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E-raamat: Unsteady Flow in Open Channels

(Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands), (Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Feb-2017
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316981627
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Unsteady Flow in Open ChannelsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Feb-2017
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316981627
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Practitioners in water engineering rely on a thorough understanding of shallow water flows in order to safeguard our habitat, while at the same time sustaining the water environment. This book proposes a unified theoretical framework for the different types of shallow flow, providing a coherent approach to interpret the behaviour of such flows, and highlighting the similarities and differences. Every major topic in the book is accompanied by worked examples illustrating the theoretical concepts. Practical examples, showcasing inspiring research and engineering applications from the past and present, provide insight into how the theory developed. The book is also supplemented by a range of online resources, available at www.cambridge.org/battjes, including problem sets and computer codes. A solutions manual is available for instructors. This book is intended for students and professionals working in environmental water systems, in areas such as coasts, rivers, harbours, drainage, and irrigation canals.

This book provides a unified framework for understanding and computing unsteady flow in shallow one-dimensional open-water systems. Theoretical treatment is fully supported by a variety of practical examples and Python computer code is used to demystify numerical modelling. A range of online resources is available at www.cambridge.org/battjes.

Arvustused

'Unsteady Flow in Open Channels is a modern and insightful introduction to flow phenomena in shallow channels. The book is highly pedagogical; explanations are kept as simple as possible, without loss of generality. Treatment of topics is concise and to the point; formulas are written in a way that makes their interpretation transparent. A major added value, in comparison to other textbooks, is the strong emphasis on the physical dynamics behind mathematical formulations. Much attention is given to the characteristic method, to explain phenomena related to the propagation of flow disturbances. The book also provides a good introduction to numerical solution methods of the shallow water equations. It is an excellent textbook for students, very well suited for academic teaching at undergraduate and graduate levels It is also a useful handbook for hydraulic engineers; it contains many examples for practical use in hydraulic engineering ' J. Dronkers, Netherlands Centre for Coastal Research 'The most interesting aspect of this book is the detailed descriptions of the governing equations and the solutions from the use of complex variables and the method of characteristics. The book provides a useful presentation of classical methods to solve the equations for the propagation of waves in rivers and estuaries. A few Python programs are made available, and a range of online resources, including problem sets and computer codes, are also provided In summary, Unsteady Flow in Open Channels is truly an excellent addition to the library. It provides a thorough mathematical treatment of wave propagation for a broad range of engineering problems. It is highly instructive and well-presented. The book is affordable to everyone, and its handy format makes it a most desirable classroom companion. It will be treasured by those who want to understand the main concepts of unsteady flow with a solid level of technical detail.' Pierre Julien, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

