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E-raamat: Vitiligo

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  • ISBN-13: 9783540693611
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Mar-2010
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783540693611

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Vitiligo has been, until recently, a rather neglected area in dermatology and medicine. Patients complain about this situation, which has offered avenues to quacks, and has led to the near orphan status of the disease. The apparently, simple and poorly symptomatic presentation of the disease has been a strong disadvantage to its study, as compared to other common chronic skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Vitiligo is still considered by doctors as a non disease, a simple aesthetic problem. A good skin-based angle of attack is also lacking because generalized vi- ligo is clearly epitomizing the view of skin diseases as simple targets of a systemic unknown dysregulation (diathesis), re? ecting the Hippocratic doctrine. This view has mostly restricted vitiligo to the manifestation of an auto-immune diathesis in the past 30 years. Thus, skin events, which are easily detected using skin biospies in most other situations, have not been precisely recorded, with the argument that a clinical diagnosis was suf? cient for the management (or most commonly absence of mana- ment) of the patient. This book is an international effort to summarize the information gathered about this disorder at the clinical, pathophysiological and therapeutic levels. Its primary aim is to bridge current knowledge at the clinical and investigative level, to point to the many unsolved issues, and to delineate future priorities for research.
Defining the Disease
Historical Aspects
3(8)
Yvon Gauthier
Laila Benzekri
Clinical Overview
11(22)
Epidemiology, Definitions and Classification
13(1)
Alain Taieb
Mauro Picardo
Introduction
13(1)
Epidemiology
14(1)
Vitiligo Vulgaris or Non-Segmental Vitiligo
14(1)
Conditions to Exclude from the Definition of NSV
14(7)
Segmental Vitiligo
21(1)
Conditions to Exclude from the Definition of SV
21(1)
Mixed Vitiligo
22(1)
Classification Issues
22(1)
References
23(2)
Histopathology
25(1)
Flavia Pretti Aslanian
Absalom Figueira
Tullia Cuzzi
Beatrice Vergier
Introduction
25(1)
Recommendations for a Proper Interpretation of Biopsies
26(1)
Histo- and Immunohistochemistry Techniques for Studying Vitiligo
27(1)
Pathological Findings
27(1)
Pathologic Stages
27(1)
Pigment Incontinence
28(1)
Findings in Perilesional and Distant Areas in Non-segmental vitiligo
28(1)
Nature of the Inflammatory Infiltrate
29(1)
Differential Diagnosis
30(1)
References
31(2)
Clinical Aspects
33(94)
Generalized Vitiligo
35(1)
Thierry Passeron
Jean-Paul Ortonne
Common Clinical Features
35(1)
Distribution
36(1)
Natural Course
37(1)
Clinical Subtypes
37(1)
Clinical Variants
37(1)
Inflammatory Vitiligo
37(1)
Multichrome Vitiligo
38(1)
Vitiligo Minor
38(1)
Blue Vitiligo
38(1)
References
38(3)
Segmental Vitiligo
41(1)
Seung-Kyung Hann
Yvon Gauthier
Laila Benzekri
Epidemiology and Clinical Features
42(1)
Epidemiology and General Features
42(1)
Clinical Features
42(1)
Precipitating Factors
43(1)
References
43(1)
Classification, Course and Prognosis
44(1)
Classification of Segmental Vitiligo on the Face (Hann)
44(1)
Classification of Segmental Vitiligo of the Face and Neck (Gauthier)
45(1)
Diagnosis, Course, and Special Locations
45(2)
Treatment Overview
47(1)
References
48(3)
Vitiligo Universalis
51(1)
Prasad Kumarasinghe
