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E-raamat: Urban Tree Management: For the Sustainable Development of Green Cities

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Edited by (TU Dresden, Forstbotanischer Garten Tharandt)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Nov-2015
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  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118954577
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Urban Tree Management: For the Sustainable Development of Green CitiesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Nov-2015
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118954577
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Urban Tree Management aims to raise awareness of the positive impacts and benefits of city trees, and of their importance to city dwellers. It describes their advantages and details their effects on quality of urban life and well-being - aspects that are increasingly important in these times of progressing urbanization.

With this book you will learn:

fundamentals, methods and tools of urban tree management;

the state of the art in the fields of urban forestry and tree biology;

positive effects and uses of urban trees;

features, requirements and selection criteria for urban trees;

conditions and problems of urban trees;

governance and management aspects;

environmental education programs.

Edited by the leading expert, Dr Andreas Roloff, Urban Tree Management is an excellent resource for plant scientists, horticulturists, dendrologists, arborists and arboriculturists, forestry scientists, city planners, parks department specialists and landscape architects. It will be an essential addition to all libraries where such subjects are taught.

Dr Andreas Roloff is Chair of Forest Botany, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.

Urban Tree Management

For the Sustainable Development of Green Cities

Edited by Andreas Roloff

Urban Tree Management is the key to greener cities of the future. It is a practical discipline which includes tree selection, planting, care and protection, and the overall management of trees as a collective resource.

Urban Tree Management aims to raise awareness of the positive impacts and benefits of city trees, and of their importance to city dwellers. It describes their advantages and details their effects on quality of urban life and well-being - aspects that are increasingly important in these times of progressing urbanization.

With this book you will learn:

Edited by the leading expert, Dr Andreas Roloff, Urban Tree Management is an excellent resource for plant scientists, horticulturists, dendrologists, arborists and arboriculturists, forestry scientists, city planners, parks department specialists and landscape architects. It will be an essential addition to all libraries where such subjects are taught.

