Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

E-raamat: Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP

Edited by (Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA), Edited by
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Urban Water Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Feb-2026
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040898093
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
  • Hind: 88,39 €*
  • * hind on lõplik, st. muud allahindlused enam ei rakendu
  • Lisa ostukorvi
  • Lisa soovinimekirja
  • See e-raamat on mõeldud ainult isiklikuks kasutamiseks. E-raamatuid ei saa tagastada.
Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHPSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Urban Water Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Feb-2026
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040898093
Teised raamatud teemal:

DRM piirangud

  • Kopeerimine (copy/paste):

    ei ole lubatud

  • Printimine:

    ei ole lubatud

  • Kasutamine:

    Digitaalõiguste kaitse (DRM)
    Kirjastus on väljastanud selle e-raamatu krüpteeritud kujul, mis tähendab, et selle lugemiseks peate installeerima spetsiaalse tarkvara. Samuti peate looma endale  Adobe ID Rohkem infot siin. E-raamatut saab lugeda 1 kasutaja ning alla laadida kuni 6'de seadmesse (kõik autoriseeritud sama Adobe ID-ga).

    Vajalik tarkvara
    Mobiilsetes seadmetes (telefon või tahvelarvuti) lugemiseks peate installeerima selle tasuta rakenduse: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    PC või Mac seadmes lugemiseks peate installima Adobe Digital Editionsi (Seeon tasuta rakendus spetsiaalselt e-raamatute lugemiseks. Seda ei tohi segamini ajada Adober Reader'iga, mis tõenäoliselt on juba teie arvutisse installeeritud )

    Seda e-raamatut ei saa lugeda Amazon Kindle's. 

Understanding the impacts of urbanization on the urban water cycle and managing the associated health risks demand adequate strategies and measures. Health risks associated with urban water systems and services include the microbiological and chemical contamination of urban waters and outbreak of water-borne diseases, mainly due to poor water and sanitation in urban areas, and the discharge as well as the disposal of inadequately treated, or untreated, industrial and domestic wastewater. Climate change only exacerbates these problems, as alternative scenarios need to be taken into consideration in urban water risk management.

Urban Water Security: Managing Risks the result of a project by UNESCOs International Hydrological Programme on the topic addresses issues associated with urban water risks. The first section of the volume describes risks associated with urban water systems and services. The volume then discusses the concept of risk management for urban water systems and explores different approaches to managing and controlling urban water risks. A concluding section presents case studies on managing urban water risks.

Urban Water Series - UNESCO-IHP, ISSN 1749-0790

Following from the Sixth Phase of UNESCOs International Hydrological Programme (20022007), the Urban Water Series UNESCO-IHP addresses fundamental issues related to the role of water in cities and the effects of urbanization on the hydrological cycle and water resources. Focusing on the development of integrated approaches to sustainable urban water management, the Series should inform the work of urban water management practitioners, policy-makers and educators throughout the world.
List of Figures XV
List of Tables XIX
List of Boxes XXIII
Acronyms XXV
Glossary XXIX
List of Contributors XXXV
Acknowledgments for
Chapter 9		 XXXVII
1 Introduction 1
2 Drinking water — Potential health effects caused by wastewater disposal 3
2.1 Introduction
3
2.2 Direct and indirect wastewater reuse
4
2.3 Microbiological risks
5
2.3.1 Viruses
5
2.3.2 Bacteria
5
2.3.3 Protozoa
5
2.3.4 Helminths
6
2.4 Risk reduction of pathogens in drinking water
7
2.5 Chemical risks
8
2.6 Treated wastewater in surface waters
10
2.7 The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water
13
2.8 Risk management of microbial and chemical hazards
14
2.9 Implementation of Water Safety Plans
15
2.10 HACCP
16
2.11 Hazard analysis
17
2.12 Conclusions
17
3 Microbial health risks and water quality 21
3.1 Introduction
22
3.2 The traditional icons of water-borne disease
24
3.2.1 Cholera
25
3.2.2 Typhoid
27
3.2.3 Hepatitis
28
3.2.3.1 Hepatitis A
29
3.2.3.2 Hepatitis E
31
3.2.4 Generic diarrhoea
31
3.3 Emerging diseases and zoonotic pathogens
33
3.3.1 Cryptosporidium
34
3.3.2 Cyclospora
36
3.3.3 E. coli 0157:H7
37
3.3.4 Helicobacter
39
3.4 Risk assessment and control of water-borne pathogens
39
3.4.1 Use of quantitative microbial risk assessment
40
3.4.2 Interventions to reduce enteric diseases
41
3.4.3 Vaccinations
44
3.4.3.1 Immunization
44
3.5 Conclusions and recommendations
45
4 Chemical health risks 53
4.1 Introduction
53
4.2 Human-health risks
54
4.2.1 An overview on exposure factors
55
4.2.2 Human exposure in urban water cycle
56
4.3 Risk sources and risk compounds in urban water cycle
58
4.3.1 Releases to water
58
4.3.2 Chemical compounds
60
4.4 Inorganic chemical risk agents: sources and human diseases of concern
64
4.4.1 Nitrates and nitrites
64
4.4.2 Fluoride
65
4.4.3 Toxic metals
66
4.4.3.1 Arsenic
67
4.4.3.2 Mercury
68
4.4.3.3 Lead
70
4.5 Organic chemical risk agents: sources and human diseases of concern
71
4.5.1 Hydrocarbons compounds
71
4.5.2 Chlorinated organic compounds
72
4.5.2.1 Volatile organic compounds
74
4.5.2.2 Solvents
75
4.5.2.3 Trihalomethanes
77
4.5.3 Pesticides
78
4.5.4 Persistent organic pollutants
79
4.5.5 Emerging pollutants
80
4.6 Chemical risks in urban cities in developed countries
81
4.6.1 Fluoride
81
4.6.1.1 China
81
4.6.1.2 Japan
81
4.6.1.3 United States of America
82
4.6.2 Arsenic
82
4.6.2.1 Canada
82
4.6.2.2 China
83
4.6.2.3 United States of America
83
4.6.3 Mercury
83
4.6.3.1 Canada Arctic
83
4.6.3.2 China
84
4.6.3.3 Japan
84
4.6.3.4 United States of America
85
4.6.4 Volatile organic compounds
86
4.6.4.1 Netherlands
86
4.6.4.2 United States of America
86
4.6.5 Trihalomethanes
87
4.6.5.1 Alaska
87
4.6.5.2 Canada
87
4.6.5.3 United Kingdom
88
4.6.5.4 United States of America
88
4.6.6 Emerging pollutants
89
4.7 Chemical risks in urban cities in developing countries
90
4.7.1 Fluoride
90
4.7.1.1 Brazil
90
4.7.1.2 Ethiopia
90
4.7.1.3 India
91
4.7.1.4 Kenya
91
4.7.1.5 Mexico
92
4.7.1.6 Saudi Arabia
92
4.7.1.7 South Africa
92
4.7.1.8 Turkey
93
4.7.1.9 United Republic of Tanzania
93
4.7.2 Arsenic
93
4.7.2.1 Argentina
93
4.7.2.2 Bangladesh — West Bengal, India
94
4.7.2.3 Chile
94
4.7.2.4 Mexico
94
4.7.2.5 Taiwan
95
4.7.2.6 Thailand
95
4.7.2.7 Vietnam
95
4.7.3 Mercury
96
4.7.3.1 Brazil
96
4.7.3.2 Philippines
96
4.7.3.3 South Africa
97
4.7.4 Trihalomethanes
97
4.7.4.1 Greece
97
4.7.4.2 Malaysia
97
4.7.4.3 Mexico
98
4.7.4.4 Turkey
98
4.7.5 Pesticides
98
4.7.5.1 Brazil
98
4.7.5.2 Egypt
99
4.7.5.3 South Africa
99
4.8 Chemical risk management in urban water cycle
99
4.8.1 Chemical risks identification in urban water cycle
