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E-raamat: Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change

(University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), (Universitetet i Oslo), (North Dakota State University), (Emory University, Atlanta), , (University of Texas, Austin), With , (University of Notre Dame, Indiana), , (Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jan-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108561181
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jan-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108561181

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The Varieties of Democracy project rates hundreds of features of democracy and institutions in nearly all countries. This volume answers questions about where the data comes from, how to interpret it, and how to use it responsibly. It is an essential reference for journalists, researchers, teachers, and students who use the data frequently.

Varieties of Democracy is the essential user's guide to The Varieties of Democracy project (V-Dem), one of the most ambitious data collection efforts in comparative politics. This global research collaboration sparked a dramatic change in how we study the nature, causes, and consequences of democracy. This book is ambitious in scope: more than a reference guide, it raises standards for causal inferences in democratization research and introduces new, measurable, concepts of democracy and many political institutions. Varieties of Democracy enables anyone interested in democracy - teachers, students, journalists, activists, researchers and others - to analyze V-Dem data in new and exciting ways. This book creates opportunities for V-Dem data to be used in education, research, news analysis, advocacy, policy work, and elsewhere. V-Dem is rapidly becoming the preferred source for democracy data.

Arvustused

'V-Dem data, the fruit of a large international collaborative effort, is a big advance in the measurement of democracy, and has set a new baseline for discussions in this field. This book offers a careful, detailed, explanation about how this data was produced and validated. It is an indispensable source for users of V-Dem data. It also offers lessons for a broader discussion about measurement in the social sciences.' Gerardo Munck, University of Southern California 'To understand the causes and consequences of democracy, we must be able to measure it. Scholars have long struggled to develop measures of democracy that both capture its complexity and are sufficiently standardized to use for comparative analysis. Coppedge et al. have taken a major step in this direction. Not only does Varieties of Democracy provide the best available index of 'really existing' democracy, but it allows scholars to explore other dimensions such as participation, deliberation, and equality that have long been associated with the broader concept of democracy. Research on democracies and democratization remains central to comparative politics. Varieties of Democracy makes an immense contribution to this research.' Steven Levitsky, Harvard University, Massachusetts 'I recommend the inclusion of Varieties of Democracy in any upper-level BA and MA course on research design and methods due to its invaluable service of revealing the thinking that lies behind the application of such methods.' Michael Alvarez, Journal of Peace Research

Muu info

The essential user's guide to the Varieties of Democracy project, the world's most advanced and comprehensive dataset on democracy.
List of Figures
ix
List of Tables
xi
List of Contributors
xiii
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Introduction: The Story of Varieties of Democracy
1(26)
1.1 Timing: V-Dem Emerged to Address the Need for Better Measures of Democracy
4(5)
1.2 Inclusion
9(3)
1.2.1 Thematic Expertise
9(1)
1.2.2 Geographic Expertise
10(2)
1.3 Collective and Deliberative Decision-Making with Decentralization
12(4)
1.4 Professionalization
16(2)
1.5 Funding
18(7)
1.6 Plan of the Book
25(2)
2 Conceptual Scheme
27(16)
2.1 The Electoral Principle
30(3)
2.2 The Liberal Principle
33(1)
2.3 The Majoritarian Principle
34(2)
2.4 The Consensual Principle
36(1)
2.5 The Participatory Principle
37(1)
2.6 The Deliberative Principle
37(1)
2.7 The Egalitarian Principle
38(1)
2.8 From Conceptualization to Measurement
39(2)
2.9 Caveats and Clarifications
41(2)
3 Data Collection
43(23)
3.1 Countries
44(1)
3.2 Data Formats
44(1)
3.3 Coding Types
45(1)
3.4 Databases and Software
46(5)
3.4.1 The Research Database
46(1)
3.4.2 Web-Based Coding and Administrative Interfaces
47(1)
3.4.3 The Administrative Database and Tools
48(2)
3.4.4 Website for Public Access
50(1)
3.5 The Surveys and the Expert Coding Process
51(3)
3.6 Cross-National Comparability: Bridge, Lateral, and Vignette Coding
54(2)
3.7 Data Cleaning
56(2)
3.8 Personnel
58(4)
3.8.1 Confidentiality
61(1)
3.8.2 Staff
62(1)
3.9 Phases of Data Collection
62(2)
3.10 International Collaborations to Produce Data
64(2)
4 The Measurement Model and Reliability
66(24)
4.1 Basic Notation
68(1)
4.2 Modeling Expert Ratings
68(12)
4.2.1 Differential Item Functioning
69(1)
4.2.2 A Probability Model for Rater Behavior
70(1)
4.2.3 Temporal Dependence and Observation Granularity
71(3)
4.2.4 Prior Assumptions and Cross-National Comparability
74(5)
4.2.5 Model Overview
79(1)
4.3 Estimation and Computation
80(1)
4.4 Products
80(4)
4.4.1 Interval-Level Latent Trait Estimates
82(1)
4.4.2 Difficulty and Discrimination Parameters
82(1)
4.4.3 Ordinal-Scale Estimates
83(1)
4.4.4 Linearized Ordinal-Scale Posterior Predictions
83(1)
4.5 Graphical Illustration of the V-Dem Data
84(4)
4.6 Discussion and Future Plans
88(2)
5 Dimensions and Components of Democracy
90(40)
5.1 The Electoral Principle: Polyarchy
91(14)
5.1.1 Measuring the Parts: Five Components of Polyarchy
92(5)
5.1.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components
97(6)
5.1.3 Empirical Patterns
103(2)
5.2 The Liberal Principle
105(7)
5.2.1 Measuring the Parts: Three Components of Liberal Democracy
105(2)
5.2.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components
107(3)
5.2.3 Empirical Patterns
110(2)
5.3 The Participatory Principle
112(3)
5.3.1 Measuring the Parts: Three Components of Participatory Democracy
112(2)
5.3.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components
114(1)
5.3.3 Empirical Patterns
115(1)
5.4 The Deliberative Principle
115(4)
5.5 The Egalitarian Principle
119(3)
5.5.1 Measuring the Parts: Three Components of Egalitarian Democracy
120(1)
5.5.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components
120(2)
5.5.3 Empirical Patterns
122(1)
5.6 Higher-Level Aggregations and the Variation Trade-Off
122(8)
6 Data Validation
130(48)
6.1 Introduction
130(1)
6.2 V-Dem Validation Approach
131(2)
6.3 Content Validity Assessment
133(6)
6.3.1 Content Validity of the V-Dem Polyarchy Index
133(1)
6.3.2 Content Validity of the V-Dem Corruption Index
133(3)
6.3.3 Content Validity of the V-Dem Core Civil Society Index
136(3)
6.4 Data Generation Assessment
139(10)
6.4.1 Data Set Management Structure
139(1)
6.4.2 Coding Procedures
140(1)
6.4.3 Aggregating Coder Ratings to Point Estimates
141(1)
6.4.4 Aggregating Indicators to Indices
142(1)
6.4.4.1 Aggregating Indicators in the Core Civil Society Index
143(1)
6.4.4.2 Aggregating Indicators in the Corruption Index
143(1)
6.4.5 Coverage across Countries and Time
144(1)
6.4.5.1 Temporal Variation in the Corruption Index
145(1)
6.4.5.2 Temporal and Regional Variation in the CCSI Index
146(3)
6.5 Convergent Validity Assessment
149(21)
6.5.1 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity
149(1)
6.5.1.1 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity for the Polyarchy Index
149(3)
6.5.1.2 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity for the Corruption Index
152(4)
6.5.1.3 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity for the Core Civil Society Index
156(2)
6.5.2 Cross-Coder Convergent Validity
158(12)
6.6 Conclusion
170(8)
7 Explanatory Analysis with Varieties of Democracy Data
178(27)
7.1 Introduction
178(1)
7.2 Large Number of Democracy Indicators
179(2)
7.3 Accounting for Measurement Uncertainty
181(8)
7.3.1 Method of Composition
183(5)
7.3.2 Coder on Both Sides
188(1)
7.4 Long Panel Structure
189(9)
7.4.1 Simplifications with Long Panels
192(2)
7.4.2 Heterogeneity over Time
194(1)
7.4.3 Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)
195(3)
7.5 Spatial Dependence
198(4)
7.6 Implied Causal Assumptions
202(2)
7.6.1 Implications of Unmodeled Heterogeneity
202(1)
7.6.2 Indirectly Manipulable and Latent Treatment Variables
203(1)
7.7 Conclusion
204(1)
References 205(16)
Index 221
Michael Coppedge is Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). He is the author of Democratization and Research Methods (Cambridge, 2012). John Gerring is Professor of Government at the University of Texas, Austin, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His work extends across comparative politics, political history, and methodology. Adam Glynn is Associate Professor of Political Science and Quantitative Theory and Methods at Emory University, Atlanta, and Project Manager for Methodology of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines causal inference and sampling/survey designs for political science applications. Carl Henrik Knutsen is Professor of Political Science at Universitetet i Oslo, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines the economic effects of political institutions and regimes, policy-making in autocracies, and processes of regime change. Staffan I. Lindberg is Director of the V-Dem Institute and Professor of Political Science at Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines topics ranging from elections, democratization, and civil society, to women's representation and voting behavior. Daniel Pemstein is Associate Professor of Political Science at North Dakota State University, and Project Manager for Measurement Methods of the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). He specializes in measurement and builds statistical tools to study political institutions, parties, and careers. Brigitte Seim is Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Project Manager for Experiments of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). Her research examines the relationship between citizens and political officials. Svend-Erik Skaaning is Professor of Political Science at Aarhus Universitet, Denmark, and Project Manager for Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines the conceptualization, measurement, and explanation of democracy and other governance related phenomena. Jan Teorell is Professor of Political Science at Lunds Universitet, Sweden and Principal Investigator for Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research interests include political methodology, comparative politics and democratization, corruption, and state-making.