List of contributors xiii
1 Intro: Urban trees - Importance, benefits, problems 1(14)
Andreas Roloff
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Aesthetics, sensory impressions
1(2)
1.3 Psychology, well-being, health
3(6)
1.4 Environmental education, ecology
9(1)
1.5 Orientation, spacious ordering, architecture
9(1)
1.6 Protection, quality of life
9(2)
1.7 Food/diet, healing powers
11(1)
1.8 Utilization of trees
11(1)
1.9 Economic and social advantages
11(1)
1.10 Issues
12(1)
1.11 Conclusion
13(1)
References
13(2)
2 Urban trees: Features and requirements 15(5)
Andreas Roloff
2.1 Urban tree site categories
15(1)
2.2 Special conditions for urban trees
15(1)
2.3 Requirements and selection criteria
15(4)
2.4 Conclusions
19(1)
References
19(1)
3 Fundamentals of tree biology for urban trees 20(16)
Doris Krabel
3.1 Morphological and anatomical features
20(8)
3.1.1 Trunk
20(2)
3.1.2 Roots
22(2)
3.1.3 Mycorrhizae
24(1)
3.1.4 Secondary growth
25(2)
3.1.5 Periderm and bark
27(1)
3.2 Tree growth and growth reactions
28(5)
3.2.1 Photosynthesis - the fundamental growth process
28(1)
3.2.2 The role of water
29(1)
3.2.3 Seasonal dynamics
30(1)
3.2.4 Wound reactions
31(2)
3.3 Conclusions
33(1)
References
34(2)
4 Urban tree roots: Problems and peculiarities 36(11)
Sandra Korn
4.1 Damages to and influences on the root system of urban trees
36(5)
4.1.1 Site conditions
36(1)
4.1.2 Human activity
37(2)
4.1.3 Construction sites
39(2)
4.2 Damage caused by the root system of urban trees
41(2)
4.3 Precautions/preventing damage
43(1)
4.4 Conclusions
44(1)
References
45(2)
5 Drought stress: Adaptation strategies 47(11)
Sandra Korn
5.1 What is stress? - Stress concepts
47(1)
5.2 Stress responses
47(6)
5.2.1 Adaptation to drought stress - stress escape
48(1)
5.2.2 Adaptation to drought stress - stress resistance by avoidance
49(2)
5.2.3 Adaptation to drought stress - stress resistance by tolerance
51(2)
5.3 Identifying tree species adapted to stress
53(3)
5.3.1 Responses and adaptations to drought stress
53(1)
5.3.2 Identifying suitable tree species
53(3)
5.4 Conclusions
56(1)
References
56(2)
6 Aspects of urban tree pathology 58(24)
Rolf Kehr
6.1 Definitions, terms and concepts
58(1)
6.2 Abiotic damage and disorders
59(2)
6.3 Virus diseases
61(1)
6.4 Diseases caused by bacteria and other prokaryotes
61(3)
6.5 Diseases caused by oomycetes
64(1)
6.6 Fungal diseases
65(7)
6.6.1 Systemic fungal infections
65(2)
6.6.2 Leaf and needle diseases
67(1)
6.6.3 Shoot and stem diseases and cankers
68(2)
6.6.4 Rust diseases
70(1)
6.6.5 Root diseases
70(1)
6.6.6 Wood decay
71(1)
6.7 Parasitic plants
72(1)
6.8 Plant-parasitic nematodes and insect pests
73(3)
6.9 Damage by herbivorous mammals
76(1)
6.10 Impact of introduced pests and diseases
76(1)
6.11 Aspects of control methods for pests and diseases of urban trees
76(1)
6.12 Conclusions
77(1)
References
77(5)
7 Vitality assessment, tree architecture 82(13)
Andreas Roloff
7.1 Introduction
82(1)
7.2 Decline and stress symptoms of tree crowns: "leaf loss" vs. crown structure
82(1)
7.3 Tree architecture and reiterations
83(4)
7.3.1 Architectural models
83(2)
7.3.2 Reiterations
85(2)
7.4 Changes in the crown structure with decreasing vitality
87(7)
7.4.1 Shoot morphology: shoot base scars, short- and long-shoots
87(1)
7.4.2 Model of growth stages
88(2)
7.4.3 Vitality classes
90(2)
7.4.4 Vitality and tree life expectancy
92(2)
7.5 Conclusions
94(1)
References
94(1)
8 Body language of trees, tree diagnostics 95(16)
Andreas Roloff
8.1 Terms and definition
95(1)
8.2 Adaptation and optimization in trees
95(1)
8.3 Examples and explanation: branches, trunk/bark, roots
96(13)
8.3.1 Branch-shedding collar
96(1)
8.3.2 Hazard beams
97(1)
8.3.3 Bottle butts
98(1)
8.3.4 Forked trees
98(1)
8.3.5 Nose-like ribs on forked trees
99(1)
8.3.6 Sunburn
99(1)
8.3.7 Stem crack
100(1)
8.3.8 Longitudinal splitting
100(1)
8.3.9 Knobs and nodules
100(2)
8.3.10 Bark stripes on ribs
102(1)
8.3.11 Supply shadow
103(1)
8.3.12 Elephant's foot
103(1)
8.3.13 Hollow trunks
104(1)
8.3.14 Crown/root relationship
104(1)
8.3.15 Root symphysis
