| Preface |
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v | |
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1 Molecular Structures of Water and Its Features |
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1 | (88) |
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1.1 The New Theory of Molecular Structure in Water and Experimental Evidences |
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1 | (9) |
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1.1.1 The Structure of Water Molecule and Its Polarization Feature |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.2 The Vibrational Feature of Water Molecule and Its Size |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The Energy of Water Molecule |
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6 | (4) |
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1.2 The New Theory of Water Molecules in Water and Its Experimental Evidences |
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10 | (11) |
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1.2.1 The Features of Infrared Spectra of Absorption of Water |
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10 | (3) |
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1.2.2 The Chain and Cluster Structure of Molecules in Liquid Water |
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13 | (8) |
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1.3 The Verifications of Numerical Simulation of the New Theory |
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21 | (13) |
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1.3.1 The Methods of the Numerical Simulation and Their Results |
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21 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Quo et al.'s Methods of Numerical Simulation and Their Results |
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23 | (3) |
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1.3.3 Kuo et al.'s Result of Numerical Simulation of Structure of Water Molecules at Finite Temperature |
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26 | (1) |
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1.3.3.1 Low-energy structures: BH with OSS2 model |
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27 | (5) |
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1.3.4 The Icosahedral Cluster of 280 Water Molecules ((H2O)280) |
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32 | (2) |
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1.4 The Conformations of Self-assemble Experiments of the New Theory |
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34 | (11) |
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1.4.1 The Form of Helix Structure of Hydrogen-bonded Chains of Water Molecules in a Staircase Coordination Polymer |
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35 | (3) |
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1.4.2 Dodecameric Cluster of Water Molecules Self-assembled in an Organic Supramolecular Complex of a Cryptand |
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38 | (4) |
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1.4.3 Ring Self-assembled Structure of Water Molecules from Achiral Components |
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42 | (3) |
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1.5 The Changes of Structure of Water Molecules with Varying Temperature |
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45 | (22) |
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1.5.1 The Phase Diagram of Water |
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45 | (4) |
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1.5.2 The Properties of Molecular Structure in Vapor Phase and Its Descriptions |
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49 | (7) |
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1.5.3 The Molecular Structure of Water in Solid Phase and Its Properties |
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56 | (1) |
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1.5.3.1 The ordinary ice (Ih) |
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56 | (3) |
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1.5.3.2 The structure of ices II, III, IV and V |
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59 | (1) |
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1.5.3.3 The structures of ices VI, VII, VIII, IX and X |
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60 | (3) |
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1.5.3.4 The structures of ices XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XV |
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63 | (2) |
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1.5.3.5 The structures of vitreous ice and ice Ic |
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65 | (2) |
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1.6 The Phase Diagram for the Structure of Water Molecules |
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67 | (6) |
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1.7 The Energy Spectrum of Vibration of Water Molecules and Its Properties in Water |
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73 | (7) |
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1.8 The Ionization of Water Molecules and Its Properties |
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80 | (9) |
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82 | (7) |
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2 The Properties of Water and Its Anomalies |
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89 | (114) |
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2.1 The Basic Properties of Water |
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90 | (1) |
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2.2 The Optical Properties of Water and Its Abnormal Effects |
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90 | (14) |
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2.2.1 Refractive Index of Water and Its Anomaly |
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90 | (10) |
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2.2.2 The Light Scattering of Water |
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100 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The Infrared Absorption of Water and Its Abnormal Effects |
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101 | (3) |
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2.3 The Electromagnetic Properties of Water |
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104 | (14) |
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2.3.1 The Electromagnetic Properties of Water Molecules |
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104 | (1) |
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2.3.2 The Electric Features of Water and Its Singularities |
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105 | (5) |
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2.3.3 The Features of Change of Electromagnetic Property of Water with Varying Electromagnetic and Static Magnetic Fields and Temperature |
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110 | (6) |
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2.3.4 NMR Chemical Shift of Water and Its Peculiarities |
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116 | (2) |
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2.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Its Anomalies |
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118 | (24) |
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2.4.1 Thermal Energy and the Specific Heat of Water and Their Temperature Dependences |
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118 | (6) |
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2.4.2 The Features of Molar Volume and Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Water |
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124 | (4) |
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2.4.3 The Anomalous Peculiarities of the heat of fusion, Heat of Vaporization, Heat of Sublimation, Entropy of Vaporization and Thermal Conductivity of Water |
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128 | (3) |
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2.4.4 Properties of Melting Point, Boiling Point Molar Heat of Vaporization, Critical Point of Water and Their Anomalies |
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131 | (4) |
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2.4.5 The Properties of Thermal Diffusion Effect of Water and Its Anomaly |
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135 | (4) |
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2.4.6 Thermodynamic Features of Differently Typical Water and Their Anomalies |
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139 | (1) |
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2.4.6.1 The features of supercooled water |
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139 | (1) |
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2.4.6.2 The properties of frozen water |
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140 | (1) |
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2.4.6.3 The peculiarity of superheated water |
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140 | (1) |
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2.4.6.4 Mpemba effect of water |
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141 | (1) |
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2.5 The Mechanical Properties of Water and Its Anomalies |
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142 | (6) |
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2.5.1 The Coefficients of the Compressibility of Water and Its Anomalies |
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142 | (4) |
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2.5.2 The Viscosity of Water and Its Properties |
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146 | (2) |
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2.6 The Properties of Changes in the Structure and Distribution of Molecules in Water in Different Cases |
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148 | (19) |
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2.6.1 The Changes in the Molecular Structure of Water Under Action of High Pressure |
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148 | (1) |
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2.6.2 The Changes in the Number of Nearest Neighbors of Water Molecules in Different Cases |
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149 | (1) |
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2.6.3 The Properties of Motion of Hydrogen Atoms and Molecules in Water |
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150 | (2) |
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2.6.4 The Changes of Vibrational States in Different Water |
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152 | (1) |
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2.6.5 Changes of Thermodynamic Feature of H2O and D2O Liquids |
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152 | (5) |
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2.6.6 The Influences of Solutes and Non-Polar Gases on the Features of Water and Its Solubility |
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157 | (2) |
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2.6.7 The Affections of Salt on Properties of Water |
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159 | (2) |
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2.6.8 The Features of Changes of Speed of Propagation of Sound in Water |
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161 | (2) |
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2.6.9 Changes Density of Distribution of Molecules in Water and its Anomaly in Different Conditions |
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163 | (4) |
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2.7 The Properties of Surface Water and Interfacial Water and Their Anomalies |
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167 | (6) |
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2.7.1 The Features of Surface Tension Coefficient of Water and Its Anomalous Changes |
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167 | (4) |
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2.7.2 The Surface is more Dense than that in Bulk |
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171 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Thermodynamics of the Liquid--Gas Interface for Water |
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171 | (2) |
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2.8 The Quantum Effect of Water and Its Ultrafast Vibrational Dynamics |
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173 | (30) |
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2.8.1 The Isotopic Quantum Effect of Water |
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173 | (6) |
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2.8.2 The Nuclear Quantum Effect of Water |
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179 | (3) |
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2.8.3 Unraveling Quantum Effect of Water and Its Validation |
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182 | (3) |
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2.8.4 Ultrafast Vibrational Dynamics at Water Interfaces |
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185 | (5) |
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190 | (13) |
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3 The Magnetic Field Effects on Water and Its Magnetization |
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203 | (122) |
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3.1 Investigations on the Interaction of Magnetic Field with Water |
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203 | (7) |
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3.2 Method of Magnetization of Water and Its Technique of Inspection |
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210 | (7) |
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3.2.1 The Correct Method of Magnetization of Water |
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210 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Identified and Inspected Technique of Magnetized Effect of Water |
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211 | (5) |
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3.2.3 Ichiro et al.'s Mechanism of Magnetization of Water Cannot be Accepted |
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216 | (1) |
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3.3 Basic Properties of Magnetized Water |
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217 | (20) |
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3.3.1 Optical Features of Magnetized Water and Corresponding Light Spectra |
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217 | (1) |
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3.3.1.1 Properties of visible and ultraviolet spectra of magnetized water |
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217 | (2) |
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3.3.1.2 Raman spectra of scattering of magnetized water |
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219 | (1) |
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3.3.1.3 Features of infrared absorption of magnetized water |
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220 | (5) |
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3.3.2 The Changes of Mechanical Property of Magnetized Water |
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225 | (1) |
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3.3.2.1 Influence of magnetic field on surface tension force of water |
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225 | (3) |
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3.3.2.2 The changes of viscosity and rheology features of magnetized water |
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228 | (4) |
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3.3.2.3 Influences of the magnetic field on the viscosity of magnetized water |
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232 | (1) |
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3.3.3 The Changes of Electromagnetic Property of Magnetized Water with Varying Externally Applied Field and Magnetized Times |
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233 | (2) |
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3.3.4 The Change of the Thermodynamic Feature of Water Resulting from the Magnetic Field |
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235 | (2) |
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3.4 The Confirmation of Magnetism of Magnetized Water |
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237 | (16) |
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3.4.1 Saturation and Memory Effects of Magnetized Water and Its Hysteresis Curve |
