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E-raamat: Visual Representations in Science: Concept and Epistemology

(Aachen University, Germany)
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Visual representations (photographs, diagrams, etc.) play crucial roles in scientific processes. They help, for example, to communicate research results and hypotheses to scientific peers as well as to the lay audience. In genuine research activities they are used as evidence or as surrogates for research objects which are otherwise cognitively inaccessible. Despite their important functional roles in scientific practices, philosophers of science have more or less neglected visual representations in their analyses of epistemic methods and tools of reasoning in science. This book is meant to fill this gap. It presents a detailed investigation into central conceptual issues and into the epistemology of visual representations in science.

Chapter 4 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

Arvustused

"The monograph is an important contribution to this timely topic: a must-read for authors who wish to write, or simply learn, about visualisation in science." - Sebastian De Haro, Trinity College Cambridge, United Kingdom, Grazer Philosophische Studien

List of illustrations
vii
Preface ix
1 Introduction
1(9)
1.1 Topics and methodology
5(5)
2 What are scientific visualisations?
10(124)
2.1 Characteristics of visual representations in science
12(46)
2.1.1 Photographs
13(14)
2.1.2 Imaging techniques
27(8)
2.1.3 Data visualisations
35(6)
2.1.4 Diagrams
41(10)
2.1.5 Interim results: what can be learnt from paradigmatic instances?
51(7)
2.2 The nature of depiction
58(63)
2.2.1 Resemblance theories
66(8)
2.2.2 Conventionalism
74(10)
2.2.3 Experience-based theories
84(10)
2.2.4 Recognition theories
94(10)
2.2.5 Mixed theories and image science
104(13)
2.2.6 Interim results: what can be learnt from picture theory?
117(4)
2.3 Summary: correlations between categories and theories?
121(13)
3 Functional roles, appearances and the problem of diversity
134(75)
3.1 Context-orientated approach
136(40)
3.1.1 Exploratory vs. explanatory use
138(10)
3.1.2 Context-related problems
148(4)
3.1.3 Reasons (I) - causality and informativeness
152(8)
3.1.4 Reasons (II) - trust and reputation
160(12)
3.1.5 Interim results: what can be learnt about reasons?
172(4)
3.2 A social explanation of diversity
176(25)
3.2.1 Preliminaries on Ludwik Fleck
177(3)
3.2.2 Scientific communication - aims and modes
180(6)
3.2.3 Visual representations as proper parts of scientific communication
186(10)
3.2.4 Interim results: what can be learnt from social mechanisms?
196(5)
3.3 Summary
201(8)
4 The epistemic status of scientific visualisations
209(124)
4.1 Visual arguments?
211(32)
4.1.1 The philosophical challenge
213(5)
4.1.2 Laura Perini on visual representations in scientific arguments
218(10)
4.1.3 Giving reasons, drawing conclusions
228(12)
4.1.4 Interim results: what can be learnt from argumentation theory?
240(3)
4.2 The cognitive content of visual representations
243(43)
4.2.1 Content translatability and the reducibility thesis
245(12)
4.2.2 Perception and non-propositional content
257(14)
4.2.3 Evolutionary merits of perception
271(11)
4.2.4 Interim results: what can be learnt from theories of perception?
282(4)
4.3 The cognitive value of visualisations
286(38)
4.3.1 Educational psychology
288(6)
4.3.2 Visual representations and the varieties of knowledge
294(12)
4.3.3 Visual representations and scientific understanding
306(15)
4.3.4 Interim results: scientific images as a source of knowledge and understanding
321(3)
4.4 Summary
324(9)
5 Outlook: new responsibilities?
333(9)
Bibliography 342(19)
Index 361
Nicola Mößner currently holds a position as a lecturer at the Department of Philosophy at the RWTH Aachen University, Germany. Between 2015 and 2016, she was a Junior Fellow at the Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg Greifswald, Germany. In the philosophy of science her main interests of research comprise, on the one hand, Ludwik Flecks theory of social dynamics and infl uences on epistemic processes in science and, on the other, the epistemic status of visual representations in processes of scientifi c reasoning and communication. She edited (together with Alfred Nordmann) Reasoning in Measurement (2017) and (together with Dimitri Liebsch) Visualisierung und Erkenntnis Bildverstehen und Bildverwenden in Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften (2012). Another area of her specialisation is social epistemology. In this context she worked on the epistemology of testimony and published Wissen aus dem Zeugnis anderer der Sonderfall medialer Berichterstattung (2010).
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