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E-raamat: In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques

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Robin A. de Graaf (Utrecht University, The Netherlands)

Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 11-Dec-2018
Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119382577

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Formaat: PDF+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 11-Dec-2018
Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781119382577

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Presents basic concepts, experimental methodology and data acquisition, and processing standards of in vivo NMR spectroscopy

This book covers, in detail, the technical and biophysical aspects of in vivo NMR techniques and includes novel developments in the field such as hyperpolarized NMR, dynamic ¹³C NMR, automated shimming, and parallel acquisitions. Most of the techniques are described from an educational point of view, yet it still retains the practical aspects appreciated by experimental NMR spectroscopists. In addition, each chapter concludes with a number of exercises designed to review, and often extend, the presented NMR principles and techniques.

The third edition of In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques has been updated to include experimental detail on the developing area of hyperpolarization; a description of the semi-LASER sequence, which is now a method of choice; updated chemical shift data, including the addition of ³¹P data; a troubleshooting section on common problems related to shimming, water suppression, and quantification; recent developments in data acquisition and processing standards; and MatLab scripts on the accompanying website for helping readers calculate radiofrequency pulses.

Provide an educational explanation and overview of in vivo NMR, while maintaining the practical aspects appreciated by experimental NMR spectroscopists
Features more experimental methodology than the previous edition
End-of-chapter exercises that help drive home the principles and techniques and offer a more in-depth exploration of quantitative MR equations
Designed to be used in conjunction with a teaching course on the subject

In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques, 3^rd Edition is aimed at all those involved in fundamental and/or diagnostic in vivo NMR, ranging from people working in dedicated in vivo NMR institutes, to radiologists in hospitals, researchers in high-resolution NMR and MRI, and in areas such as neurology, physiology, chemistry, and medical biology.

Preface

Abbreviations

xvii

Supplementary Material

xxiv

1 Basic Principles

(1)

1.1 Introduction

(2)

1.2 Classical Magnetic Moments

(2)

1.3 Nuclear Magnetization

(4)

1.4 Nuclear Induction

(2)

1.5 Rotating Frame of Reference

(1)

1.6 Transverse T2 and T2* Relaxation

(4)

1.7 Bloch Equations

(1)

1.8 Fourier Transform NMR

(3)

1.9 Chemical Shift

(3)

1.10 Digital NMR

(1)

1.10.1 Analog-to-digital Conversion

(2)

1.10.2 Signal Averaging

(1)

1.10.3 Digital Fourier Transformation

(1)

1.10.4 Zero Filling

(1)

1.10.5 Apodization

(2)

1.11 Quantum Description of NMR

(2)

1.12 Scalar Coupling

(3)

1.13 Chemical and Magnetic Equivalence

(4)

Exercises

(3)

References

(3)

2 In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy - Static Aspects

(1)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Proton NMR Spectroscopy

(47)

2.2.1 Acetate (Ace)

(1)

2.2.2 N-Acetyl Aspartate (NAA)

(1)

2.2.3 N-Acetyl Aspartyl Glutamate (NAAG)

(1)

2.2.4 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

(1)

2.2.5 Alanine (Ala)

(1)

2.2.6 γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

(1)

2.2.7 Ascorbic Acid (Asc)

(1)

2.2.8 Aspartic Acid (Asp)

(1)

2.2.9 Branched-chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, and Valine)

(1)

2.2.10 Choline-containing Compounds (tCho)

(2)

2.2.11 Creatine (Cr) and Phosphocreatine (PCr)

(1)

2.2.12 Ethanol

(1)

2.2.13 Ethanolamine (EA) and Phosphorylethanolamine (PE)

(1)

2.2.14 Glucose (Glc)

(1)

2.2.15 Glutamate (Glu)

(1)

2.2.16 Glutamine (Gin)

(1)

2.2.17 Glutathione (GSH)

(1)

2.2.18 Glycerol

(1)

2.2.19 Glycine

(1)

2.2.20 Glycogen

(1)

2.2.21 Histidine

(1)

2.2.22 Homocarnosine

(1)

2.2.23 β-Hydoxybutyrate (BHB)

(1)

2.2.24 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG)

(1)

2.2.25 myo-Inositol (mI) and scyllo-Inositol (sI)

(1)

2.2.26 Lactate (Lac)

(1)

2.2.27 Macromolecules

(2)

2.2.28 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

(1)

2.2.29 Phenylalanine

(1)

2.2.30 Pyruvate

(1)

2.2.31 Serine

(1)

2.2.32 Succinate

(1)

2.2.33 Taurine (Tau)

(1)

2.2.34 Threonine (Thr)

(1)

2.2.35 Tryptophan (Trp)

(1)

2.2.36 Tyrosine (Tyr)

(1)

2.2.37 Water

(1)

2.2.38 Non-cerebral Metabolites

(1)

2.2.39 Carnitine and Acetyl-carnitine

(2)

2.2.40 Carnosine

(2)

2.2.41 Citric Acid

(1)

2.2.42 Deoxymyoglobin (DMb)

(1)

2.2.43 Lipids

(2)

2.2.44 Spermine and Polyamines

(1)

2.3 Phosphorus-31 NMR Spectroscopy

(3)

2.3.1 Chemical Shifts

(2)

2.3.2 Intracellular pH

(1)

2.4 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

(1)

2.4.1 Chemical Shifts

(3)

2.5 Sodium-23 NMR Spectroscopy

(6)

2.6 Fluorine-19 NMR Spectroscopy

102

(2)

2.7 In vivo NMR on Other Non-proton Nuclei

104

(2)

Exercises

106

(2)

References

108

(21)

3 In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy - Dynamic Aspects

129

(1)

3.1 Introduction

129

(1)

3.2 Relaxation

129

(1)

3.2.1 General Principles of Dipolar Relaxation

129

(4)

3.2.2 Nuclear Overhauser Effect

133

(1)

3.2.3 Alternative Relaxation Mechanisms

134

(3)

3.2.4 Effects of T1 Relaxation

137

(1)

3.2.5 Effects of T2 Relaxation

138

(3)

3.2.6 Measurement of T1 and T2 Relaxation

141

(1)

3.2.6.1 T1 Relaxation

141

(1)

3.2.6.2 Inversion Recovery

141

(1)

3.2.6.3 Saturation Recovery

142

(1)

3.2.6.4 Variable Nutation Angle

142

(1)

3.2.6.5 MR Fingerprinting

143

(1)

3.2.6.6 T2 Relaxation

143

(1)

3.2.7 In Vivo Relaxation

144

(3)

3.3 Magnetization Transfer

147

(2)

3.3.1 Principles of MT

149

(1)

3.3.2 MT Methods

150

(2)

3.3.3 Multiple Exchange Reactions

152

(1)

3.3.4 MT Contrast

152

(4)

3.3.5 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST)

156

(4)

3.4 Diffusion

160

(5)

3.4.1 Principles of Diffusion

160

(1)

3.4.2 Diffusion and NMR

160

(9)

3.4.3 Anisotropic Diffusion

169

(4)

3.4.4 Restricted Diffusion

173

(2)

3.5 Dynamic NMR of Isotopically-Enriched Substrates

175

(2)

3.5.1 General Principles and Setup

177

(1)

3.5.2 Metabolic Modeling

177

(7)

3.5.3 Thermally Polarized Dynamic 13C NMR Spectroscopy

184

(1)

3.5.3.1 [ 1-13C]-Glucoseand [ 1,6-13C2]-Glucose

184

(1)

3.5.3.2 [ 2-13C]-Glucose

185

(2)

3.5.3.3 [ U-13C6]-Glucose

187

(1)

3.5.3.4 [ 2-13C]-Acetate

187

(2)

3.5.4 Hyperpolarized Dynamic 13C NMR Spectroscopy

189

(1)

3.5.4.1 Brute Force Hyperpolarization

189

(1)

3.5.4.2 Optical Pumping of Noble Gases

190

(1)

3.5.4.3 Parahydrogen-induced Polarization (PHIP)

191

(2)

3.5.4.4 Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE)

193

(1)

3.5.4.5 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP)

193

(3)

3.5.5 Deuterium Metabolic Imaging (DMI)

196

(1)

Exercises

197

(2)

References

199

(12)

4 Magnetic Resonance imaging

211

(1)

4.1 Introduction

211

(1)

4.2 Magnetic Field Gradients

211

(1)

4.3 Slice Selection

212

(3)

4.4 Frequency Encoding

215

(4)

4.4.1 Principle

215

(1)

4.4.2 Echo Formation

216

(3)

4.5 Phase Encoding

219

(2)

4.6 Spatial Frequency Space

221

(4)

4.7 Fast MRI Sequences

225

(9)

4.7.1 Reduced TR Methods

225

(1)

4.7.2 Rapid k-Space Traversal

226

(3)

4.7.3 Parallel MRI

229

(1)

4.7.3.1 SENSE

230

(3)

4.7.3.2 GRAPPA

233

(1)

4.8 Contrast in MRI

234

(2)

4.8.1 Ti and T2 Relaxation Mapping

236

(3)

4.8.2 Magnetic Field B0 Mapping

239

(2)

4.8.3 Magnetic Field B1 Mapping

241

(1)

4.8.4 Alternative Image Contrast Mechanisms

242

(1)

4.8.5 Functional MRI

243

(2)

Exercises

245

(4)

References

249

(4)

5 Radiofrequency Pulses

253

(1)

5.1 Introduction

253

(1)

5.2 Square RF Pulses

253

(6)

5.3 Selective RF Pulses

259

(1)

5.3.1 Fourier-transform-based RF Pulses

260

(2)

5.3.2 RF Pulse Characteristics

262

(4)

5.3.3 Optimized RF Pulses

266

(3)

5.3.4 Multifrequency RF Pulses

269

(2)

5.4 Composite RF Pulses

271

(2)

5.5 Adiabatic RF Pulses

273

(2)

5.5.1 Rotating Frame of Reference

275

(1)

5.5.2 Adiabatic Condition

276

(2)

5.5.3 Modulation Functions

278

(2)

5.5.4 AFP Refocusing

280

(2)

5.5.5 Adiabatic Plane Rotation of Arbitrary Nutation Angle

282

(2)

5.6 Multidimensional RF Pulses

284

(1)

5.7 Spectral-Spatial RF Pulses

284

(2)

Exercises

286

(2)

References

288

(5)

6 Single Volume Localization and Water Suppression

293

(1)

6.1 Introduction

293

(1)

6.2 Single-volume Localization

294

(1)

6.2.1 Image Selected In Vivo Spectroscopy (ISIS)

295

(2)

6.2.2 Chemical Shift Displacement

297

(4)

6.2.3 Coherence Selection

301

(1)

6.2.3.1 Phase Cycling

302

(1)

6.2.3.2 Magnetic Field Gradients

302

(2)

6.2.4 STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM)

304

(3)

6.2.5 Point Resolved Spectroscopy (PRESS)

307

(2)

6.2.6 Signal Dephasing with Magnetic Field Gradients

309

(5)

6.2.7 Localization by Adiabatic Selective Refocusing (LASER)

314

(3)

6.3 Water Suppression

317

(1)

6.3.1 Binomial and Related Pulse Sequences

318

(2)

6.3.2 Frequency-Selective Excitation

321

(2)

6.3.3 Frequency-Selective Refocusing

323

(1)

6.3.4 Relaxation-Based Methods

323

(3)

6.3.5 Non-water-suppressed NMR Spectroscopy

326

(1)

Exercises

327

(3)

References

330

(5)

7 Spectroscopic Imaging and Multivolume Localization

335

(1)

7.1 Introduction

335

(1)

7.2 Principles of MRSI

335

(3)

7.3 /c-Space Description of MRSI

338

(1)

7.4 Spatial Resolution in MRSI

339

(2)

7.5 Temporal Resolution in MRSI

341

(2)

7.5.1 Conventional Methods

343

(1)

7.5.1.1 Circular and Spherical/(r-Space Sampling

343

(1)

7.5.1.2 /c-Space Apodization During Acquisition

343

(1)

7.5.1.3 Zoom MRSI

345

(1)

7.5.2 Methods Based on Fast MRI

346

(1)

7.5.2.1 Echo-planar Spectroscopic Imaging (EPSI)

346

(3)

7.5.2.2 Spiral MRSI

349

(1)

7.5.2.3 Parallel MRSI

350

(1)

7.5.3 Methods Based on Prior Knowledge

351

(2)

7.6 Lipid Suppression

353

(7)

7.6.1 Relaxation-based Methods

353

(2)

7.6.2 Inner Volume Selection and Volume Prelocalization

355

(2)

7.6.3 Outer Volume Suppression (OVS)

357

(3)

7.7 MR Spectroscopic Image Processing and Display

360

(4)

7.8 Multivolume Localization

364

(4)

7.8.1 Hadamard Localization

365

(1)

7.8.2 Sequential Multivolume Localization

366

(2)

Exercises

368

(2)

References

370

(5)

8 Spectral Editing and 2D NMR

375

(1)

8.1 Introduction

375

(1)

8.2 Quantitative Descriptions of NMR

375

(5)

8.2.1 Density Matrix Formalism

376

(1)

8.2.2 Classical Vector Model

377

(1)

8.2.3 Correlated Vector Model

378

(1)

8.2.4 Product Operator Formalism

379

(1)

8.3 Scalar Evolution

380

(4)

8.4 J-Difference Editing

384

(11)

8.4.1 Principle

384

(1)

8.4.2 Practical Considerations

385

(4)

8.4.3 GABA, 2HG, and Lactate

389

(6)

8.5 Multiple Quantum Coherence Editing

395

(5)

8.6 Spectral Editing Alternatives

400

(2)

8.7 Heteronuclear Spectral Editing

402

(8)

8.7.1 Proton-observed, Carbon-edited (POCE) MRS

402

(5)

8.7.2 Polarization Transfer - INEPT and DEPT

407

(3)

8.8 Broadband Decoupling

410

(4)

8.9 Sensitivity

414

(1)

8.10 Two-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy

415

(14)

8.10.1 Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

416

(6)

8.10.2 J-resolved Spectroscopy (JRES)

422

(2)

8.10.3 In vivo 2D NMR Methods

424

(5)

Exercises

429

(3)

References

432

(7)

9 Spectral Quantification

439

(1)

9.1 Introduction

439

(1)

9.2 Data Acquisition

440

(3)

9.2.1 Magnetic Field Homogeneity

440

(2)

9.2.2 Spatial Localization

442

(1)

9.2.3 Water Suppression

442

(1)

9.2.4 Sensitivity

442

(1)

9.3 Data Preprocessing

443

(4)

9.3.1 Phased-array Coil Combination

443

(1)

9.3.2 Phasing and Frequency Alignment

444

(1)

9.3.3 Line-shape Correction

444

(1)

9.3.4 Removal of Residual Water

444

(2)

9.3.5 Baseline Correction

446

(1)

9.4 Data Quantification

447

(1)

9.4.1 Time-and Frequency-domain Parameters

447

(3)

9.4.2 Prior Knowledge

450

(3)

9.4.3 Spectral Fitting Algorithms

453

(4)

9.4.4 Error Estimation

457

(3)

9.5 Data Calibration

460

(1)

9.5.1 Partial Saturation

461

(1)

9.5.2 Nuclear Overhauser Effects

462

(1)

9.5.3 Transverse Relaxation

462

(1)

9.5.4 Diffusion

462

(1)

9.5.5 Scalar Coupling

462

(1)

9.5.6 Localization

463

(1)

9.5.7 Frequency-dependent Amplitude- and Phase Distortions

463

(1)

9.5.8 NMR Visibility

463

(1)

9.5.9 Internal Concentration Reference

464

(2)

9.5.10 External Concentration Reference

466

(1)

9.5.11 Phantom Replacement Concentration Reference

466

(1)

Exercises

467

(2)

References

469

(4)

10 Hardware

473

(1)

10.1 Introduction

473

(1)

10.2 Magnets

473

(5)

10.3 Magnetic Field Homogeneity

478

(1)

10.3.1 Origins of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity

478

(4)

10.3.2 Effects of Magnetic Field Inhomogeneity

482

(3)

10.3.3 Principles of Spherical Harmonic Shimming

485

(4)

10.3.4 Practical Spherical Harmonic Shimming

489

(2)

10.3.5 Alternative Shimming Strategies

491

(2)

10.4 Magnetic Field Gradients

493

(5)

10.4.1 Eddy Currents

498

(1)

10.4.2 Preemphasis

499

(4)

10.4.3 Active Shielding

503

(1)

10.5 Radiofrequency (RF) Coils

503

(1)

10.5.1 Electrical Circuit Analysis

503

(6)

10.5.2 RF Coil Performance

509

(1)

10.5.3 Spatial Field Properties

510

(2)

10.5.3.1 Longitudinal Magnetic Fields

512

(1)

10.5.3.2 Transverse Magnetic Fields

513

(1)

10.5.4 Principle of Reciprocity

514

(1)

10.5.4.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

515

(2)

10.5.5 Parallel Transmission

517

(2)

10.5.6 RF Power and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

519

(1)

10.5.7 Specialized RF Coils

520

(1)

10.5.7.1 Combined Transmit and Receive RF Coils

521

(1)

10.5.7.2 Phased-Array Coils

522

(1)

10.5.7.3 1H-[ 13C] and BC-[ 1H] RF Coils

522

(4)

10.5.7.4 Cooled and Superconducting RF Coils

525

(1)

10.6 Complete MR System

526

(1)

10.6.1 RF Transmission

526

(1)

10.6.2 Signal Reception

527

(1)

10.6.3 Quadrature Detection

528

(1)

10.6.4 Dynamic Range

529

(1)

10.6.5 Gradient and Shim Systems

530

(2)

Exercises

532

(2)

References

534

(8)

Appendix A

542

(11)

A.1 Matrix Calculations

542

(1)

A.2 Trigonometric Equations

543

(1)

A.3 Fourier Transformation

543

(3)

A.3.1 Introduction

543

(1)

A.3.2 Properties

544

(1)

A.3.2.1 Linearity

544

(1)

A.3.2.2 Time and Frequency Shifting

544

(1)

A.3.2.3 Scaling

545

(1)

A.3.2.4 Convolution

545

(1)

A.3.3 Discrete Fourier Transformation

545

(1)

A.4 Product Operator Formalism

546

(4)

A.4.1 Cartesian Product Operators

546

(2)

A.4.2 Shift (Lowering and Raising) Operators

548

(2)

References

550

(2)

E-raamat: In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques

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