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E-raamat: Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental Aspects

Edited by Alessandro DUlivo (Senior Researcher, National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Pisa, Italy), Edited by Ralph Sturgeon (Ralph Sturgeon, National Research Council of Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 23-Apr-2022
Kirjastus: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780323858427

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Analytical chemistry

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 23-Apr-2022
Kirjastus: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780323858427

Teised raamatud teemal:

Analytical chemistry

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Vapor Generation Techniques for Trace Element Analysis: Fundamental Aspects provides an overview and discussion of the fundamental aspects governing derivatization reactions of trace-level elements for analytical purposes. Vapor generation techniques coupled with atomic or mass spectrometry have been employed for over 50 years, but their popularity has dramatically increased in recent years, especially as alternative vapor generation approaches have been developed. This book bridges the knowledge gap of the derivatization mechanisms that yield volatile compounds and provides an update on recent developments in vapor generation techniques used for the determination and speciation of trace elements by atomic optical and mass spectrometry.

It will serve as a comprehensive, single-source overview of recent developments, providing readers with an understanding of the correct implementation—and limitations—of applying vapor generation techniques to everyday analytical problems facing the trace element analyst.

Covers reaction mechanisms and fundamental processes of vapor generation in detail
Includes classical and alternative vapor generation approaches: alkylation, chelation, plasma, photochemical and electrochemical
Guides the interpretation of experimental results and implementation of vapor generation techniques in the laboratory

List of contributors

Preface

1 Introduction to vapor generation techniques

(16)

Alessandro D'Ulivo

Ralph E. Sturgeon

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Limitations of current sample introduction and atomization techniques

(3)

1.3 Vapor generation techniques

(3)

1.4 Favorable features and shortcomings of VGTs

(2)

1.5 Overview of book structure and content

(7)

References

(5)

Part I Chemical Vapor Generation

(194)

2 Chemical vapor generation by aqueous boranes

(72)

Alessandro D'Ulivo

2.1 Introduction and historical background

(2)

2.2 Borane reagents, reaction products, and apparatus

(11)

2.3 Processes and mechanisms of chemical vapor generation

(19)

2.4 Factors controlling reactivity in chemical vapor generation

(12)

2.5 Interferences

(10)

2.6 Final remarks, open questions, and future trends

(18)

References

(17)

3 Chemical vapor generation of transition and noble metals

(38)

Stanislav Musil

Tomas Matousek

3.1 Introduction and background

(1)

3.2 Experimental implementations of chemical vapor generation

(12)

3.3 Efficiency of chemical vapor generation

104

(4)

3.4 Detailed discussion of mechanisms and fundamental processes in chemical vapor generation

108

(11)

3.5 Shortcomings with theory, remaining problems, and limitations

119

(1)

3.6 Conclusions and future developments

120

(9)

Acknowledgements

122

(1)

References

122

(7)

4 Chemical vapor generation by aqueous phase alkylation

129

(24)

Zuzana Gajdosechova

Enea Pagliano

4.1 Introduction

129

(1)

4.2 CVG with tetraalkylborates

130

(6)

4.3 CVG with trialkyloxonium salts

136

(7)

4.4 Metal speciation with Grignard reagents

143

(1)

4.5 Future trends and perspectives

144

(9)

References

145

(8)

5 Other chemical vapor generation techniques

153

(38)

Alessandro D'Ulivo

Yue Liu

Ralph E. Sturgeon

5.1 Introduction

153

(1)

5.2 Chelate formation

154

(9)

5.3 Thermal chemical vapor generation

163

(2)

5.4 Generation of volatile oxides

165

(4)

5.5 Chemical vapor generation of volatile chlorides

169

(3)

5.6 Chemical vapor generation of volatile fluorides

172

(1)

5.7 Chemical vapor generation of volatile bromides

173

(1)

5.8 Chemical vapor generation of volatile carbonyls

173

(3)

5.9 Chemical vapor generation of boron esters

176

(3)

5.10 Chemical vapor generation using SnCl2

179

(1)

5.11 Concluding remarks

179

(12)

References

180

(11)

6 Chemical vapor generation in nonaqueous media

191

(20)

Xiaodong Wen

6.1 Introduction and background

191

(2)

6.2 Early studies on chemical vapor generation in nonaqueous media

193

(1)

6.3 Experimental implementation of the technique

194

(6)

6.4 Fundamental processes; theory and mechanisms

200

(5)

6.5 Remaining problems, limitations, and shortcomings

205

(1)

6.6 Future developments

205

(1)

6.7 Conclusions

206

(5)