Muu info

This book provides a unifying framework for understanding and computing unsteady flow and transport in shallow one-dimensional open-water systems.
List of Symbols xi
Preface xv
1 Basic Equations for Long Waves 1(12)
1.1 Approach
1(1)
1.2 Schematization of the Cross Section
2(1)
1.3 Mass Balance
3(2)
1.4 Equations of Motion
5(6)
1.4.1 Euler Equations
6(2)
1.4.2 Flow Resistance
8(2)
1.4.3 Momentum Balance
10(1)
1.5 Summary of the Long-Wave Equations
11(1)
Problems
12(1)
2 Classification and Analysis of Long Waves 13(14)
2.1 Types of Long Waves
13(6)
2.1.1 Translatory Waves
13(1)
2.1.2 Tsunamis
14(2)
2.1.3 Seiches
16(1)
2.1.4 Tides
17(1)
2.1.5 Flood Waves in Rivers
18(1)
2.2 A Condition for the Long-Wave Approximation
19(2)
2.3 Estimation of Terms
21(3)
2.3.1 Advective Acceleration Term
21(2)
2.3.2 Resistance Term
23(1)
2.4 Solution Methods
24(2)
2.4.1 Complete Equations
24(1)
2.4.2 Simplified Equations
25(1)
Problems
26(1)
3 Elementary Wave Equation 27(18)
3.1 Simple Wave
27(4)
3.1.1 Propagation
27(1)
3.1.2 Balance Equations
28(3)
3.2 Elementary Wave Equation
31(3)
3.2.1 Derivation
31(1)
3.2.2 General Solution
32(1)
3.2.3 Total Derivative
33(1)
3.3 Relation between Discharge and Free-Surface Elevation in a Progressive Wave
34(1)
3.4 Solution for Arbitrary Initial Conditions
34(1)
3.5 Boundary Conditions
35(2)
3.6 Periodic Progressive and Standing Waves
37(5)
3.6.1 Infinitely Long Canal
37(2)
3.6.2 Semi-Infinitely Long Canal with a Closed End
39(1)
3.6.3 Closed Basin
39(1)
3.6.4 Semi-Closed Basin Connected to a Reservoir or Tideless Sea
40(1)
3.6.5 Semi-Closed Basin Connected to a Tidal Sea
41(1)
Problems
42(3)
4 Translatory Waves 45(22)
4.1 Introduction
45(1)
4.2 Low Translatory Waves in Uniform Channels
46(2)
4.3 Propagation in Non-Uniform Canals
48(5)
4.3.1 Rapidly Varying Cross Section
48(3)
4.3.2 Gradually Varying Cross Section
51(2)
4.4 Damping of Translatory Waves
53(1)
4.5 High Translatory Waves
54(5)
4.5.1 Wave Deformation
55(2)
4.5.2 Tidal Bores
57(1)
4.5.3 Bore Propagation
58(1)
4.6 Field Observations
59(5)
4.6.1 Observations in the Twenthekanaal
59(4)
4.6.2 Observations in the Approach Canal to the Lanaye Lock
63(1)
Problems
64(3)
5 Method of Characteristics 67(24)
5.1 Introduction
67(1)
5.2 Mathematical Formulation
68(2)
5.3 Principle of Application
70(6)
5.3.1 General Procedure
70(1)
5.3.2 Characteristics
71(1)
5.3.3 Boundary Conditions
72(3)
5.3.4 External Forces
75(1)
5.4 Graphical Solution Procedure
76(7)
5.4.1 Initial Value Problem
77(3)
5.4.2 Inclusion of the Boundary Conditions
80(3)
5.5 Simple Wave
83(5)
5.5.1 General Solution
83(2)
5.5.2 Expansion Wave
85(1)
5.5.3 Compression Wave
86(2)
Problems
88(3)
6 Tidal Basins 91(22)
6.1 Introduction
91(1)
6.2 Mathematical Formulation
92(6)
6.2.1 Motion in the Basin
92(1)
6.2.2 Motion in the Channel
93(3)
6.2.3 Coupled System
96(2)
6.3 Linearization of the Quadratic Resistance
98(3)
6.4 System with Discrete Storage and Resistance
101(4)
6.4.1 Governing Equation
101(1)
6.4.2 Nonhomogeneous Solution
101(1)
6.4.3 Explicit Solution
102(3)
6.5 System with Discrete Storage, Resistance and Inertia
105(4)
6.6 Solution through Complex Algebra
109(2)
6.6.1 Complex Representation
109(1)
6.6.2 Solution
110(1)
Problems
111(2)
7 Harmonic Wave Propagation 113(30)
7.1 Introduction
113(1)
7.2 Complex Representation of Damped Progressive Harmonic Waves
114(2)
7.3 Formulation and General Solution
116(5)
7.3.1 Formulation
116(1)
7.3.2 General Solution
117(1)
7.3.3 Solution of the Dispersion Equation
118(1)
7.3.4 Solution for the Discharge
119(2)
7.4 Unidirectional Propagation
121(5)
7.4.1 Physical Interpretation
122(2)
7.4.2 Propagation in Compound Channels
124(2)
7.5 Bi-directional Wave Propagation
126(5)
7.5.1 Relation between the Complex Amplitudes at the Ends of a Prismatic Section
126(3)
7.5.2 Response Function of a Semi-Closed Prismatic Basin
129(2)
7.6 Propagation in Non-Uniform Channels
131(6)
7.6.1 Abrupt Channel Transition
131(1)
7.6.2 Exponentially Varying Cross Section
132(5)
7.7 Propagation in Networks
137(2)
7.8 Nonlinear Effects
139(2)
7.8.1 Tidal Wave Deformation
139(1)
7.8.2 Mean Slope of the Free Surface
139(2)
Problems
141(2)
8 Flood Waves in Rivers 143(14)
8.1 Introduction
143(1)
8.2 Quasi-Steady Approximation
144(1)
8.3 Quasi-Uniform Approximation
145(3)
8.3.1 Formulation and General Solution
146(1)
8.3.2 The High-Water Wave Speed
146(1)
8.3.3 Kinematic Wave Behaviour
147(1)
8.4 Influence of Variable Free-Surface Slope
148(5)
8.4.1 Diffusion Model for Flood Waves
149(2)
8.4.2 Elementary Solution
151(1)
8.4.3 Observations
152(1)
8.5 Discussion
153(1)
Problems
154(3)
9 Steady Flow 157(28)
9.1 Rapidly Varying Flow
157(11)
9.1.1 Scaling Analysis
157(1)
9.1.2 Flow Patterns
158(3)
9.1.3 Bernoulli Equation
161(1)
9.1.4 Relations between Water Level and Discharge
161(6)
9.1.5 Hydraulic Jump
167(1)
9.2 Gradually Varying Flow
168(8)
9.2.1 Governing Differential Equation
168(1)
9.2.2 Integral Curves
169(2)
9.2.3 Classification of Backwater Curves
171(1)
9.2.4 Boundary Conditions
172(1)
9.2.5 Explicit Representation
172(4)
9.3 Uniform Flow
176(6)
9.3.1 Equilibrium Relations
176(1)
9.3.2 Resistance Relations
177(4)
9.3.3 The Overall Resistance of a Channel
181(1)
9.3.4 Applicability to Unsteady Flow
182(1)
Problems
182(3)
10 Transport Processes 185(26)
10.1 Introduction
185(1)
10.2 Generic Balance Equation
186(1)
10.3 Molecular Diffusion
187(7)
10.3.1 Fick's Law of Diffusion
188(1)
10.3.2 One-Dimensional Diffusion
188(4)
10.3.3 The Random Walk Model
192(2)
10.3.4 Two-Dimensional Diffusion
194(1)
10.4 Advection and Molecular Diffusion
194(2)
10.5 Turbulent Diffusion
196(2)
10.5.1 Reynolds Averaging
196(1)
10.5.2 Closure Hypothesis
197(1)
10.6 Vertical Diffusion in Free-Surface Flows
198(2)
10.6.1 Turbulence Diffusivity
198(1)
10.6.2 Vertical Distribution of Horizontal Velocity
199(1)
10.7 Horizontal Transport in Free-Surface Flows
200(10)
10.7.1 Introduction
200(1)
10.7.2 Two-Dimensional Horizontal Transport
201(6)
10.7.3 One-Dimensional Horizontal Transport
207(3)
Problems
210(1)
11 Numerical Computation of Solutions 211(48)
11.1 Introduction
211(1)
11.2 Canal-Basin System
212(11)
11.2.1 Model Equations
212(1)
11.2.2 Discretization
213(1)
11.2.3 Semi-implicit Method
213(2)
11.2.4 Some Other Solution Methods
215(1)
11.2.5 Properties of the Semi-implicit Method
216(2)
11.2.6 Python-Implementation
218(2)
11.2.7 Verification
220(3)
11.3 Semi-Implicit Method for Long Waves
223(18)
11.3.1 Model Equations
223(1)
11.3.2 Discretization
224(1)
11.3.3 Semi-Implicit Method
225(4)
11.3.4 Some Other Solution Methods
229(3)
11.3.5 Properties of the Semi-Implicit Method
232(3)
11.3.6 Python Implementation
235(3)
11.3.7 Verification
238(3)
11.4 Characteristics-Based Methods
241(15)
11.4.1 Characteristic Equations
241(1)
11.4.2 Space-Time Discretization
242(1)
11.4.3 Forward Time Backward Space Method
243(4)
11.4.4 Some Other Characteristics-Based Methods
247(3)
11.4.5 Properties
250(2)
11.4.6 Python Implementation
252(2)
11.4.7 Verification
254(2)
Problems
256(3)
Appendix A: Pressurized Flow in Closed Conduits 259(12)
A.1 Introduction
259(1)
A.2 Governing Equations
260(3)
A.2.1 Constitutive Equations
260(2)
A.2.2 Conservation of Mass
262(1)
A.2.3 Conservation of Momentum
263(1)
A.3 Pressure Waves in Pipelines
263(2)
A.3.1 Characteristic Equations
263(1)
A.3.2 Physical Behaviour
264(1)
A.4 Closure Procedures
265(5)
A.4.1 Abrupt Closure
265(1)
A.4.2 Gradual Closure
266(3)
A.4.3 Influence of Exit Losses and/or Wall Friction
269(1)
A.4.4 Influence of Time Scales
269(1)
Problems
270(1)
Appendix B Summary of Formulas 271(8)
References 279(4)
Author Index 283(2)
Subject Index 285
Jurjen Battjes is Emeritus Professor at Technische Universiteit Delft, the Netherlands. Now retired, Professor Battjes had a long career in university teaching and research in the field of fluid mechanics. He taught courses in modelling, introductory fluid mechanics, unsteady flow in open channels, and wind-generated waves, the latter being his major research topic. He has also been active as a consultant on numerous projects in coastal engineering, including the Deltaworks in the Netherlands. Professor Battjes has received several prizes and awards, including the International Coastal Engineering Award of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Robert Jan Labeur is Assistant Professor at Technische Universiteit Delft, the Netherlands, where he teaches various courses in environmental fluid mechanics. His research involves numerical modelling of environmental flows, water borne transport processes, and morphology, in particular the modelling of complex 3-dimensional flows. Before working at the university, he was a consultant in the field of hydraulic and coastal engineering.
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