105(1)
8.3.16 Tension roots on slopes
105(1)
8.3.17 Covered root collars
106(1)
8.3.18 Root collar strangling
107(1)
8.3.19 Sealing of the root area
107(1)
8.3.20 Inner roots
108(1)
8.3.21 Adventitious roots
108(1)
8.4 Conclusions
109(1)
References
110(1)
9 Tree inventory, risk assessment and management 111(24)
Steffen Rust
9.1 Introduction
111(1)
9.2 Tree inventory
112(1)
9.2.1 Inventory parameters
112(1)
9.2.2 Technology
112(1)
9.3 Tree risk assessment
113(19)
9.3.1 Terms and concepts
113(2)
9.3.2 Visual assessment
115(7)
9.3.3 Advanced assessment
122(8)
9.3.4 Risk categorization and reporting
130(2)
9.4 Conclusions
132(1)
References
132(3)
10 Tree preservation, maintenance and repair 135(19)
Steffen Rust
10.1 Introduction
135(1)
10.2 Preserving existing trees during development
135(4)
10.2.1 Tree constraints plan
136(1)
10.2.2 Tree survey
136(2)
10.2.3 Root protection area
138(1)
10.2.4 Tree Protection Plan
138(1)
10.2.5 Arboricultural method statement
138(1)
10.2.6 Pre-development treatments
139(1)
10.3 Maintenance of planted and established trees
139(13)
10.3.1 Physical support
139(4)
10.3.2 Protection against collisions
143(1)
10.3.3 Solar radiation
144(1)
10.3.4 Wound treatment
144(1)
10.3.5 Water management
144(2)
10.3.6 Mulching
146(2)
10.3.7 Mycorrhizae
148(1)
10.3.8 Soil compaction
148(2)
10.3.9 De-icing salt
150(1)
10.3.10 Pruning to mitigate risk
150(1)
10.3.11 Ancient and veteran trees
151(1)
10.3.12 Precautionary measures
151(1)
10.4 Conclusions
152(1)
References
153(1)
11 Tree pruning: Methods and parameters 154(15)
Ulrich Pietzarka
11.1 Introduction
154(1)
11.2 Consequences of pruning
154(3)
11.3 Important parameters
157(3)
11.4 The pruning system
160(2)
11.4.1 Palms
162(2)
11.5 Intensity of pruning
164(1)
11.6 Date of pruning
165(3)
11.6.1 Reduction of assimilates and reserves
166(1)
11.6.2 Species and nature conservation
167(1)
11.6.3 Hazard of fungal infestation
167(1)
11.6.4 Risk of sunburn
167(1)
11.6.5 Severe frost
167(1)
11.6.6 Visibility
167(1)
11.7 Conclusion
168(1)
References
168(1)
12 Transplanting large trees 169(8)
Ulrich Pietzarka
12.1 Introduction
169(1)
12.2 Definitions, tasks, decisions
169(3)
12.3 Preparation
172(1)
12.4 Transplantation practices
173(2)
12.5 Post-planting care
175(1)
12.6 Conclusion
175(1)
References
175(2)
13 Dust and noise reduction 177(8)
Britt Kniesel
13.1 Dust
177(3)
13.1.1 Dust definition and origins
177(1)
13.1.2 Interaction between dust particles and vegetation
177(3)
13.1.3 Planting design
180(1)
13.2 Noise
180(3)
13.2.1 Noise control
180(1)
13.2.2 Noise attenuation by vegetation
180(2)
13.2.3 Planting design
182(1)
13.3 Conclusions
183(1)
References
183(2)
14 Invasive species, indigenous vs. alien dendroflora 185(11)
Matthias Meyer
14.1 Introduction
185(1)
14.2 Floristic statuses - important definitions for urban dendroflora
185(3)
14.2.1 "Indigenous" vs. "alien"
186(1)
14.2.2 "Casual" and "naturalized" vs. "invasive"
187(1)
14.3 Invasibility of habitats and invasiveness of dendroflora in urban landscapes
188(1)
14.4 Arguments pro or contra "alien" woody species and risk assessment
189(1)
14.5 The example of the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
190(1)
14.6 Prevention and control measures against invasive woody species or tree weeds
191(2)
14.7 Conclusions
193(1)
References
193(3)
15 Criteria for species selection: Development of a database for urban trees 196(15)
Sten Gillner
Mathias Hofmann
Andreas Tharang
Juliane Vogt
15.1 Introduction
196(2)
15.2 Species description, growth conditions, and risks related to species use
198(1)
15.2.1 Data pool and nomenclature
198(1)
15.2.2 Literature review and evaluation
198(1)
15.2.3 Structure of the database
199(1)
15.3 Urban Tree Location Categorization
199(6)
15.3.1 Urban tree location types
202(2)
15.3.2 Specific demographic groups
204(1)
15.4 Psychological aspects of the database
205(2)
15.4.1 User-based urban green space categorization
205(1)
15.4.2 Tree perception and tree preferences
206(1)
15.5 Application possibilities and limitation of use
207(1)
15.6 Conclusions
208(1)
References
209(2)