99
4.8.1.1 Drinking water
99
4.8.1.2 Other water-related chemical risks
101
4.8.2 Vulnerability and variability
102
4.8.3 Urban water policy
103
5 Risk management in the urban water cycle: climate change risks 113
5.1 Introduction
113
5.1.1 Global climate change
113
5.1.2 Global climate change and hydrological cycle
116
5.1.3 Mitigation of GHG emissions
117
5.2 Water in an urbanized world
118
5.2.1 Water scarcity
119
5.3 Impacts and risks
122
5.3.1 Water availability and glacial melt
122
5.3.2 Sea level rise and extreme events
123
5.3.3 Water quality
124
5.3.4 Changes in the past decades related to global climate change
124
5.3.5 Risks for urban settlements
126
5.4 Adaptation and integration of climate change into urban water esource management
127
5.4.1 Adaptation and sustainable development
127
5.4.2 Planning under uncertainties
128
5.4.3 Supply and demand options
129
5.4.4 Urban water management
129
5.4.5 Poverty and equity
131
5.4.6 International aid
131
5.5 Conclusions
131
6 Water source and drinking-water risk management 137
6.1 Introduction
137
6.2 Security, reliability and risk
138
6.3 Uncertainty, threats and effects
140
6.4 Prevention, mitigation and resolution
142
6.5 Scarcity and drought, an operational example
144
6.6 Conclusions and recommendations
148
6.6.1 Methodological considerations
148
6.6.2 Operational considerations
148
7 Wastewater risks in the urban watercycle 151
7.1 Introduction
151
7.2 Pollutant sources
151
7.2.1 Point sources
152
7.2.1.1 Municipal wastewater
152
7.2.1.2 Industrial wastewater
153
7.2.1.3 Stormwater
153
7.2.2 Non-point pollutant sources
157
7.2.2.1 Urban infrastructure
157
7.2.2.2 Urban activities
160
7.2.2.3 Disposal practices
160
7.2.2.4 Other sources
163
7.3 Pollutants
165
7.3.1 Conventional parameters
166
7.3.2 Biological pollutants
166
7.3.3 Emerging pollutants
166
7.3.3.1 Content in water
168
7.3.3.2 Content in surface and groundwater
168
7.4 Management
168
7.4.1 Changing the concept of pollution sources
172
7.4.2 Gathering useful information
172
7.4.3 Monitoring campaigns
173
7.4.4 Water sources management
173
7.4.4.1 Groundwater
173
7.4.4.2 Surface water
173
7.4.5 Pollutant management
174
7.4.5.1 Biological pollutants
174
7.4.5.2 Chemical compounds
176
7.4.6 Urban infrastructure and urban activities
176
7.4.7 Climate change
176
7.4.8 Education and research
178
7.5 Treatment
179
7.5.1 Biological pollutants
179
7.5.2 Emerging pollutants
180
7.5.3 Criteria for selecting wastewater treatment processes
184
7.6 Wastewater disposal
187
7.6.1 Soil disposal
187
7.6.1.1 Soil disposal and aquifer storage
187
7.6.1.2 Soil disposal and agriculture
188
7.6.2 Disposal in water bodies
188
7.6.2.1 Eutrophication
188
7.6.2.2 Coupling wastewater disposal with water reuse
191
7.7 Conclusions
191
8 Risks associated with biosolids reuse in agriculture 201
8.1 Introduction
201
8.2 Nutrient and agronomic value
202
8.3 Microbiological quality
204
8.4 Potentially toxic elements
210
8.5 Organic contaminants
212
8.6 Conclusions
215
9 'Closing the Urban Water Cycle' integrated approach towards water reuse in Windhoek, Namibia 221
9.1 Introduction
221
9.2 Water sources in Windhoek
222
9.3 Reuse options implemented in Windhoek
222
9.4 Future water supply augmentation to Windhoek
224
9.5 Various process modifications from 1968 to 1995
225
9.6 Process design for the new Goreangab water reclamation plant
225
9.6.1 Summary
225
9.6.2 Raw water quality profile
226
9.6.3 Determination of treatment objectives
226
9.6.4 The multiple-barrier concept
227
9.6.5 Experiments and pilot studies to determine process design criteria
229
9.7 Selection of final process train
229
9.8 Operational experience to date
230
9.9 Water quality and monitoring
230
9.10 Quality concerns with the present process configuration
231
9.11 Cost considerations
232
9.12 Public acceptance of direct potable reuse
232
9.13 New research and development options
234
9.13.1 Process-related refinements
234
9.13.2 Quality control
234
9.13.3 Health
234
9.14 Conclusion
235
10 Reducing risk from wastewater use in urban farming — a case study of Accra, Ghana 237
10.1 Introduction
237
10.2 The case of Accra
238
10.2.1 Urban water use and wastewater management
239
10.2.2 Irrigated urban vegetable farming
239
10.2.3 Irrigation water quality
240
10.2.4 Quality of vegetables in urban markets in Accra
241
10.2.5 Numbers of consumers at risk
243
10.2.6 Risk assessment to farmers and consumers
244
10.3 Risk reduction measures
245
10.3.1 Explore alternative farmland, tenure security and safer water sources
245
10.3.2 Promote safer irrigation methods
246
10.3.3 Influence the choice of crops grown
247
10.3.4 Avoid post-harvest contamination
247
10.3.5 Assist post-harvest decontamination
247
10.3.6 Improve institutional coordination to develop integrated policies
249
10.4 Conclusions
249
11 Drinking water — potential health effects caused by infiltration of pollutants from solid waste landfills 255
11.1 Introduction
255
11.2 Pollutants in landfill leachates
257
11.3 The exposure pathways and mechanisms
257
11.4 Cases
261
11.5 Conclusions
261
12 Exploding sewers: the industrial use and abuse of municipal sewers, and reducing the risk – the experience of Louisville, Kentucky US 263
12.1 Introduction
263
12.2 The hexa-octa incident
263
12.3 The sewer explosions
264
12.4 Industrial waste and hazardous spills
265
12.5 About the Louisville and Jefferson County Metropolitan Sewer District (MSD)
266
12.6 Reasons for doing permitting and pretreatment compliance programmes
269
12.7 Components of the permitting and pretreatment compliance programme
270
12.7.1 Commercial/industrial process plan review
270
12.7.2 Permits
270
12.7.3 Unusual discharge requests (UDR)
271
12.7.4 Industrial inspections
272
12.7.5 Sampling and monitoring
272
12.7.6 Compliance and enforcement
273
12.8 Chemical spill prevention and response – The hazardous materials incident response team
273
12.9 Sampling and monitoring to reduce risk – the collection system monitoring programme
275
12.9.1 Data management and computerization
276
12.10 Conclusions: need for strong local programmes to reduce risk
276
13 Lessons learned: a response and recovery framework for post-disaster scenarios 277
13.1 Introduction
277
13.1.1 Background
277
13.1.2 Rationale
277
13.1.3 Objectives
278
13.1.4 Methodology
278
13.1.5 General principles
278
13.2 Response and recovery framework
279
13.2.1 General guidelines
279
13.2.2 Immediate aftermath (0-7 Days)
281
13.2.2.1 Preliminary actions
281
13.2.2.2 Public notification
283
13.2.3 Short term (next 60 days)
283
13.2.3.1 Initial evaluation of impacted areas
283
13.2.3.2 Mobilization of human, capital, and physical resources
283
13.2.3.3 Technical support/guidance
283
13.2.3.4 Supporting actions
285
13.2.4 Medium term (next 3-12 months)
286
13.2.4.1 Reconstruction assistance
286
13.2.4.2 Capacity building – implementing institutions
286
13.2.4.3 Capacity building – local/community level
286
13.2.4.4 Data collection/evaluations
287
13.3 Conclusion
287
References
288
General documentation
291
Short-term responses
292
Medium- to long-term responses
292
Lessons learned from other disasters
292
14 Managing urban water risks: managing drought and climate change risks in Australia 293
14.1 Introduction
293
14.2 Managing drought risks
294
14.3 Adapting to climate change impacts
294
14.3.1 Climate change forecasts
294
14.3.2 Modelling of impacts
295
14.3.3 Water reforms and environmental flows
295
14.3.4 Climate change impacts
296
14.3.5 Adapting with water savings and water reuse
297
14.4 Adaptation case study
297
14.4.1 The Sydney water system
297
14.4.2 The Sydney Metropolitan Water Plan 2006
298
14.4.3 Managing drought risks
298
14.4.4 Enhanced stochastic analyses
299
14.4.5 Economic analyses
299
14.4.6 Another example
300
14.5 Additional drought security issues
300
14.5.1 Drought severity
300
14.5.2 Hindcasting
301
14.5.3 Starting storage
301
14.5.4 Demand variability
301
14.5.5 Demand hardening
301
14.5.6 Building diverse water portfolios
301
14.6 Conclusions
302
Index 305
Plates 309
Blanca Jimenez Cisneros, Joan B. Rose
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/97810408980932e.html
Märksõnad: