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ix | |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiv | |
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1 Introduction: The Story of Varieties of Democracy |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 Timing: V-Dem Emerged to Address the Need for Better Measures of Democracy |
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4 | (5) |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Geographic Expertise |
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10 | (2) |
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1.3 Collective and Deliberative Decision-Making with Decentralization |
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12 | (4) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (7) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (16) |
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2.1 The Electoral Principle |
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30 | (3) |
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2.2 The Liberal Principle |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3 The Majoritarian Principle |
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34 | (2) |
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2.4 The Consensual Principle |
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36 | (1) |
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2.5 The Participatory Principle |
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37 | (1) |
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2.6 The Deliberative Principle |
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37 | (1) |
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2.7 The Egalitarian Principle |
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38 | (1) |
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2.8 From Conceptualization to Measurement |
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39 | (2) |
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2.9 Caveats and Clarifications |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (23) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.4 Databases and Software |
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46 | (5) |
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3.4.1 The Research Database |
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46 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Web-Based Coding and Administrative Interfaces |
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47 | (1) |
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3.4.3 The Administrative Database and Tools |
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48 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Website for Public Access |
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50 | (1) |
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3.5 The Surveys and the Expert Coding Process |
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51 | (3) |
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3.6 Cross-National Comparability: Bridge, Lateral, and Vignette Coding |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (4) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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3.9 Phases of Data Collection |
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62 | (2) |
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3.10 International Collaborations to Produce Data |
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64 | (2) |
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4 The Measurement Model and Reliability |
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66 | (24) |
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68 | (1) |
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4.2 Modeling Expert Ratings |
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68 | (12) |
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4.2.1 Differential Item Functioning |
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69 | (1) |
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4.2.2 A Probability Model for Rater Behavior |
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70 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Temporal Dependence and Observation Granularity |
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71 | (3) |
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4.2.4 Prior Assumptions and Cross-National Comparability |
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74 | (5) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.3 Estimation and Computation |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Interval-Level Latent Trait Estimates |
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82 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Difficulty and Discrimination Parameters |
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82 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Ordinal-Scale Estimates |
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83 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Linearized Ordinal-Scale Posterior Predictions |
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83 | (1) |
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4.5 Graphical Illustration of the V-Dem Data |
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84 | (4) |
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4.6 Discussion and Future Plans |
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88 | (2) |
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5 Dimensions and Components of Democracy |
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90 | (40) |
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5.1 The Electoral Principle: Polyarchy |
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91 | (14) |
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5.1.1 Measuring the Parts: Five Components of Polyarchy |
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92 | (5) |
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5.1.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components |
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97 | (6) |
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103 | (2) |
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5.2 The Liberal Principle |
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105 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Measuring the Parts: Three Components of Liberal Democracy |
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105 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (2) |
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5.3 The Participatory Principle |
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112 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Measuring the Parts: Three Components of Participatory Democracy |
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112 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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5.4 The Deliberative Principle |
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115 | (4) |
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5.5 The Egalitarian Principle |
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119 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Measuring the Parts: Three Components of Egalitarian Democracy |
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120 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Measuring the Whole: Aggregating the Components |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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5.6 Higher-Level Aggregations and the Variation Trade-Off |
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122 | (8) |
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130 | (48) |
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130 | (1) |
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6.2 V-Dem Validation Approach |
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131 | (2) |
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6.3 Content Validity Assessment |
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133 | (6) |
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6.3.1 Content Validity of the V-Dem Polyarchy Index |
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133 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Content Validity of the V-Dem Corruption Index |
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133 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Content Validity of the V-Dem Core Civil Society Index |
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136 | (3) |
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6.4 Data Generation Assessment |
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139 | (10) |
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6.4.1 Data Set Management Structure |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Aggregating Coder Ratings to Point Estimates |
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141 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Aggregating Indicators to Indices |
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142 | (1) |
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6.4.4.1 Aggregating Indicators in the Core Civil Society Index |
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143 | (1) |
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6.4.4.2 Aggregating Indicators in the Corruption Index |
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143 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Coverage across Countries and Time |
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144 | (1) |
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6.4.5.1 Temporal Variation in the Corruption Index |
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145 | (1) |
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6.4.5.2 Temporal and Regional Variation in the CCSI Index |
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146 | (3) |
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6.5 Convergent Validity Assessment |
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149 | (21) |
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6.5.1 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity |
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149 | (1) |
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6.5.1.1 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity for the Polyarchy Index |
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149 | (3) |
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6.5.1.2 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity for the Corruption Index |
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152 | (4) |
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6.5.1.3 Cross-Measure Convergent Validity for the Core Civil Society Index |
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156 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Cross-Coder Convergent Validity |
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158 | (12) |
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170 | (8) |
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7 Explanatory Analysis with Varieties of Democracy Data |
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178 | (27) |
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178 | (1) |
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7.2 Large Number of Democracy Indicators |
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179 | (2) |
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7.3 Accounting for Measurement Uncertainty |
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181 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Method of Composition |
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183 | (5) |
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7.3.2 Coder on Both Sides |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (9) |
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7.4.1 Simplifications with Long Panels |
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192 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Heterogeneity over Time |
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194 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (4) |
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7.6 Implied Causal Assumptions |
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202 | (2) |
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7.6.1 Implications of Unmodeled Heterogeneity |
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202 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Indirectly Manipulable and Latent Treatment Variables |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
References |
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205 | (16) |
Index |
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221 | |