Definition and Epidemiology
51(1)
Clinical Features
52(1)
Precipitating Factors and Progression
52(2)
Influence of Previous Treatments
54(1)
Autoimmune Diseases Associated with Extensive Vitiligo and Application to VU
54(1)
Diagnosis
54(1)
Management
54(1)
Sun Protection
55(1)
Psychosocial Aspects
55(1)
Conclusions
55(1)
References
56(1)
Mucosal Vitiligo
57(1)
Davinder Parsad
Definition and Epidemiology
57(1)
Oral Mucosa
57(1)
Genital Mucosa
58(1)
Management Principles
59(1)
References
59(2)
Halo Nevi and Vitiligo
61(1)
Thomas Jouary
Alain Taieb
Definition
61(1)
Clinical Features
62(1)
Epidemiology and Associated Disorders
62(1)
Pathogenesis, Histological, Immunological, and Genetic Data
63(1)
Conclusions
64(1)
References
64(1)
Hair Involvement in Vitiligo
65(1)
Rafael Falabella
Hair, Melanocytes, and Pigmentation
65(1)
Hair Follicles
65(1)
Hair Follicle Melanocytes, Melanocyte Reservoir, and Pigment Stem Cells
66(1)
Pigmentation in the Hair Follicle
66(1)
Hair Involvement in Vitiligo
67(2)
Canities
69(1)
Poliosis
69(1)
Surgical Correction of Leukotrichia
70(1)
References
71(2)
Non-Skin Melanocytes in Vitiligo
73(1)
Raymond E. Boissy
Introduction
73(1)
Ocular Pigmentation
74(1)
Otic Pigmentation
75(2)
Leptomeningeal Pigmentation
77(1)
Conclusions
77(1)
References
77(2)
Autoimmune/Inflammatory and Other Diseases Associated with Vitiligo
79(1)
Ilse Mollet
Nanny van Geel
Jo Lambert
A General Overview of Association Studies
79(3)
Autoinflammatory/Autoimmune Diseases Associated with Vitiligo: Clinical Analysis and Relevance of the Association
82(4)
Particular and Rare Associations
86(1)
Other Reported Associations
87(1)
Acknowledgement
88(1)
References
88(3)
Vitiligo and Immunodeficiences
91(1)
Khaled Ezzedine
Sebastien Lepreux
Alain Taieb
General Background
91(1)
Vitiligo and HIV Infection
92(2)
Vitiligo and Idiopathic T-Cell Lymphocytopenia
94(1)
Vitiligo and CVID
95(1)
Complement Deficiencies and Vitiligo
95(1)
Ultraviolet Irradiation and Vitiligo
95(1)
Conclusions
96(1)
References
96(3)
Inflammatory Vitiligo
99(1)
Khaled Ezzedine
Julien Seneschal
Ratnam Attili
Alain Taieb
Introduction
99(1)
Isolated Clinically Inflammatory Vitiligo
100(1)
Clinically Inflammatory Vitiligo Associated with Other Disorders
100(1)
Differential Diagnosis
101(1)
Histological Features of Clinically Inflammatory Vitiligo versus Common Clinically Non-Inflammatory Vitiligo
102(1)
Summary and Concluding Remarks
102(2)
References
104(3)
Rare Inherited Diseases and Vitiligo
107(1)
Alain Taieb
Fanny Morice-Picard
The Interest of Studying Monogenic Disorders for the Understanding of Common NSV
107(3)
Discussion of Some Selected Monogenic Disorders
110(1)
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes
110(1)
Mitochondrial Disorders
111(1)
Breakage Disorders: Ataxia Telangiectasia and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome
112(2)
References
114(3)
Vitiligo in Childhood
117(1)
Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier
Alain Taieb
Introduction
117(1)
Epidemiology
118(1)
Classification
118(1)
Familial Background
118(1)
Clinical Characteristics
119(1)
Disease Extent and Progression
120(1)
Associated Skin Conditions
120(1)
Associated Autoimmune diseases and Laboratory Investigations
121(1)
Differential Diagnosis
121(1)
Psychological Effects of Childhood Vitiligo
121(1)
Summary of Therapeutic Issues
121(1)
References
122(1)
Late-Onset Vitiligo
123(1)
Davinder Parsad
Dipankar De
Introduction
123(1)
Definition and Epidemiological Data
124(1)
Significance of Late Onset Vitiligo
124(1)
Therapeutic Considerations
125(1)
References
125(2)
Evaluation, Assessment and Scoring
127(8)
Alain Taieb
Mauro Picardo
Introduction
127(1)
Step by Step Evaluation
128(2)
Associated Disorders and Laboratory Workup
130(1)
Skin Biopsy
130(1)
Scoring
130(1)
Interobserver Variability
130(3)
Correlations Between Assessment Variables
133(1)
Subjective Items
133(1)
References
133(2)
Quality of Life
135(4)
Davinder Parsad
Introduction and Historical Perspective
135(1)
Modern Psychological Studies
136(1)
Socio-Economic and Educational Consequences
136(1)
Quality of Life Evaluation
137(1)
References
137(2)
Natural History and Prognosis
139(4)
Davinder Parsad
Natural Course
140(1)
Stability vs. Active Disease
140(1)
Treatment Outcome and Stability of Repigmentation
140(1)
Clinical Markers of Prognosis
141(1)
Prognosis and Subtypes of Vitiligo
141(1)
References
141(2)
Defining the Disease: Editor's Synthesis
143(6)
Alain Taieb
Mauro Picardo
Clinical Assessment is Important
143(1)
Epidemiological Studies, Including Twin Studies, Are Needed
144(1)
Variable Melanocytic Targets According to Clinical Subtypes
144(1)
Lessons from Associated Diseases and Rare Syndromic Cases
144(1)
Predictive Classifications of Facial Segmental Vitiligo?
144(1)
Suboptimal Use of Pathology to Assess and Probably Understand Vitiligo
145(1)
Summary
145(1)
References
146(3)
Understanding the Disease
Pathophysiology Overview
149(4)
Mauro Picardo
Alain Taieb
From Where to Start? A Good Hierarchy of Relevant Data is Needed
149(1)
Time for a Critical Reappraisal of the Convergence Theory
150(1)
Melanocyte Loss: Survival Defect, True Destruction, or Multistep Process with Immune Acceleration?
150(1)
The Genetics Angle: Unbiased and Productive?
150(1)
Inflammation and Auto-Immunity. The Role of Stress
151(1)
Identifying and Characterizing Skin and Non Skin Cellular Anomalies in Vitiligo
151(1)
The Need for Translational Research
151(1)
Conclusions and Scope of this Book Section
152(1)
References
152(1)
Generalized Vitiligo
153(142)
Genetics
155(1)
Richard Spritz
Genetic Epidemiology
155(2)
Identification of Vitiligo Susceptibility Genes
157(1)
The Candidate Gene Approach
157(2)
The Genome-Wide Approach
159(1)
The Gene Expression Approach
160(1)
Concluding Remarks
161(1)
Acknowledgments
161(1)
References
161(4)
Environmental Factors
165(2)
The Kobner's Phenomenon
167(1)
Yvon Gauthier
Laila Benzekri
Historical Aspects and Definition
167(2)
Clinical Features
169(1)
Pathomechanisms
170(1)
The KP in the Vitiligo Clinic
171(1)
Concluding Remarks
172(1)
References
172(3)
Occupational Vitiligo
175(1)
Raymond E. Boissy
Chemicals Triggering Occupational Vitiligo
175(1)
Clinical Observations
176(2)
Mode of Action of Phenols/Catechols
178(1)
Quinones and Link with Oxidative Damage
178(1)
Staging
178(1)
References
179(2)
In Vivo Data
181(2)
Non-Invasive Methods for Vitiligo Evaluation
183(1)
Marco Ardigo
Francesca Muzio
Mauro Picardo
Valeria Brazzelli
Introduction
183(1)
Defining the Extension of Vitiligo
184(1)
Macroscopic Morphological Measurements
185(4)
Reflectance Tristimulus CIE Colourimetry
189(1)
Selected Spectral Bands and Narrow-Band Reflectance Spectrophotometry
190(1)
Non-Invasive Micro-Morphological Measurement: In Vivo-Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
190(3)
References
193(4)
Electron Microscopy
197(1)
Yvon Gauthier
Ultrastructural Study of the Epidermis
197(3)
Ultrastructural Study of the Basement Membrane
200(1)
Ultrastructural Study of Cultured Melanocytes from Vitiligo Patients
200(1)
Ultrastructural Study of the Dermis
201(1)
Concluding Remarks
202(1)
References
202(3)
Animal Models
205(1)
Gisela F. Erf
Animal Models of Autoimmune Vitiligo
205(1)
The Multifactorial Nature of Autoimmune Disorders: Application to Vitiligo
205(1)
Naturally Occurring Animal Models of Vitiligo
206(1)
Grey Horse
206(1)
The Sinclair Miniature Swine
207(1)
Water Buffalo
208(1)
The Vitiligo (C57B1/J6-vit/vit) Mouse
208(1)
The Barred Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn Chickens
209(1)
The Smyth Line Chicken Animal Model of Spontaneous Autoimmune Vitiligo
210(2)
The Genetics Basis of Smyth Line Autoimmune Vitiligo
212(1)
Inherent Melanocyte Defect in Smyth Line Autoimmune Vitiligo
212(1)
Immune System Involvement in Smyth Line Autoimmune Vitiligo
213(1)
Environmental Factors Involved in the Expression of Smyth Line Autoimmune Vitiligo
213(1)
Opportunities Provided by the Smyth Line Chicken Model for Autoimmune Vitiligo
214(1)
Experimental Model of Induced Autoimmune Vitiligo: Mouse Model for the Role of Stress
215(1)
Concluding Remarks
215(1)
References
216(3)
In Vitro Approaches
219(1)
Muriel Cario-Andre
Maria Lucia Dell'Anna
Cell Isolation and Culture
219(1)
Isolation of Skin Melanocytes and Keratinocytes
220(1)
Isolation and Culture of Skin Fibroblasts
220(1)
Isolation and Culture of Hair Follicle Melanocytes and Keratinocytes
220(1)
Isolation and Freezing of Peripheral
220(1)
Blood Mononuclear cells (PBMC)
221(1)
In Vitro Reconstructed Epidermis
221(1)
Preparation of Dead De-Epidermized Dermis
221(1)
Epidermal Reconstruction
221(1)
Functional Studies of NSV Cells Using Monolayers: Melanocytes, Keratinocytes, and Fibroblasts
222(1)
Functional Studies Using Reconstructed Epidermis
223(2)
New Analytic Techniques
225(3)
Fluorescence-Based Assays
228(1)
Proteomic
228(1)
Metabolomic/Lipidomic
228(1)
Transcriptomic
228(1)
Concluding Remarks
228(1)
References
228(3)
Oxidative Stress
231(1)
Mauro Picardo
Maria Lucia Dell'Anna
General Aspects
231(1)
Catecholamine and Biopterin Metabolisms
232(1)
Cellular Alternations Related to the Oxidative Stress
232(2)
The Possible Genetic Background
234(1)
The Systemic Oxidative Stress
235(1)
Concluding Remarks
236(1)
References
236(3)
Immune/Inflammatory Aspects
239(1)
Introduction
239(1)
Alain Taieb
Introduction
239(1)
References
240(1)
The Role of Innate Immunity in Vitiligo
240(8)
Anna Peroni
Giampiero Girolomoni
Humoral Immunity
248(1)
E. Helen Kemp
Anthony P. Weetman
David J. Gawkrodger
Melanocyte Antibodies in Vitiligo
248(5)
Other Antibodies in Vitiligo
253(1)
Interaction of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Vitiligo
253(1)
Concluding Remarks
254(1)
References
254(2)
Cell-Mediated Immunity
256(1)
I. Caroline Le Poole
David A. Norris
Immune Infiltrates in Vitiligo Skin
257(1)
T Cells and Depigmentation
257(2)
Homing of Immune Reactive T-Cells
259(1)
Vitiligo versus Melanoma T-Cell Responses
260(1)
CD4+ T Cells and Vitiligo Progression
261(1)
Melanocytes as Antigen-Presenting Cells
261(1)
Dendritic Cell Mediated Killing
262(1)
Additional Players in Cellular Immunity
262(1)
Heat Shock Proteins in Immune Activation
263(1)
Concluding Remarks
264(1)
References
264(5)
Cytokines and Growth Factors
269(1)
Genji Imokawa
Silvia Moretti
Introduction: Melanocytic Homeostasis and Cytokines/Growth Factors
270(1)
References
271(1)
The Role of Melanogenic Cytokines
272(1)
The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines
272(1)
Summary: How the Epidermal Cytokine Network May Be Impaired in Vitiligo Skin
273(1)
References
273(10)
Proopiomelanocortin and Related Hormones
283(8)
Markus Bohm
Other Hypotheses
291(4)
Mauro Picardo
Segmental Vitiligo: A Model to Understand Vitiligo?
295(16)
Particular Clinical Characteristics of Segmental Vitiligo
296(2)
Seung-Kyung Hann
The Concept of Mosaicism Applied to SV
298(4)
Alain Taieb
The Neurogenic Hypothesis in Segmental Vitiligo
302(4)
Yvon Gauthier
Laila Benzekri
Segmental Vitiligo: A Model for Understanding the Recapitulation of Repigmentation
306(5)
Hsin-Su Yu
Cheng-Che Eric Lan
Ching-Shuang Wu
Editor's Synthesis
311(8)
Mauro Picardo
Alain Taieb
Therapy
Management Overview
319(6)
Alain Taieb
Mauro Picardo
Topical Therapies
325(18)
Topical Corticosteroids
327(4)
Wietze Van der Veen
Bas S. Wind
Alain Taieb
Calcineurin Inhibitors
331(8)
N. van Geel
B. Boone
I. Mollet
J. Lambert
Vitamin D Analogues
339(4)
Mauro Picardo
Phototherapies
343(26)
PUVA and Related Treatments
345(8)
Agustin Alomar
UVB Total Body and Targeted Phototherapies
353(9)
Giovanni Leone
Adrian Tanew
Microphototherapy
362(7)
Torello Lotti
Francesca Prignano
Gionata Buggiani
Vitamins and Antioxidants: Topical and Systemic
369(6)
Mauro Picardo
Maria Lucia Dell'Anna
Systemic Treatments
375(12)
Corticosteroid Minipulses
377(4)
Davinder Parsad
Dipankar De
Other Immunosuppressive Regimen
381(6)
Markus Bohm
Empirical, Traditional, and Alternative Treatments
387(6)
Mauro Picardo
Alain Taieb
Surgical Therapies
393(24)
Background and Techniques
395(14)
Mats J. Olsson
The Outcomes: Lessons About Surgical Therapy for Vitiligo in the Past Two Decades
409(8)
Rafael Falabella
Combined Therapies for Vitiligo
417(6)
Thierry Passeron
Jean-Paul Ortonne
Camouflage
423(8)
Alida de Pase
Thomas Jouary
Photoprotection Issues
431(8)
Alessia Pacifico
Giovanni Leone
Mauro Picardo
Depigmenting Agents
439(4)
Mauro Picardo
Maria Lucia Dell'Anna
Therapy Adapted for Age, Gender, and Specific Locations
443(4)
Alain Taieb
Inka Nieuweboer-Krobotova
Psychological Interventions
447(4)
Panagiota Kostopoulou
Alain Taieb
The Patient Perspective
451(10)
Maxine E. Whitton
Alida DePase
Evidence-Based Medicine Perspective
461(10)
Jean-Paul Ortonne
Thierry Passeron
DJ Gawkrodger
Davinder Prasad
Somesh Gupta
Editor's Synthesis and Perspectives
471
Alain Taieb
Mauro Picardo