This book introduces a new and still emerging theoretical framework for understanding language shift and uses this approach to explore a range of minority language communities in the United States. To date, approaches to language shift have typically relied on explaining the process through
descriptive sociolinguistic models, i.e., how the community first becomes bilingual in both the majority and minority languages and then eventually shifts entirely to the majority language. The contributions in this volume instead attribute shift to a change from local control of tightly
interconnected 'horizontal' institutions within a community to more external or 'vertical' control of those increasingly autonomous institutions outside the community; in short, language shift is driven by specific changes in community structure. In addition, unlike previous approaches to language
shift, the one proposed here is generalizable.
Following an introduction to the theory, the main five chapters in the book offer case studies of individual language communities, in different contexts and different periods. The final three chapters of the book take a broader perspective, looking beyond the United States: two leading specialists
in the field provide critical commentaries on the theoretical approach and offer refinements to a theory of language shift, before a concluding chapter draws together the findings of the case studies and reflections on the commentaries. The volume will appeal to researchers and students in the
fields of language revitalization, community studies, sociolinguistics, and social history.
1. A verticalization theory of language shift, Joshua R. Brown and Joseph Salmons
2. Politics and cooperatives: Verticalization in rural Finnish-American communities of the Upper Midwest, Mirva Johnson
3. The Great Change in midwestern agriculture: Verticalization in Wisconsin German and Wisconsin West Frisian heritage communities, Joshua Bousquette
4. The Great Change and the shift from Norwegian to English in Ulen, Minnesota, David Natvig
5. Language shift and religious change in Central Pennsylvania, Joshua R. Brown
6. Internal verticalization and community maintenance: The story of North Carolina Cherokee, Benjamin E. Frey
7. The verticalization model of language shift from a population-structure perspective: A commentary, Salikoko S. Mufwene
8. The verticalization model of language shift from a historical sociolinguistic perspective: A commentary, Anita Auer
9. Reflecting on the commentaries, Joshua Bousquette, Joshua R. Brown, Benjamin E. Frey, Mirva Johnson, David Natvig, and Joseph Salmons
Joshua R. Brown is Professor of German and Linguistics at the University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire. He is primarily interested in heritage languages, language maintenance and shift, multilingualism, and historical sociolinguistics. His work has appeared in the Journal of Language Contact, Critical Multilingualism Studies, and American Speech, among others. He is the co-editor of Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (with Simon J. Bronner; Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017) and editor of a special issue of the Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics focusing on heritage languages.
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