This volume of Progress in Brain Research is based on the contributions by the participants of the conference Using Eye Movements as an Experimental Probe of Brain Function, held at the Charing Cross Hospital Campus of Imperial College London, UK on 5th-6th December, 2007 to honor Professor Jean Buttner-Ennever. With 87 contributions from international experts - both basic scientists and clinicians - the volume provides many examples of how eye movements can be used to address a broad range of research questions. Section 1 focuses on extraocular muscle, highlighting new concepts of proprioceptive control that involve even the cerebral cortex. Section 2 comprises structural, physiological, pharmacological, and computational aspects of brainstem mechanisms, and illustrates implications for disorders as diverse as opsoclonus, and congenital scoliosis with gaze palsy. Section 3 addresses how the cerebellum transforms neural signals into motor commands, and how disease of such mechanisms may lead to ataxia and disorders such as oculopalatal tremor. Section 4 deals with sensory-motor processing of visual, vestibular, somatosensory, and auditory inputs, such as are required for navigation, and gait. Section 5 illustrates how eye movements, used in conjunction with single-unit electrophysiology, functional imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and lesion studies have illuminated cognitive processes, including memory, prediction, and even free will. Section 6 includes 18 papers dealing with disorders ranging from congenital to acquired forms of nystagmus, genetic and degenerative neurological disorders, and treatments for nystagmus and motion sickness.
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This is a volume in the Progress in Brain Research serial, providing a comprehensive overview over the research in the study of eye movements. To the neurobiologist, the study of the control of eye movements provides a unique opportunity to understand the workings of the brain; to neurologists and ophthalmologists, abnormalities of ocular motility are frequently the clue to the localization of a disease process. Moreover, the visual and perceptual consequences of eye movements are important to both basic scientists and clinicians.
Section 1: Using Novel Techniques to Define the Neural Substrate for Eye
Movements
Jean Büttner-Ennever, Munich: Re-mapping the oculomotor system
Joseph Demer, Los Angeles: Using high-definition MRI to re-define the
mechanics of eye rotations
Michael Goldberg, New York: The cortical representation of oculomotor
proprioception
David Zee, Baltimore: How new knowledge of the anatomy of the eye muscles and
their innervation translates into improved treatment of patients with ocular
motor palsies
Paul Knox, Liverpool: Testing the influences of extraocular proprioception in
humans
James Sharpe, Toronto: Reinterpreting palsies of the ocular motor nerves
Dominik Straumann: New insights into trochlear nerve palsy
Paul May: Anatomical insights into peripheral gaze control
Louis Dell'Osso: How disrupting ocular proprioception can be therapy for
congenital nsyatgmus
Section 2: New Insights into Brainstem Generation of Ocular Motor Commands
Anja Horn, Munich: New insights into the circuitry and pharmacology of the
brainstem reticular formation
Edward Keller, San Francisco: Using multiple electrode arrays to map moving
fields of neural activity in the superior colliculus
Paul Gamlin, Birmingham: Synthesis of vergence control by brainstem circuits
Holger Rambold, Lübeck: Disturbances of vergence and saccadic eye movements
by human brainstem lesions
Christoph Helmchen, Luebeck: Understanding how the cerebellar disease could
cause saccadic oscillations
Stefano Ramat, Pavia: A brainstem network that accounts for abnormal
saccades
Mark Gibson, Belfast: Human saccadic disorders and their brainstem
mechanisms
Richard Clement: A black-box approach to saccadic disorders
Section 3: Using Eye Movements as an Index of Transformation of Signals by
the Cerebellum
Stephen Highstein, St. Louis: How the cerebellar transforms sensory inputs
into motor commands
Albert Fuchs, Seattle: How visual and motor signals interact in the
cerebellum
John Stahl, Cleveland: How mutant mice with calcium channel defects provide
insight into the cerebellar role in balance
Michael Strupp, Munich: How knowledge about calcium channel disorders
translates into treatment of human cerebellar disease
Bernard Cohen, New York: Cerebellar governance of vestibular mechanisms
Mark Walker, Baltimore: Influence of cerebellar nodulus on translational
vestibulo-ocular reflex
Ulrich Büttner, Munich: Control of smooth-pursuit eye movements by
cerebellum
Robert McCrea, Chicago: Influence of cerebellum on combined eye-head
tracking
Adolfo Bronstein, London: Degenerative disorders that affect the cerebellar
control of eye movements
Section 3: Using Eye Movements as a Probe of Sensory-Motor Processing
Frederick Miles, Bethesda: How the brain uses visual motion as we move
through the environment
Peter Hoffmann: How motion signals are encoded in visual areas
Michael Mustari, Atlanta: How disturbed maturation of visual motion
processing leads to nystagmus in infancy
Thomas Brandt: How vestibular and visual inputs may be abnormally processed
in cerebral cortex
Richard Abadi, Manchester: Visual perceptions during ocular oscillations
Michael Gresty, London: Self-motion, gaze control and visual perception
Bernhard Hess, Zurich: Understanding interactions between responses to head
rotations and translations
Michael Halmagyi, Sydney: Probing otolith-ocular reflexes using novel stimuli
in humans
Sergei Yakushin, New York: How visual inputs from subcortical pathways
influence perception of self-motion
Section 4: Using Eye Movements as a Probe of Cognition
James Lynch, Jackson: Concepts of the contribution of cerebral cortex based
on new anatomical findings
Kikuro Fukushima, Sapporo: Prediction, eye movements, and the frontal lobes
Rene Müri, Bern: Using transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe
decision-making and memory
Parashkev Nachev, London: Using functional imaging to during conflict
resolution and free choice
Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, Paris: Using saccades to probe different forms
of memory
Christopher Kennard, London: Role of the supplementary eye fields in
countermanding saccades
Masud Husain, London: Using eye movements to probe shifts of instruction set
Graham Barnes, Manchester: Using smooth tracking movements to probe
prediction
R. John Leigh, Cleveland, Ohio: Eye movements: The meaning of it all
(Epilogue)
Edited by R. John Leigh, Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; and Christopher Kennard, Academic Unit of Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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