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1 | (2) |
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1 Paleohistology: An Historical - Bibliographical Introduction |
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3 | (24) |
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3 | (1) |
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Early Microscopical Investigators |
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4 | (2) |
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The "Early Vertebrates" Tradition |
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6 | (3) |
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Tetrapods: Systematics or Functions -- or Both? |
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9 | (5) |
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Epiphyses and Endochondral Ossification |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (11) |
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Section II Morphology and Histology of The Skeleton |
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27 | (164) |
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2 An Overview of the Embryonic Development of the Bony Skeleton |
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29 | (10) |
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29 | (1) |
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Late Gastrulation and the Tridermic Organization |
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29 | (2) |
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The Inductive Role of the Chord |
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31 | (1) |
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Skeletogenic Involvement of Neural Crests, Somites and Lateral Plates |
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31 | (5) |
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Neural Crests and the Cephalic Domain |
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31 | (2) |
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Somites and the Axial and Paraxial Skeleton |
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33 | (1) |
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Lateral Plates and the Zono-Appendicular Skeleton |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (3) |
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3 The Vertebrate Skeleton: A Brief Introduction |
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39 | (20) |
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Classifying Bones and Bone Groups |
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39 | (2) |
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Homology and Analogy: Two Central Concepts in Anatomy |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (5) |
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Accessory Skeletal Elements: Sesamoids and Calcified Tendons |
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49 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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A Significant but General Criterion |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Remarks on the Mineralization of Skeletal Elements |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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Methodological Focus A: The New Scalpel: Basic Aspects of CT-Scan Imaging |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Basic Principles of the Method |
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55 | (2) |
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Two Examples of CT Scan Use in Anatomy |
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57 | (1) |
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Mammalian Inner Ears and Species Ecology |
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57 | (1) |
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Virtual Dissections in Paleontology: The Example of "Cuvier's Opossum" |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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4 Microanatomical Features of Bones and Their Basic Measurement |
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59 | (50) |
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An Intermediate Level of Integration: Microanatomy |
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59 | (2) |
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Gross Microanatomical Structure of Long Bones |
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61 | (7) |
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The Outer Envelopes of Bone |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (2) |
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Microanatomy of Short Bones |
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68 | (2) |
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Gross Microanatomy of Flat Bones |
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70 | (1) |
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Remarks on Some Basic Concepts Used in Microanatomical Descriptions |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Compact versus Cancellous Bone |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Qualitative Classification of Cancellous Bone |
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72 | (1) |
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An Overview of Vascular Canals in Bone |
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72 | (4) |
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General Characteristics of Cortical Vascularization |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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Remark on Dermal Bone Vascularization |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (33) |
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6 Current Concepts of the Mineralization of Type I Collagen in Vertebrate Tissues |
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109 | (14) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Collagen Synthesis and Secretion |
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110 | (1) |
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The Mineralization Process |
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110 | (9) |
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The Normally Mineralizing Avian Leg Tendon Model |
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110 | (1) |
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Type I Collagen Self-Assembly |
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111 | (1) |
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Ultrastructural Appearance of Mineralized Type I Collagen |
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112 | (1) |
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Intrafibrillar Mineralization of Type I Collagen |
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112 | (5) |
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Interfibrillar Mineralization of Type I Collagen |
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117 | (1) |
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Noncollagenous Proteins: Bone Sialoprotein |
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117 | (1) |
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Noncollagenous Proteins: Osteopontin |
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118 | (1) |
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Noncollagenous Proteins: Osteocalcin |
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118 | (1) |
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Possible Temporal and Spatial Relationships Between Interfibrillar and Intrafibrillar Collagen Mineralization |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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7 An Overview of Cartilage Histology |
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123 | (24) |