References

207

(4)

Part II Non-Chemical Vapor Generation

211

(136)

7 Photo-sono-thermo-chemical vapor generation techniques

213

(52)

Ralph E. Sturgeon

7.1 General introduction

213

(1)

7.2 Photochemical vapor generation

214

(35)

7.3 Sonochemical vapor generation

249

(3)

7.4 Thermochemical vapor generation

252

(1)

7.5 Concluding remarks

252

(13)

References

252

(13)

8 Catalysts in photochemical vapor generation

265

(18)

Zhirong Zou

Yafei Zhen

Chengbin Zheng

Xiandeng Hou

8.1 Introduction

265

(2)

8.2 Heterogeneous catalysis

267

(4)

8.3 Homogeneous catalysis

271

(4)

8.4 Conclusions

275

(8)

Acknowledgments

276

(1)

References

276

(7)

9 Plasma-mediated vapor generation techniques

283

(34)

Xing Liu

Zhenli Zhu

9.1 General introduction

283

(1)

9.2 Sources for plasma-mediated vapor generation

284

(17)

9.3 Influence of coexisting ions on PMVG

301

(4)

9.4 Analytical performance and applications of PMVG

305

(2)

9.5 Possible mechanisms of PMVG

307

(3)

9.6 Concluding remarks and future trends

310

(7)

References

311

(6)

10 Electrochemical vapor generation

317

(30)

Eduardo Bolea

Francisco Laborda

10.1 Introduction and background to electrochemical vapor generation

317

(1)

10.2 Fundamentals and experimental implementation of ECVG

318

(10)

10.3 Mechanisms of ECVG

328

(2)

10.4 Shortcomings and limitations: interferences in ECVG

330

(8)

10.5 Final remarks and future developments

338

(9)

References

339

(8)

Part III Atomization Devices

347

(96)

11 Nonplasma devices for atomization and detection of volatile metal species by atomic absorption and fluorescence

349

(54)

Jin Dedina

11.1 Introduction

349

(2)

11.2 Processes taking place in online atomizers

351

(1)

11.3 Online atomization---preliminary considerations

352

(2)

11.4 Online atomizers

354

(26)

11.5 In-atomizer collection---preliminary considerations

380

(2)

11.6 Experimental approaches to in-atomizer collection

382

(9)

11.7 Conclusions and future perspectives

391

(12)

Acknowledgments

392

(1)

Dedication

392

(1)

References

392

(11)

12 Dielectric barrier discharge devices

403

(40)

Jan Kratzer

Sebastian Burhenn

12.1 Introduction

403

(1)

12.2 DBD concept and designs

404

(2)

12.3 Plasma chemistry: processes and species

406

(1)

12.4 Analytical applications

407

(2)

12.5 DBD atomizers for AAS

409

(8)

12.6 DBD atomizers for AFS

417

(2)

12.7 DBD excitation for OES

419

(8)

12.8 Analyte preconcentration

427

(5)

12.9 Speciation analysis

432

(3)

12.10 Future perspectives

435

(8)

Acknowledgment

437

(1)

References

437

(6)

Abbreviations and symbols

443

(4)

Index

447

Alessandro DUlivo is a Senior Researcher at National Research Council of Italy, developing his research activity at the Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Pisa-Italy, since 1981. Teaching Analytical Chemistry at Pisa University since 1991. In 2013 he received the qualification of full professor in Analytical Chemistry. His research interests are in the field of trace element determination and speciation by atomic and mass spectrometry, fundamental aspects and applications of vapour generation techniques, atomizers and element specific detectors for chromatography. He is a member of Editorial Advisory Board of Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Atomic Spectroscopy (Elsevier) and a IUPAC Fellow. He received the Ioannes Marcus Marci Medal in 2018 and the Török Tibor Medal in 2020. Ralph Sturgeons technical interests lie in inorganic analytical chemistry, comprising trace element analysis, vapor generation, organometallic speciation and production of Certified Reference Materials with a focus on atomic and mass spectrometric detection. He has published some 330 peer reviewed articles, is past Editor for Spectrochimica Acta Reviews and currently serves on the advisory boards of several international analytical chemistry journals. For more than 20 years Sturgeon has interacted extensively with the international metrology community, serving on working groups affiliated with both ISO and the BIPM while actively participating in audits of National Metrology Institute laboratories throughout the world. His contributions to analytical atomic spectroscopy have been recognized through a number of awards, including most recently the 2019 CSI Award. He was peer ranked amongst the top 10 most influential analytical spectroscopists for 2017 by the Analytical Scientist.

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