171(2)
8.5.1 GNSS Spoofing and Denial of Service
172(1)
8.5.2 AIS Limitations
172(1)
8.6 Cyber Security
173(2)
8.6.1 Incidents
173(1)
8.6.2 Implications for MASS
174(1)
8.6.3 Cyber Security Program Implementation
174(1)
References
175(4)
9 Training for MASS Operations
179(10)
9.1 Technological Change
179(2)
9.2 Training Curricula
181(2)
9.2.1 Bachelor of Science Degree considering Autonomous Shipping
181(1)
9.2.2 Master Degree with a Focus on Autonomous Shipping
182(1)
9.2.3 Maritime Training Centers
183(1)
9.3 Licensing Requirements
183(5)
9.3.1 Licensing Endorsements
184(1)
9.3.2 Unlicensed Ratings
185(1)
9.3.3 Vessel Security Officer (VSO)
186(1)
9.3.4 Communications Officer
186(1)
9.3.5 Automation Officer
187(1)
9.3.6 Maritime Drone Operator
187(1)
References
188(1)
10 Regulatory Issues
189(24)
10.1 International Maritime Organization (IMO)
190(3)
10.1.1 Regulatory Scoping Exercise
192(1)
10.1.2 Interim Guidelines for MASS Trials
193(1)
10.2 Nation States
193(7)
10.2.1 European Union
194(1)
10.2.2 Denmark
194(1)
10.2.3 Finland
195(1)
10.2.4 The Netherlands
196(1)
10.2.5 Norway
196(1)
10.2.6 United Kingdom
196(1)
10.2.7 China
197(1)
10.2.8 Singapore
197(1)
10.2.9 Japan
198(1)
10.2.10 United States
198(1)
10.2.11 Other Countries and Related Issues
199(1)
10.3 Classification Societies
200(2)
10.3.1 American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
200(1)
10.3.2 Bureau Veritas (BV)
200(1)
10.3.3 China Classification Society (CCS)
201(1)
10.3.4 Det Norske Veritas-Germanischer Lloyd (DNV-GL)
201(1)
10.3.5 International Association of Classification Societies Ltd. (IACS)
201(1)
10.3.6 Korean Register of Shipping (KR)
201(1)
10.3.7 Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR)
202(1)
10.4 Non-Governmental Organizations
202(4)
10.4.1 Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO)
202(1)
10.4.2 Comite Maritime International (CMI)
203(1)
10.4.3 International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
203(1)
10.4.4 International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations (IFSMA)
203(1)
10.4.5 International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs (IGP&I)
204(1)
10.4.6 Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology (IMarEST) and the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA)
204(1)
10.4.7 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
204(1)
10.4.8 International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF)
205(1)
10.4.9 Nautical Institute (NI)
205(1)
10.4.10 One Sea Autonomous Maritime Ecosystem
205(1)
10.4.11 Smart Ships Coalition (SSC)
206(1)
10.4.12 Unmanned Cargo Ship Development Alliance
206(1)
References
206(7)
11 Legal Issues
213(26)
11.1 Instruments Requiring Amendments to Support MASS Operations
214(11)
11.1.1 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS Convention)
215(6)
11.1.2 International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS Code)
221(1)
11.1.3 International Safety Management (ISM Code)
222(1)
11.1.4 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW Convention)
222(1)
11.1.5 Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG)
223(2)
11.1.6 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR Convention)
225(1)
11.2 Some Significant Changes to Support MASS Operations
225(7)
11.2.1 International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)
226(1)
11.2.2 International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG Code)
226(1)
11.2.3 International Bulk Chemical (IBC Code)
226(1)
11.2.4 International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gasses in Bulk (IGC Code)
227(1)
11.2.5 International Code on the Enhanced Programme of Inspections During Surveys of Bulk Carriers of Oil Tankers (ESP Code)
228(1)
11.2.6 International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on board Ships (INF Code)
228(1)
11.2.7 International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code)
228(1)
11.2.8 Code of the International Standards and Recommended Practices for a Safety Investigation into a Casualty or Marine Incident (Casualty Investigation Code)
229(1)
11.2.9 International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code
230(1)
11.2.10 International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code)
230(1)
11.2.11 Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS) Code
231(1)
11.2.12 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F Convention)
231(1)
11.2.13 International Convention on Load Lines (LL Convention)
232(1)
11.3 Little or No Significance to Regulations to Support MASS Operations
232(3)
11.3.1 IMO Instruments Implementation (III Code)
233(1)
11.3.2 International Code on Intact Stability (IS Code)
233(1)
11.3.3 International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures (FTP Code)
233(1)
11.3.4 International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA Code)
233(1)
11.3.5 Code for Recognized Organizations (RO Code)
234(1)
11.3.6 International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (Tonnage Convention)
234(1)
11.3.7 International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC Convention)
234(1)
11.4 Instruments Not Yet Considered
235(1)
11.4.1 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Convention)
235(1)
11.4.2 International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC Code)
235(1)
11.4.3 International Code of Safety for Ships Using Gasses or Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code)
235(1)
11.4.4 Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code)
235(1)
11.4.5 Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement (STP Agreement)
236(1)
11.4.6 Protocol on Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Ships (Space STP Protocol)
236(1)
11.4.7 Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships
236(1)
References
236(3)
12 Future Directions of MASS
239(16)
12.1 Demonstrated Competency of MASS
240(1)
12.2 Fitness for Duty
241(1)
12.3 Security
241(2)
12.4 Environmental Concerns
243(2)
12.4.1 5G Broadband Technology
243(1)
12.4.2 Contribution of Greenhouse Gas to the Environment
244(1)
12.5 Smart Ports
245(1)
12.6 Aids to Navigation
245(1)
12.7 MASS Operator Complacency
246(2)
12.8 Is IMO Degree 4 Full Automation for MASS Ethical, or Even Possible?
248(1)
12.9 Situational Awareness below the Waterline
248(2)
12.10 Crowdsourcing MASS Subsea Sensor Data
250(1)
12.11 MASS Will Lead Shipping into the Future
250(1)
12.12 Post-IMO Regulatory Scoping Exercise
251(1)
References
252(3)
Index 255
Dr. R. Glenn Wright has forty years experience in industry leading research in sensor-based systems for surface vessels and unmanned underwater vehicles. He is a Master Mariner and operates a research vessel testbed investigating the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence for the operation and navigation of vessels and autonomous vehicles and related meteorological, oceanographic and electromagnetic phenomena.
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