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237 | (1) |
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3.4.1.1 Changed rules for magnetic effect on water with increase in magnetized time and magnetic field strength as well as its saturation effect |
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237 | (3) |
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3.4.1.2 Changes in the feature of magnetized water with decreasing magnetic field and its memory effect |
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240 | (1) |
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3.4.1.3 Hysteresis curve of magnetized water |
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241 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Feature of Interaction of Magnetized Water with Magnetic Nano-Materials |
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243 | (2) |
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3.4.3 Levitation of Magnetized Water in a Magnetic Field and Its Magnetism |
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245 | (1) |
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3.4.3.1 Levitation of magnetized water and its properties |
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245 | (3) |
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3.4.3.2 Discussion of experimental results and the mechanism of magnetized water |
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248 | (4) |
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3.4.4 Measurement of Magnetized Strength of Magnetic Water |
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252 | (1) |
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3.5 Exploration of Mechanism of Magnetization of Water |
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253 | (3) |
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3.6 The Mechanism and Theory of Proton Transfer in Ice and Its Experimental Confirmation |
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256 | (28) |
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3.6.1 The Mechanism and Theory of Proton Transfer in Ice |
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256 | (12) |
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3.6.2 Features of Proton Transfer in Hydrogen-Bonded Systems |
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268 | (4) |
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3.6.3 Mobility and Conductivity of the Protons Conductivity in Ice |
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272 | (12) |
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3.7 Mechanism and Theory of Magnetization of Water |
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284 | (3) |
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3.8 Experimental Confirmation for the Correctness of Theory of Magnetized Water |
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287 | (5) |
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3.9 Instances of Application of Magnetized Water in Biology/Medicine and a Mechanism of Biological Effect of Magnetic Field |
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292 | (10) |
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3.9.1 Biological Effects of Magnetized Water |
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292 | (1) |
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3.9.1.1 Materials and instruments |
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292 | (1) |
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3.9.1.2 The method of investigation |
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293 | (2) |
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3.9.1.3 The experimental results |
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295 | (1) |
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3.9.1.4 The discussion of the results |
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295 | (4) |
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3.9.2 The Distribution and Bio-Functions of Water in Life Bodies and a Mechanism of Biological Effect of Magnetic Field |
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299 | (3) |
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3.10 An Example of Application of Magnetized Water in Industry |
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302 | (8) |
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3.10.1 Enhancement of the Hydrophilic Features of Magnetized Water |
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302 | (1) |
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3.10.2 Changes in the Properties of Concrete Arising from Magnetized Water |
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303 | (1) |
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3.10.2.1 Preparation of concrete containing magnetized water |
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303 | (1) |
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3.10.2.2 Influences of magnetized water on the physical property of concretes |
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303 | (7) |
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3.11 Some Examples of Application of Magnetized Water in Agriculture |
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310 | (15) |
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317 | (8) |
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4 Water Flow and Its Non-Linear Excitation States |
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325 | (64) |
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4.1 Properties of Steady Flow |
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325 | (4) |
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4.1.1 The States of Laminar Flow of Water |
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325 | (2) |
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4.1.2 The Relationship of Flow Velocity with Flow Quantity of Water |
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327 | (1) |
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4.1.3 The Relationship between Flow Velocity and Pressure and Bernoulli's Equation |
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328 | (1) |
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4.1.4 The Relationship between Flow Quantity and Pressure |
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328 | (1) |
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4.2 Water's Turbulent Flow and Its Properties |
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329 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Water's Turbulent Flow and the Reynolds Number |
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329 | (2) |
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4.2.2 The Essential Differences between Laminar and Turbulent Flows of Water |
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331 | (1) |
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4.2.3 The Dynamic Equation of Movement of the Turbulence |
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332 | (1) |
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4.2.4 The Mechanism of Form of Turbulence and Its Non-Linear Essence |
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333 | (5) |
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4.3 KdV Soliton Excitation in Water and Its Properties |
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338 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Observation of KdV Soliton Excitation in Water |
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338 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Theoretical Description of KdV Soliton in Water |
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339 | (5) |
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4.4 Observation of Non-Propagating Hydrodynamic Soliton in Water and Its Properties |
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344 | (28) |
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4.4.1 Experimental Observation of Non-Propagating Solitary Wave in Water |
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344 | (5) |
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4.4.2 The Properties of Non-Propagating Solitary Wave in Water |
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349 | (12) |
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4.4.3 The Theoretical Researches of Non-Propagating Solitary Wave in Water |
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361 | (1) |
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4.4.3.1 Miles and Larraza et al's theory |
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361 | (1) |
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4.4.3.2 The comparison of the experiment results with the results of the above theories |
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362 | (1) |
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4.4.3.3 Pang's theoretical model of non-propagating solitary wave in water |
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363 | (8) |
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4.4.3.4 Applications of the results in Pang's theoretical model |
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371 | (1) |
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4.5 Form of a Kink Soliton on the Surface of Water and Its Features |
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372 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Experimental Observation of Kink Soliton on the Surface of Water |
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372 | (5) |
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4.5.2 Theoretical Description of Kink Soliton on the Surface of Water |
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377 | (2) |
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4.6 The Vortex States of Water Flows and Its Properties |
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379 | (10) |
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4.6.1 The Vortex Movements of Water Flow and Its Mechanism of Form |
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379 | (3) |
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4.6.2 The Properties of Two-Dimensional Vortexes |
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382 | (3) |
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385 | (4) |
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5 Water with Life and Life Activity |
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389 | (73) |
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5.1 An Annotation of "There is No Life without Water" |
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390 | (5) |
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5.1.1 The Chain Structures of Protein and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules |
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390 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Annotation of Form of Chain Structure of DNA and Protein Molecules in the Process of Origin of Life |
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392 | (3) |
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5.2 An Explanation of "There is No Life Activity without Water" |
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395 | (5) |
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5.3 Elucidation of "There are no Bio-Cells and Its Proliferation without Water" |
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400 | (8) |
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5.3.1 The Structures of Bio-Cell and Water |
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400 | (4) |
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5.3.2 The Properties and Functions of Intracellular Water |
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404 | (2) |
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5.3.3 The Proliferation of Bio-cells Cannot Depart from Water |
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406 | (2) |
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5.4 No Blood Flow and Transport of Bio-nutritional Material in the Vascellum without Water |
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408 | (4) |
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5.4.1 The Compositions of Blood and Water Biological Functions |
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408 | (1) |
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5.4.2 The Properties of Blood Flow and Its Relationship with Water |
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409 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Water Participates Directly in Some Biological Processes of the Blood Circulation |
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410 | (2) |
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5.5 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Effects of Biomolecules |
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412 | (16) |
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5.5.1 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Effects of Molecules |
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412 | (3) |
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5.5.2 The Properties of Hydrophobic Hydration Effect |
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415 | (3) |
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5.5.3 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Properties of Protein Molecules |
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418 | (5) |
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5.5.4 Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Properties of DNA |
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423 | (5) |
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5.6 The Hydrations of Ions in Water in Living System |
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428 | (7) |
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5.6.1 The Hydration of Ions in Water |
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428 | (4) |
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5.6.2 The Properties of Water Clustering Around Ions |
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432 | (3) |
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5.7 Hydrations of Salts and Nanocorpuscle in Water in Living System |
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435 | (4) |
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5.7.1 The Hydration State of Salts in Biology |
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435 | (1) |
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5.7.2 The Hydration of Nanocorpuscles in Water |
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436 | (3) |
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5.8 The Interaction of Electrons with Cluster of Water Molecules |
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439 | (6) |
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5.9 Water in Life Systems is a Target of Action of Millimeter Waves |
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445 | (9) |
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5.9.1 Water Molecule's Absorption of Millimeter Wave in the Living Systems |
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446 | (2) |
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5.9.2 Thermal Effects of the Millimeter Waves and Its Biological Functions |
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448 | (4) |
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5.9.3 The Other Mechanism of Thermal Effect of Millimeter Waves |
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452 | (2) |
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5.10 Thermally Biological Effect of Infrared Lights is Due to Thermal Movement of Water Molecules |
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454 | (8) |
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5.10.1 The Mechanism of Thermally Biological Effect of Infrared Lights |
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455 | (1) |
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5.10.2 Thermally Biological Effects of Water Heating by Absorbing Infrared Light |
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456 | (4) |
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5.10.3 Infrared Transmission Spectra of Fingers and Surface of Skin |
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460 | (1) |
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5.10.3.1 Infrared transmission spectrum of person's fingers |
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461 | (1) |
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5.10.3.2 Infrared transmission spectrum of surface skin |
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461 | (1) |
| Acknowledgment |
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462 | (1) |
| References |
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463 | (8) |
| Index |
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471 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta