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E-raamat: Voltage Control and Protection in Electrical Power Systems: From System Components to Wide-Area Control

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Voltage Control and Protection in Electrical Power Systems: From System Components to Wide-Area ControlSuurem pilt
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Based on the author’s twenty years of experience, this book shows the practicality of modern, conceptually new, wide area voltage control in transmission and distribution smart grids, in detail. Evidence is given of the great advantages of this approach, as well as what can be gained by new control functionalities which modern technologies now available can provide. The distinction between solutions of wide area voltage regulation (V-WAR) and wide area voltage protection (V-WAP) are presented, demonstrating the proper synergy between them when they operate on the same power system as well as the simplicity and effectiveness of the protection solution in this case.

The author provides an overview and detailed descriptions of voltage controls, distinguishing between generalities of underdeveloped, on-field operating applications and modern and available automatic control solutions, which are as yet not sufficiently known or perceived for what they are: practical, high-performance and reliable solutions. At the end of this thorough and complex preliminary analysis the reader sees the true benefits and limitations of more traditional voltage control solutions, and gains an understanding and appreciation of the innovative grid voltage control and protection solutions here proposed; solutions aimed at improving the security, efficiency and quality of electrical power system operation around the globe.

Voltage Control and Protection in Electrical Power Systems: from System Components to Wide Area Control will help to show engineers working in electrical power companies and system operators the significant advantages of new control solutions and will also interest academic control researchers studying ways of increasing power system stability and efficiency.

Part I Voltage Control Resources
1 Relationship Between Voltage and Active and Reactive Powers
3(10)
1.1 Grid Short Lines
3(4)
1.1.1 Reactive Power Transfer
5(1)
1.1.2 Losses
6(1)
1.2 Reactive Loads
7(1)
1.3 Grid Medium-Long Length Lines
8(2)
1.4 Grid as a Combination of Loads and Lines
10(3)
References
11(2)
2 Equipment for Voltage and Reactive Power Control
13(68)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Reactive Power Compensation Devices
14(6)
2.2.1 Shunt Capacitors
14(1)
2.2.2 Mechanically Switched Capacitors (MSC)
15(1)
2.2.3 Shunt Reactors
16(1)
2.2.4 Mechanically Switched Reactors (MSR)
17(1)
2.2.5 Multiple Compensation Device Operating Point
18(2)
2.3 Voltage and Reactive Power Continuous Control Devices
20(42)
2.3.1 Synchronous Generators
20(10)
2.3.2 Synchronous Compensators
30(2)
2.3.3 SVG: Static VAR Generators
32(9)
2.3.4 Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)
41(3)
2.3.5 Static Compensators (STATCOMs)
44(5)
2.3.6 Unified Power Flow Control (UPFC)
49(13)
2.4 Voltage and Reactive Power Discrete Control Devices: On-load Tap-changing Transformers
62(16)
2.4.1 Generalities
62(1)
2.4.2 Output Voltage Dependence on Current Turns Ratio
63(2)
2.4.3 Static Characteristic of the Transformer
65(5)
2.4.4 Link of Voltage, Reactive Power and Turns Ratio in OLTC Transformer Applications
70(6)
2.4.5 Regulating Transformers
76(2)
2.5 Conclusion
78(3)
References
79(2)
3 Grid Voltage and Reactive Power Control
81(80)
3.1 General Considerations
81(4)
3.2 Voltage-Reactive Power Manual Control
85(1)
3.2.1 Manual Voltage Control by Reactive Power Flow
86(1)
3.2.2 Manual Voltage Control by Network Topology Modification
86(1)
3.3 Voltage-Reactive Power Automatic Control
86(70)
3.3.1 Automatic Voltage Control by OLTC Transformer
87(3)
3.3.2 Automatic Voltage Control (AVR) of Generator Stator Edges
90(9)
3.3.3 Automatic Voltage Control by Generator Line Drop Compensation (Compounding)
99(7)
3.3.4 Generalities on Automatic High Side Voltage Control at a Substation
106(2)
3.3.5 Automatic High Side Voltage Control at a Power Plant
108(10)
3.3.6 Automatic Voltage-Reactive Power Control by SVC
118(15)
3.3.7 Automatic Voltage-Reactive Power Control by STATCOM
133(15)
3.3.8 Automatic Voltage-Reactive Power Control by UPFC
148(8)
3.4 Conclusion
156(5)
References
157(4)
Part II Wide Area Voltage Control
4 Grid Hierarchical Voltage Regulation
161(72)
4.1 Structure of the Hierarchy
161(29)
4.1.1 Generalities
161(4)
4.1.2 Basic SVR and TVR Concepts
165(1)
4.1.3 Primary Voltage Regulation
166(4)
4.1.4 Secondary Voltage Regulation: Architecture and Modelling
170(16)
4.1.5 Tertiary Voltage Regulation
186(4)
4.2 SVR Control Areas
190(39)
4.2.1 Procedure to Select Pilot Nodes and Define Control Areas
190(3)
4.2.2 Procedure to Select Control Generators
193(2)
4.2.3 Power Flow and Optimal Power Flow Computation in the Presence of Secondary Voltage Regulation
195(1)
4.2.4 Examples of Pilot Node and Control Power Station Selection
196(14)
4.2.5 Examples of Control Apparatuses Required by SVR
210(11)
4.2.6 SVR Dynamic Performance During Tests in Real Grids
221(7)
4.2.7 General Considerations on Practical Issues
228(1)
4.3 Conclusion
229(4)
References
230(3)
5 Examples of Hierarchical Voltage Control Systems Throughout the World
233(30)
5.1 French Hierarchical Voltage Control System
233(9)
5.1.1 General Overview
233(1)
5.1.2 Original Secondary Voltage Regulation and Its Limits
234(3)
5.1.3 Coordinated Secondary Voltage Control (CSVC)
237(3)
5.1.4 Performance and Results of Simulations
240(1)
5.1.5 Final Comments on French Hierarchical Voltage Control Power System
240(2)
5.2 Italian Hierarchical Voltage Control System
242(6)
5.2.1 General Overview
242(2)
5.2.2 Power System Operation Improvement
244(4)
5.2.3 Final Remarks on Italian Hierarchical Voltage Control System
248(1)
5.3 Brazilian Hierarchical Voltage Control System
248(7)
5.3.1 General Overview
248(2)
5.3.2 Results of Study Simulations
250(4)
5.3.3 Conclusions on the Brazilian Voltage Control System
254(1)
5.4 Romanian Hierarchical Voltage Control System
255(5)
5.4.1 Characteristics of the Studied System
255(1)
5.4.2 SVR Area Selection
255(5)
5.5 Chinese Hierarchical Voltage Control System
260(3)
References
261(2)
6 SVR Dynamic Tests with Contingencies
263(34)
6.1 Tests Without Contingencies in Large Power Systems
263(19)
6.1.1 Tests on Italian Hierarchical Voltage Control System
264(3)
6.1.2 Tests on South Korean Hierarchical Voltage Control System
267(1)
6.1.3 Tests on South African Hierarchical Voltage Control System
267(15)
6.2 Tests with Contingencies in Large Power Systems
282(15)
6.2.1 Tests on Line-Opening
282(8)
6.2.2 Tests on Generator Tripping
290(6)
References
296(1)
7 Economics of Voltage Ancillary Service
297(22)
7.1 General Overview
297(2)
7.2 Cost/Benefit Analysis of Voltage Service
299(9)
7.2.1 Generation Costs
299(2)
7.2.2 Transmission Costs
301(1)
7.2.3 Voltage-VAR Control Benefits
302(5)
7.2.4 SVR-TVR Cost/Benefit Illustrative Case
307(1)
7.3 Economic Performance Recognition of Voltage Service
308(11)
7.3.1 Voltage Service with SVR: Role Played by Power Plant Voltage and Reactive Power Regulator (SQR)
310(1)
7.3.2 Voltage Service Indicators
311(4)
7.3.3 Simplicity, Correctness and Indubitableness of Proposed Indicators
315(1)
References
316(3)
8 Voltage Stability
319(82)
8.1 General Overview on Stability
319(2)
8.2 Electrical Power System Stability
321(20)
8.2.1 Transient Stability
322(4)
8.2.2 Steady-State Stability
326(2)
8.2.3 Generator AVR Contribution to Steady-State Stability
328(6)
8.2.4 SVR Contribution to Angle Stability
334(7)
8.3 Voltage Stability: Introduction
341(60)
8.3.1 Relationship Between Load Power and Network Voltage...
343(39)
8.3.2 Distinguishing Voltage Instability from Voltage Collapse...
382(7)
8.3.3 Voltage Instability and Bifurcation Analysis
389(10)
References
399(2)
9 Voltage Instability Indicators
401(64)
9.1 Introduction
402(2)
9.2 Off-line Voltage Instability Indicators
404(7)
9.2.1 Basics of Off-line Indices Based on Jacobian Singular Values
406(3)
9.2.2 Basics of Off-line Indices Based on Load Margin
409(1)
9.2.3 Final Comment
410(1)
9.3 Real-time PMU-based Voltage Instability Indicators
411(28)
9.3.1 Introduction
411(2)
9.3.2 Thevenin Equivalent Identification Algorithm
413(5)
9.3.3 Description of Proposed Real-time Identification Algorithm
418(3)
9.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis of the Identification Method
421(5)
9.3.5 Algorithm Application to Dynamic Thevenin Equivalent
426(4)
9.3.6 Algorithm Application to the Italian 380/20-kV Network
430(9)
9.4 Real-time Voltage Instability Indicators V-WAR-based
439(11)
9.4.1 The Real-time and On-line Index
440(1)
9.4.2 Voltage Stability Index Definition
441(1)
9.4.3 Voltage Stability Index Computation and Meaning
441(1)
9.4.4 Crucial Role Played by Tertiary Voltage Regulation
442(1)
9.4.5 Voltage Stability Index Control Function
443(1)
9.4.6 Functional Performances
443(5)
9.4.7 Comparison with Off-line Voltage Stability Indices
448(2)
9.5 Real-time Voltage Instability Indicators Based on Grid Area Reactive Power Injection
450(1)
9.6 A Variety of Real-time Voltage Instability Indicators Based on Phasor Measurements Units Data
451(11)
9.6.1 Real-time Indices Based on the Thevenin Equivalent Identification Method
452(3)
9.6.2 Index Performance in Front of Load Increase
455(4)
9.6.3 Index Performance in Front of Large Perturbations
459(3)
9.7 Final Remarks
462(3)
References
463(2)
10 Voltage Control on Distribution Smart Grids
465(32)
10.1 Introduction
465(3)
10.1.1 Generalities
466(1)
10.1.2
Chapter Objective
467(1)
10.2 Generalities on Medium Voltage Grid and Primary Cabin Schemes
468(2)
10.3 Generalities of Primary Cabin Voltage Control
470(3)
10.4 PCVR Basic Control Schemes
473(6)
10.4.1 OLTC Operation in Presence of PCVR
473(2)
10.4.2 Islanded Grid Voltage Regulation
475(1)
10.4.3 Automatic Voltage Regulation of HV or MV PC Bus Bars
475(2)
10.4.4 Block Diagrams of PCVR Control Functions
477(2)
10.5 Automatic Reactive Power Flow Regulation on the PC HV Bus Bar
479(2)
10.6 Analysis of PCVR and PCQR Control Logics and Results
481(12)
10.6.1 Case of Reactive Power Flow Entering Feeder by HV Bus Bar
484(3)
10.6.2 Case of Reactive Power Flow Sent by Feeder into PC HV Bus Bar
487(2)
10.6.3 OLTC Tap Control by PC-CC Operating as PCVR
489(2)
10.6.4 OLTC Control by PC-CC During PCQR Operation
491(2)
10.7 Conclusions
493(4)
References
494(3)
11 Wide Area Voltage Protection
497(46)
11.1 Introduction
498(3)
11.2 Area Voltage Protection Based on SVR-TVR and Real-Time Indicators
501(11)
11.2.1 Basics of Real-time SVR-TVR VSIj(t) Index Computing
502(1)
11.2.2 Basics of Real-time V-WAR and V-WAP Coordination
503(2)
11.2.3 Wide Area Voltage Stability Protection Philosophy Based on SVR-TVR VSl(t)
505(3)
11.2.4 Simulation Results of V-WAP Based on SVR-TVR VSI/t)
508(4)
11.3 Area Voltage Protection Based on Reactive Power Inflow Real-time Voltage Stability Indicator
512(16)
11.3.1 Basics of Real-time VSI;(f) Index Linked to V-WAP Referring to a Power System Area-i
517(1)
11.3.2 Wide Area Voltage Stability Protection Philosophy Based on dQin tot(t) Indicator
518(2)
11.3.3 Simulation Results of V-WAP Based on dQintot(t)
520(8)
11.4 Area Voltage Protection Based on PMU and Related Real-time Voltage Stability Indicator
528(9)
11.4.1 Basics of Real-time VSI-PMU(t) Index Linked to V-WAP
529(2)
11.4.2 Wide Area Voltage Stability Protection Philosophy Based on VSI-PMU(t)
531(2)
11.4.3 V-WAP Based on VSI-PMU(t) Simulation Results
533(4)
11.5 Area Voltage Protection Based on System Jacobian Computing Combined with OEL and OLTC Real-time Information
537(2)
11.6 Conclusions
539(4)
References
541(2)
Appendix
543(11)
Appendix A
543(11)
Synchronous Machine Ideal Model
543(3)
Generator Operating on a Large Power System
546(8)
Reference 554(1)
Index 555
Dr. Sandro Corsi, is a senior scientist and project manager at CESI S.p.A.. Formerly, he has been manager and head of the voltage control office at ENEL Research Department. His main interests are in studies, consultancies, specifications, design and applications in real power systems of grid voltage controls, generator controls, power electronics, HVDC systems, substation automation, grid security and protection systems, advanced control and communication methods and technologies. He has a wide experience in field applications, in Italy and further afield, of grid support control systems. His international experience also includes projects related to SCADA/EMS, tailored energy markets and grids integration to UCTE/ETNSO pool. He pioneered the studies and applications of the Transmission Network Automatic Voltage Regulation and Wide Area Protection Systems. On renewable energy, he has a long experience of studies and field applications of special control systems in photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells generators and power stations. Member of: CIGRE, IEEE-PES and CEI WGs and SCs. Member of IREP Board of Directors and IET-GTD; IJRET Editorial Boards. Author of more than 100 technical papers in the main Conferences Proceedings and Reviews on power system stability, control and protection. Reviewer of IEEE-Transactions, and for IET, Elsevier, EPSR , IJRET and International Conference papers.
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