16 Genetic aspects 211(10)
Doris Krabel
16.1 The problem of trees from a genetic point of view
211(3)
16.2 Diversity, monoculture, variety and clones - some general comments
214(1)
16.3 The risk of missing diversity
215(2)
16.4 Genetic diversity as an element of design and planning in urban spaces
217(2)
16.5 Conclusions
219(1)
References
219(2)
17 Governance in urban forestry 221(15)
Jurgen Pretzsch
17.1 Introduction: challenges and need for action
221(1)
17.2 Objectives and definitions
221(1)
17.2.1 Objectives
221(1)
17.2.2 Definitions
222(1)
17.3 Diagnosis and conceptual framework
222(5)
17.3.1 Socio-ecological co-evolution model for urban forestry
222(1)
17.3.2 Historical development of urban forestry governance
223(1)
17.3.3 Increasing complexity and paradigm change
224(1)
17.3.4 Stakeholder analysis and differentiation in participant groups
225(1)
17.3.5 Assessment by the livelihood framework
226(1)
17.4 Governance models for urban forestry
227(3)
17.4.1 Introduction to urban forestry governance models
227(1)
17.4.2 Public administration: changing functions and diversification
227(1)
17.4.3 Public-private partnerships
228(1)
17.4.4 Governance based on private urban forestry
228(1)
17.4.5 Donations
228(1)
17.4.6 Allotment gardens
228(2)
17.4.7 Neighborhood groups and collective gardening
230(1)
17.5 Lessons learned for the future development of urban forestry
230(2)
17.5.1 Paradigm change
230(1)
17.5.2 Chances and limits of collective action in urban forestry
231(1)
17.5.3 Exclusion and conflict management
231(1)
17.5.4 Adaptive management
231(1)
17.5.5 Forthcoming steps in practice and research
232(1)
17.6 Conclusions
232(2)
References
234(2)
18 Allotment gardens and privately managed green space in urban environment 236(11)
Eckhard Auch
18.1 Introduction
236(1)
18.2 Some definitions
236(1)
18.2.1 Green space as urban soft infrastructure
236(1)
18.2.2 Urban gardening vs. urban horticulture, agriculture and agroforestry
237(1)
18.3 Urban gardens
237(4)
18.3.1 Generic types of urban gardens
237(1)
18.3.2 Urban gardens in history
238(1)
18.3.3 Urban gardens for the disadvantaged in the 20th Century
239(2)
18.4 Function and benefits/services of trees and gardens in urban contexts
241(1)
18.5 Recent forms of urban gardening in the global North and global South
242(3)
18.5.1 Factors facilitating the emergence
242(1)
18.5.2 Newer urban garden forms (selection)
243(2)
18.6 Conclusions
245(1)
References
245(2)
19 Urban woods for relaxation and inspiration 247(15)
Eckhard Auch
Hubertus Pohris
Markus Biernath
19.1 Introduction
247(1)
19.2 Some definitions
247(1)
19.3 Forest ecosystem functions and services
248(3)
19.4 Changing demands on urban and peri-urban forests - the case of Dresden
251(3)
19.4.1 Change in forest functions
251(1)
19.4.2 Functional transformation of the Dresdner Heide forest, with focus on recreation
251(3)
19.5 Urban forestry and silviculture
254(2)
19.5.1 Urban forests as recreational resource
254(1)
19.5.2 Silvicultural operations for recreational resources
254(2)
19.6 Silvicultural specifics of urban and peri-urban forest management
256(3)
19.7 Conclusions
259(1)
References
259(3)
20 Acceptance for urban trees: Environmental education programs 262(9)
Ulrich Pietzarka
20.1 Introduction
262(1)
20.2 Education for sustainable development
262(2)
20.3 Features of successful education programs
264(4)
20.3.1 Specific to target groups
264(2)
20.3.2 Inviting
266(1)
20.3.3 Focused
266(1)
20.3.4 Relevant
267(1)
20.3.5 Active
267(1)
20.3.6 Entertaining
268(1)
20.4 The search for professional partners
268(1)
20.5 Conclusions
269(1)
References
270(1)
Index 271
Dr Andreas Roloff is Chair of Forest Botany, Dresden University of Technology, Germany. He is the author/editor of other Wiley publications: Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse (Encyclopedia of Woody Plants), Bäume Nordamerikas (North American Trees), Bäume Mitteleuropas (Trees in Central Europe), Bäume: Lexikon der Praktischen Baumbiologie, (Trees: Encyclopedia of Applied Tree Biology).
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