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123 | (1) |
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An Ancient and Essential Tissue |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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The Main Types of Cartilage |
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124 | (4) |
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124 | (2) |
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Cartilages of the Growth Plate, or Growth Cartilages |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Chondrogenesis and Chondrocyte structure |
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128 | (3) |
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Basic Aspects of Chondrogenesis |
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128 | (1) |
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Chondrocyte Ultrastructure |
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129 | (2) |
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Ultrastructure of the Extracellular Matrix |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Cartilage Vascularization and Innervation |
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132 | (1) |
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The Functions of Cartilage and Their Regulation |
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132 | (1) |
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Modalities of Cartilage Growth |
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132 | (1) |
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Function of Growth Plates |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Cell Death, Degradation and Resorption of Cartilage |
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133 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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Methodological Focus C: Virtual (Paleo-)Histology Through Synchrotron Imaging |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Principles of Synchrotron Radiation |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (4) |
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140 | (1) |
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Applications to Virtual Histology |
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140 | (1) |
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Facilities Available for Virtual Histology Using Phase-Contrast Imaging |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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Histology and Microstructure |
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144 | (1) |
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Molecular Biology and Ultrastructure |
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144 | (1) |
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Tomography Combined with Various Techniques |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Applications to Virtual Histology |
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144 | (1) |
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Facilities Available for Virtual Histology Through SAXS or XRD-CT |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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8 Bone Tissue Types: A Brief Account of Currently Used Categories |
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147 | (44) |
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148 | (1) |
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Relevant Descriptors of Bone Microstructure |
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148 | (3) |
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Global Topography and Origin of Bone Deposits |
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148 | (1) |
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Cortical and Medullary Formations |
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148 | (2) |
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Periosteal and Endosteal Tissues |
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150 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Bone Tissues |
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150 | (1) |
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Classifying Tissues in Static and Dynamic Osteogenesis |
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150 | (1) |
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Microanatomical Description as a Prerequisite to Histological Analysis |
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151 | (4) |
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Distinction of Osseous Tissues Based on Compactness |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Compact Bone Made Cancellous |
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152 | (1) |
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Compacted Coarse Cancellous Bone (CCCB) |
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152 | (1) |
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Vascular Canals in Cortices |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Vascular Patterns in Bone Cortices |
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155 | (1) |
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Types of Intercellular Matrix |
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155 | (3) |
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Woven-Fibered Collagen Networks |
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155 | (2) |
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The Parallel-Fibered Matrix |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Degraded Matrix of Hypermineralized Bone Tissue |
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158 | (1) |
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Osteocytes and Their Diversity |
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158 | (1) |
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Other Significant Features of Bone Matrices |
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159 | (4) |
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159 | (1) |
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Primary Osteons in Compact Cortices |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Cyclical Growth Marks, Rest Lines and Reversion Lines |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Reversal (Cementing or Resorption) Lines |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Current, Integrative Classification of Primary Compact Tissues |
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163 | (5) |
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163 | (2) |
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Parallel-Fibered Bone Tissue |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Specialized Terminology Related to Lamellar or Parallel-Fibered Tissues |
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166 | (1) |
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External and Internal Fundamental Systems |
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166 | (1) |
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On Intermediate Tissue Types |
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166 | (1) |
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Remarks on the "Lamellar-Zonal" Tissue |
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166 | (2) |
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Some Peculiar Cases of Lamellar Bone in Basal Gnathostomes |
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168 | (1) |
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Acellular Bone and Aspidin |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Composite Tissues: The Woven-Parallel [ Fibrolamellar] Complexes |
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169 | (3) |
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Woven-Parallel Complexes With Longitudinal Osteons |
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171 | (1) |
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Reticular Woven-Parallel Complex |
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171 | (1) |
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Radial Woven-Parallel Complex |
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171 | (1) |
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Laminar and Plexiform Woven-Parallel Complexes |
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171 | (1) |
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Dense Haversian Bone: A Secondary Compact Tissue |
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172 | (1) |
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Osseous Tissues in Cancellous Formations |
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172 | (3) |
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Tissues Forming the Primary Trabeculae |
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172 | (2) |
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The Tissues of Secondary, Endosteal Trabeculae |
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174 | (1) |
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Trabeculae Resulting from Patchy Cortical Resorption |
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174 | (1) |
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Remarks on Fine Cancellous Bone |
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174 | (1) |
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Histological features of Compacted Coarse Cancellous Bone (CCCB) |
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174 | (1) |
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Between bone and cartilage: chondroid bone |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (7) |
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Methodological Focus D: FIB-SEM Dual-Beam Microscopy for Three-Dimensional Ultrastructural Imaging of Skeletal Tissues |
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183 | (1) |
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Use of Dual-Beam FIB-SEM 3D Imaging in Skeletal Biology |
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183 | (1) |
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Fundamental Principles and Practical use |
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184 | (5) |
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General Geometry and Some Customized Geometries |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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Section III Dynamic Processes in Osseous Formations |
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191 | (66) |
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9 Basic Processes in Bone Growth |
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193 | (28) |
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Interpreting Skeletal Growth |
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194 | (1) |
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Initial Growth of Membrane Bones |
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194 | (1) |
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From Mesenchymal Condensations to Bones |
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194 | (1) |
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Remarks on Local Growth Controls |
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195 | (1) |
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Basic Growth Pattern of Endochondral Bones |
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195 | (4) |
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Ossification of the Cartilaginous Anlage |
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195 | (2) |
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Basic Mechanisms of the Growth in Length of the Bones |
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197 | (1) |
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Epiphyseal Structure and the Course of Growth |
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197 | (2) |
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Subperiosteal Growth of Bone Cortices |
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199 | (1) |
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Systemic Regulators of Skeletal Growth |
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199 | (8) |
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Multiple Systemic Regulators |
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199 | (1) |
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Action of GH, IGF-1 and the GH/IGF-1 Axis on Skeletal Growth |
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200 | (1) |
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Molecular Structure and Secretion Context |
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200 | (1) |
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Actions of GH and IGF-1 on Cartilage and Bone Cells |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Nature and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones |
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201 | (1) |
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Actions on the Growing Skeleton |
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202 | (1) |
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Sex Steroids, Androgens and Estrogens |
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203 | (1) |
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Secretion and Regulation of Sex Steroids |
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203 | (2) |
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Action of Sex Steroids in Bone |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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Growth and Morphology of Bones |
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207 | (8) |
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The Constraint of Rigidity |
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207 | (1) |
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Basic Shaping Processes in the Growth of Bones |
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207 | (1) |
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The Peculiar Growth Geometry of Some Flat Bones |
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207 | (1) |
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Differentiation of Superficial Relief Through Accretion Rate, or Resorption |
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207 | (1) |
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Morphogenetic Role of Heterochrony in Local Bone Deposits |
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207 | (2) |
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Sequential Growth Remodeling in Appendicular Long Bones |
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209 | (1) |
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Growth Off-Centering and Diaphyseal Curvature |
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210 | (1) |
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Differential Contribution of Proximal and Distal Epiphyses |
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210 | (1) |
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Brief Overview at the Problem |
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210 | (1) |
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Chronology of Epiphyseal Fusion |
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210 | (2) |
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The Quantitative Study of Epiphyseal Contribution to Growth |
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212 | (1) |
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Integral Preservation of Endochondral Bone Formations |
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212 | (1) |
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Interpreting Growth Patterns in the Cephalic Region |
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212 | (1) |
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An Essential but Complex Issue |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Modeling of Facial Bone: The Histologic Mechanisms |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (6) |
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10 Accretion Rate and Histological Features of Bone |
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221 | (8) |
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A Keystone for Paleobiological Inferences |
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221 | (1) |
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Quantifying Appositional Rate of Primary Periosteal Cortices |
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222 | (1) |
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Histological Features and Apposition Rate: Comparative Results |
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223 | (4) |
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Semiquantitative Approach |
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223 | (2) |
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Recent Efforts Toward a Full Quantitative Approach |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (18) |
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The Multiple Functional Involvements of Bone Remodeling |
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229 | (2) |
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Basic Multicellular Unit and Bone Structure Unit, the Basic Units of Bone Remodeling |
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231 | (6) |
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231 | (1) |
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Basic Structure and Functioning of the Haversian BMU |
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231 | (2) |
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The Haversian BSU, i.e., the Secondary Osteon |
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233 | (3) |
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Histological Structure of BMU and BSU in Trabecular Remodeling |
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236 | (1) |
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The Multiple Regulation Processes of Bone Remodeling |
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237 | (2) |
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Remodeling and Bone Damage Repair |
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237 | (1) |
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Remarks on the Regulation of Adaptive Remodeling |
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237 | (1) |
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Phosphocalcic Homeostasis and the Endocrine Regulation of Bone Remodeling |
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238 | (1) |
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Contribution of Vitamin D to Phosphocalcic Homeostasis |
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238 | (1) |
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Influence of the Central and Sympathetic Nervous Systems on Remodeling |
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239 | (1) |
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The Message of Remodeling in Fossil Bones |
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239 | (3) |
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A Basic Clue in Paleophysiology |
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240 | (1) |
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Remark on the Histomorphometry of Bone Remodeling in Extant and Extinct Taxa |
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241 | (1) |
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Remodeling Pattern as a Clue for the Estimation of Ontogenetic Age in Fossils |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (5) |
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12 Remarks on Metaplastic Processes in the Skeleton |
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247 | (10) |
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Definition and Development of Metaplastic "Osseous" Tissues |
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247 | (1) |
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Osteoderms and Dermo-osseous Metaplasia |
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248 | (3) |
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Calcified Tendons of Ornithodirans |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (3) |
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257 | (32) |
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13 Histology of Dental Hard Tissues |
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259 | (30) |
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Tooth Germs and the Embryonic Origins of Dentine, Enamel and Cementum |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (8) |
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262 | (1) |
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Mineralization and Mineralizing Front Morphology |
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262 | (1) |
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Matrix Vesicles, Calcospherites, Interglobular Dentine and Secondary Nucleation |
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262 | (2) |
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Periodic Growth Layer Lines in Dentine |
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264 | (1) |
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Annual Growth Layers and Growth Layer Groups |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Longer Interval Incremental Lines: A Few Too Many Days |
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264 | (1) |
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Much Longer Aperiodic Growth Disturbance Lines: Neonatal Line |
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264 | (1) |
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Calcospherites and Polarized Light Microscopy |
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264 | (1) |
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Von Korff Fibers in Early Dentine Mineralization |
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265 | (1) |
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Tubule-Centered Mineralization |
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266 | (1) |
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Collagen Orientation in the Tubule Wall |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Side Branches of Dentine Tubules |
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267 | (1) |
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Postmortem Changes: Microbial and Fungal Bore Holes in Dentine |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Curvature of Dentine Tubules: Sinusoidal Oscillations and Decussations |
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268 | (1) |
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Vasodentine and Osteodentine in Beaked Whales |
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268 | (1) |
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Secondary, Tertiary and Responsive Reparative Dentine Phases |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (8) |
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Prisms and Packing Patterns |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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Relative Cell Movement Within the Ameloblast Layer |
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272 | (1) |
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Rodent Incisor Inner-Enamel Decussation |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Periodic Growth Layer Lines in Enamel |
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272 | (1) |
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Cross Striations or Varicosities: Circadian Rhythms |
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272 | (5) |
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Regular-Period Striae of Retzius: Multidien Rhythms |
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277 | (1) |
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Perikymata or Imbrication Lines at Tooth Surface: Prism-Free Layer |
|
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277 | (1) |
|
Growth Disturbance Lines: Hypoplasia |
|
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
|
Maturation and Surface Enamel Composition |
|
|
277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
|
Enamel Tubules and Spindles, Tufts and Lamellae |
|
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
|
Roots and Cementum: Crowns and Coronal Cementum |
|
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
|
Secondary Cementum (See Also Dentine Resorption) |
|
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
|
The Cement-Dentine Junction Region in Murine Molars: Incorporation of Hertwig's Root Sheath |
|
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
|
Annual Period of Cementum Deposition |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
|
Air Polishing and Air Abrasion |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
|
Replicas and 3D Resin Casts for Scanning Electron Microscopy |
|
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282 | (1) |
|
"Thin" Sections and Laser Ablation Microtomy (LAM) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
|
Reflected Light Confocal Microscopy |
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282 | (2) |
|
Reflected Light Metallurgical Microscope |
|
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284 | (1) |
|
Rotating Condenser Aperture |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Flatbed Scanner: 3D Images |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
BSE-SEM "at Bad Vacuum", High Chamber Pressure, No Coating and Instant Gratification SEM |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Faxitron™ Point Projection Digital Microradiography |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Scanning X-Ray Microscopy |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
X-Ray Microtomography (XMT or μCT) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Simultaneous-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (si-LA-ICP-MS) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
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|
285 | (1) |
|
|
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (3) |
|
Section V Phylogenetic Diversity of Skeletal Tissues |
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289 | (326) |
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291 | (3) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (31) |
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294 | (8) |
|
The Clades (Or Presumed Clades) |
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302 | (16) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (1) |
|
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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|
311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (3) |
|
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (6) |
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325 | (20) |
|
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|
|
|
Phylogenetic, Evolutionary and Biological Considerations |
|
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326 | (2) |
|
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326 | (1) |
|
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327 | (1) |
|
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327 | (1) |
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|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Bone Microanatomy and Histology |
|
|
328 | (11) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Postcranial Dermal Bone Microstructure (Scales and Rays) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Skull and Girdle Bone Microstructure |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Fin Bone Microanatomy and Histology |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Postcranial Dermal Bone Microstructure (Scutes and Rays) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Skull and Girdle Bone Microstructure |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Limb Bone Microanatomy and Histology |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Limb Bone Microanatomy and Histology |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Skull Bone Microstructure |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
Scute and Osteoderm Microstructure |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Long Bone Microanatomy and Microstructure |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Limb Bone Microanatomy and Histology |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Skull Bone Microstructure |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Skull Bone Microstructure |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (6) |
|
|
|
345 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Definition of Lissamphibians and General Phylogenetic Affinities |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Microanatomical and Histological Features of Long Bones |
|
|
347 | (6) |
|
Microanatomical Features in the Caudata |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Bone Histology in Caudata |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Microanatomical Features of Long Bones in the Anura |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Histology of Anuran Long Bone Cortices |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Remarks on Other Skeletal Elements |
|
|
353 | (4) |
|
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
Gross Vertebral Organization in Lissamphibians |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Anuran Osteoderms and Gymnophiona "Scales" |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Skeletal Neoteny |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (4) |
|
18 Early Amniotes and Their Close Relatives |
|
|
363 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Histological Survey and Paleobiological Inferences |
|
|
364 | (15) |
|
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Skeletal Microstructure in Diadectes |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Limnoscelis |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Mesosaurs |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
Dental Microstructure in Mesosaurs |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Procolophonoids |
|
|
368 | (2) |
|
Dental Microstructure in Procolophonoids |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Dental Microstructure of Other Basal Parareptiles |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Pareiasaurs |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Undetermined Small "Romeriid" Amniote (Protorothyrididae or Diapsida) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Captorhinus |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Labidosaurus |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Moradisaurus |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Dental Microstructure in Captorhinus |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Dental Microstructure in Moradisaurus |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Dictybolos |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Araeoscelis |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Bone Microstructure in Coelurosauravus |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Bone Histodiversity of Early Amniotes and Their Relatives |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Dental Microstructure and Insertion in Early Amniotes |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Early Amniote Paleobiology and the Permo-Triassic Crisis |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (4) |
|
|
|
385 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Phylogenetic Position and Anatomical Peculiarities |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Recent Histological Studies |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Skeletal Microstructures in Turtles |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Shell Bones and Osteoderms |
|
|
389 | (5) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
The General Construction of Turtle Shell Bones |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
The Plywood-Like Pattern of Soft-Shelled Turtles |
|
|
389 | (4) |
|
External Ornamentation of Shell Bones |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Sutural Growth of Shell Bones |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Ossicles of the Secondary Epithecal Shell of Dermochelyidae |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Osteocytes and Osteocyte Lacunae |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Accessory Osteoderms and Ossicles |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Institutional Abbreviations |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (5) |
|
|
|
399 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Studies of Skeletal Histology in Lepidosaurs |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (19) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Microanatomical and Histological Structure of Limb Long Bones in Lizards |
|
|
400 | (4) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Vertebrae and Ribs in Lizards and Snakes |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Remarks on Skull Bones and Teeth in Lizards and Snakes |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Aigialosaurs and Mosasaurs |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
General Features of Mosasauroidea |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Microanatomy and Histology of Ribs |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Microanatomy and Histology of Vertebrae |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Microanatomy and Histology of Limb Long Bones |
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Paleobiological and Paleoecological Inferences |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
The Strange Case of Marine Cenomanian Snakelike Forms |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
"Dolichosaurs" and Hind-Limbed Snakes |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Structure of the Ribs and Vertebrae |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
A Note on the Inner Structure of Reduced Limbs |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Paleobiological and Paleoecological Inferences |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Overview of Rhynchocephalian Skeletal Structures |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (5) |
|
21 Sauropterygia: Placodontia |
|
|
425 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Overview of Endoskeletal Element Studies |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Overview of Studies of Dermal Armor Elements |
|
|
426 | (4) |
|
New Data from Cyamodus hildegardis from the Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Institutional Abbreviations |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
432 | (3) |
|
22 Sauropterygia: Nothosauria and Pachypleurosauria |
|
|
435 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Overview of Histological Studies |
|
|
436 | (5) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Institutional Abbreviations |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (3) |
|
23 Sauropterygia: Histology of Plesiosauria |
|
|
444 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
History of Research on Plesiosaur Histology |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Descriptions by Skeletal Region |
|
|
446 | (6) |
|
Skull: Dental Histology Only |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Limb Bones Other Than Propodials |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Growth, Skeletochronology and Life History |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Qualitative Indicators of Fast Growth |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Ontogenetic Changes and Histologic Ontogenetic Stages |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Growth Rates and Resting Metabolic Rates |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Bone Density: Vertebrae and Propodials |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Paleobiological and Evolutionary Implications |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Fast Growth and Endothermy |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (3) |
|
|
|
458 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
History of Research on Ichthyosaur Histology |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Descriptions by Skeletal Region |
|
|
459 | (4) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Growth, Skeletochronology and Life History |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Paleobiological and Evolutionary Implications |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
25 Archosauromorpha: From Early Diapsids to Archosaurs |
|
|
467 | (19) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Champsosaurus and Simoedosaurus |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Non-Archosauriform Archosauromorphs |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Aenigmastropheus parringtoni |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Tanystropheus and Macrocnemus (Tanystropheidae) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Stenaulorhynchus stockleyi |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Hyperodapedon and Teyumbaita sulcognathus |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
The Phytosaurs (Parasuchia) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
The Archosauria: Noncrocodylomorph Pseudosuchia |
|
|
477 | (4) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Aetosauria (Stagonolepididae) |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
26 Archosauromorpha: The Crocodylomorpha |
|
|
486 | (25) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Crocodylian Family Tree |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Early Crocodylomorphs |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
The Crocodylomorph Skeleton in Histological Literature |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Eusuchia and Related Forms |
|
|
489 | (8) |
|
General Microanatomic Features of Long Bones and Ribs |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Remarks on Ribs and Vertebrae |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Skull Roof Elements and Osteoderms |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Remarks on Susisuchus and Goniopholis |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
The Tethysuchia: Dyrosaurs and Sarcosuchus |
|
|
497 | (2) |
|
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
Microanatomy of Thalattosuchian Skeletons |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Histology of Thalattosuchian Bones |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
Notosuchia and Peirosaurids |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Basal Crocodylomorphs: The Sphenosuchians Terrestrisuchus/Saltoposuchus and Hesperosuchus |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (6) |
|
27 Archosauromorpha: Avemetatarsalia - Dinosaurs and Their Relatives |
|
|
511 | (39) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Nondinosaurian Avemetatarsalia |
|
|
512 | (9) |
|
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
Basal (Nondinosaur, Nonpterosauromorph) Avemetatarsalians |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (4) |
|
Ornithodira: Nondinosaurian Dinosauromorpha |
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
|
|
521 | (21) |
|
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (2) |
|
Theropoda: Nonavian Forms |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
The Transition from Basal Maniraptorans to the First Birds |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
History of the Question of the Evolution of Avian Growth Rates and Metabolism |
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
Growth in Extant (Crown-Group) Birds |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
The Problem of Medullary Bone |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Some Functional Questions about Nonavian Dinosaurs |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Histological Problems in Dinosaurian Growth |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Interindividual Differences in Body Size Versus Age |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
The Problem of Phyletic Dwarfism |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
What Explains the Distribution of Secondary Bone Tissue Among Elements in a Skeleton? |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
General Conclusions to the Paleohistological Consideration of the Ornithodira |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (7) |
|
28 Nonmammalian Synapsids |
|
|
550 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction to Nonmammalian Synapsids |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
|
553 | (7) |
|
Basal Therapsids and Dinocephalians |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
Nonmammaliaform Cynodonts |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
Summary of Nonmammalian Synapsid Histology |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (4) |
|
29 Diversity of Bone Microstructure in Mammals |
|
|
564 | (51) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Origin and Mesozoic Mammals |
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Preliminary Remarks on Comparative Bone Histology in Mammals |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Morganucodon and the Allotheria (Multituberculates) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Prototheria (Monotremes and Stem Group) |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Remark on Epiphyseal Structure in the Prototherians |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Long Bone and Rib Microstructure |
|
|
571 | (2) |
|
Skeletal Microstructures of the Metatheria |
|
|
573 | (3) |
|
Epiphyseal Characteristics of Metatherian Long Bones |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Microanatomy and Histology of Limb Long Bones |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Rib Structure |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
Long Bones and Ribs in the Eutheria |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Histological Features of Long Bones in Early Eutherians |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Observations of Pantodonts |
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Afrotheria (Sirenia, Proboscidea, Desmostylia and Tubulidentata) |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
Bone Microstructure in the Sirenia |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
|
579 | (2) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial and Amphibious Cetartiodactyls |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
Aquatic Cetartiodactyls: The Cetaceans |
|
|
584 | (4) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Long Bones of the Pholidote Phataginus tricuspis |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Histological Features of Long Bones and Ribs in the Lipotyphla |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
An Overview of Mammalian Vertebral Microstructures |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Remarks on Other Skeletal Elements: Osteoderms, Baculum and Antlers |
|
|
601 | (5) |
|
Xenarthran Dermal Ossicles |
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Differentiation and Growth Process of the First Antlers |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (8) |
|
Section VI Integrative Questions |
|
|
615 | |
|
30 Phylogenetic Signal in Bone Histology |
|
|
617 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction: What is a Phylogenetic Signal? |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
How to Detect a Phylogenetic Signal |
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
When to Test for a Phylogenetic Signal |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (4) |
|
31 Cyclical Growth and Skeletochronology |
|
|
626 | (19) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Biological Rhythms and Cyclical Growth |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Tissue Sampling and Current Technical Processes in Skeletochronology |
|
|
627 | (3) |
|
Basic Methodological Options |
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
Tissue Sampling and Processing |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Structural Characteristics of Yearly Growth Marks in Bone |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
General Interpretative Framework |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (6) |
|
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Eroded and Supernumerary SGMs |
|
|
634 | (2) |
|
Remarks on LAGs in Secondary Bone |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Periodicity and Duration of SGM Formation in Bone |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Observing the Periodicity of SGMs |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Duration of Age Recording by Bone SGMs |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Structural Features of Skeletal Growth Marks in Dental Tissues |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
Diversity of Dental Tissues Containing Growth Marks |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Structure and Periodicity of Dental Growth Marks |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
A Central Tool in Biology and Paleobiology |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (5) |
|
32 Aging and senescence Processes in the Skeleton |
|
|
645 | (23) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
General Characteristics of Skeletal Aging Process |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Brief Recapitulation of Bone Structure |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Bone Senescence in a Macroanatomical Perspective |
|
|
647 | (4) |
|
Cranial Sutures and Pubic Symphysis Relief |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Age-Related Anatomical Modifications of the Spine |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Intervertebral Disk Degeneration |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
The Vertebral Body in Conventional X-Ray Imaging |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Age-Related Anatomical Modifications in Cancellous Formations of Limb Bones |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Proximal Metaphysis of the Femur |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Proximal Metaphysis of the Humerus |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Age-Related Anatomical Modifications in Cortical Bone |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Aging of Bone at a Histomorphometric Scale |
|
|
651 | (4) |
|
Age-Related Variations in Cancellous Bone |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
Age-Related Variations in Compact (Cortical) Bone |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Age at Death |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Aging of Bone at the Microscopic Scale |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
Advantages of X-Ray Microtomography |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (3) |
|
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Radiologic Approaches to Mineral Density |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density In Vivo |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Results of Quantitative Microradiography: Osteons vs Interstitial Bone |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Frequent Structural and Mineralization Abnormalities in Aged Subjects |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Occlusion of Osteocyte Lacunae |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
A Synthesis of Age-Related Bone Loss in Humans |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Remarks on Age-Related Bone Loss in Nonhuman Taxa |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Skeletal Aging Processes in Nonhuman Mammals |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Assessing Bone Senescence in Wild and Fossil Specimens |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Osteoporosis from a Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
|
|
662 | (6) |
|
33 Basic Principles and Methodologies in Measuring Bone Biomechanics |
|
|
668 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
The Hierarchical Organization of Bone Tissue, and Solid and Fluid Mechanics in the Vertebrate Skeleton |
|
|
668 | (7) |
|
Measuring and Modeling In Vivo Skeletal Mechanics and Bone Tissue Properties |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Modeling Musculoskeletal Biomechanics |
|
|
677 | (2) |
|
Application of Biomechanical Analyses to Paleontological and Comparative Questions of Function |
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
Biting Mechanics in Primates |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Modeling Locomotion in Theropods |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
|
682 | (6) |
|
34 Interpreting Mechanical Function in Extant and Fossil Long Bones |
|
|
688 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mechanobiological Evolution and Plasticity in Bone Form |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
Musculotendinous Entheses and Mechanical Function |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
Bone Cross-Sectional Shape |
|
|
695 | (6) |
|
Primary Vascular Canal Orientation |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Collagen Fiber Orientation |
|
|
702 | (3) |
|
|
|
705 | (3) |
|
|
|
708 | (4) |
|
Integrative Studies of Limb Bone Biomechanics in Relation to Bone Shape and Histomorphology |
|
|
712 | (3) |
|
Changes in Musculoskeletal Growth Allometries in Relation to Ontogenetic Biomechanics |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Ontogenetic Changes in Bone Mechanics and Histomorphology in the Goat Radius |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Ontogenetic Changes in Bone Mechanics and Histomorphology in the Emu Femur and Tibiotarsus |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Using Limb Bone Morphology to Assess Gait in Living and Extinct Mammals and Dinosaurs |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
|
|
716 | (8) |
|
35 Bone Microanatomy and Lifestyle in Tetrapods |
|
|
724 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
Methodological and Terminological Overview |
|
|
726 | (4) |
|
Data Acquisition Processes and Nature of the Raw Data |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Nature of the Samples, Location and Orientation of the Sampling Planes |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Why Study a Single Bone Element at a Time? |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
How to Code Lifestyle in Comparative Analyses |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Statistical Comparisons and the Interplay Between Function and Phytogeny |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Paleobiological Inferences |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Reference Studies in Extant Taxa |
|
|
730 | (6) |
|
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
Specializations of Major Tetrapod Taxa |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
Remarks on Fossorial and Arboreal Forms |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
|
|
733 | (2) |
|
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
Lifestyle Inferences Based on Bone Microanatomy: A Review |
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
|
|
738 | (6) |
|
36 Bone Histology and the Adaptation to Aquatic Life in Tetrapods |
|
|
744 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Typical Osseous Microanatomical Specializations Linked to an Aquatic Lifestyle |
|
|
744 | (3) |
|
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
High Variability of Patterns |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Bone Mass Increase in a Microanatomical Perspective |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Processes Possibly Involved in Bone Structure Specializations |
|
|
747 | (6) |
|
Preliminary Considerations |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
|
750 | (3) |
|
Functional Considerations |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Physiological Changes Associated with Adaptation to an Aquatic Lifestyle |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (3) |
|
37 Bone Histology and Thermal Physiology |
|
|
757 | (17) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Basic Concepts and their Historical Development |
|
|
757 | (3) |
|
Homeotherms and Poikilotherms |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
Endotherms and Ectotherms |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
Paleophysiology: Early Thoughts |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Paleophysiology: The 1970s Change of Paradigm |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
Physiological Basis of Endothermy |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Bone Histology as a Clue to Physiology |
|
|
761 | (2) |
|
Origin and Evolution of Endothermy in Synapsida |
|
|
763 | (3) |
|
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (2) |
|
Origin and Evolution of Endothermy in Diapsida |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
|
767 | (7) |
|
38 Bone Ornamentation: Deciphering the Functional Meaning of an Enigmatic Feature |
|
|
774 | (7) |
|
|
|
A Morphologically Variable and Homoplastic Feature |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Local Growth Patterns Involved in the Differentiation of Bone Ornamentation |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Possible Functions of Bone Ornamentation: The Example of Crocodylomorpha |
|
|
776 | (2) |
|
Bone Ornamentation and Heat Transfer: An Adaptation to the Ectothermic Sit-and-Wait Predator Lifestyle in Crocodylomorpha |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
Possible Involvement of Bone Ornamentation in Blood Acidity Buffering |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
The Influence of Ornamentation on the Mechanical Resistance of Bones |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
|
778 | (3) |
|
39 The Histology of Skeletal Tissues as a Tool in Paleoanthropological and Archaeological Investigations |
|
|
781 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
Histological Applications |
|
|
782 | (2) |
|
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
Histological Applications |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Histological Applications |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
Histological Applications |
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
Histological Applications |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (4) |
|
40 A Methodological Renaissance to Advance Perennial Issues in Vertebrate Paleohistology |
|
|
793 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
Controversial and Puzzling Tissue Types |
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
Going Further in Paleoecology and Paleophysiology |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
What Molecules Can Reveal |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
|
|
796 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta