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E-raamat: Water Quality Indices

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(Professor, Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Chinnakalapet, Puducherry, India), (School of Advanced Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun, India)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Mar-2012
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780444543059
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Water Quality IndicesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Mar-2012
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780444543059
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This book covers water quality indices (WQI) in depth - it describes what purpose they serve, how they are generated, what are their strengths and weaknesses, and how to make the best use of them. It is a concise and unique guide to WQIs for chemists, chemical/environmental engineers and government officials.

Whereas it is easy to express the quantity of water, it is very difficult to express its quality because a large number of variables determine the water quality. WQIs seek to resolve the difficulty by translating a set of a large number of variables to a one-digit or a two-digit numeral. They are essential in communicating the status of different water resources in terms of water quality and the impact of various factors on it to policy makers, service personnel, and the lay public. Further they are exceedingly useful in the monitoring and management of water quality.

With the importance of water and water quality increasing exponentially, the importance of this topic is also set to increase enormously because only with the use of indices is it possible to assess, express, communicate, and monitor the overall quality of any water source.

  • Provides a concise guide to WQIs: their purpose and generation
  • Compares existing methods and WQIs and outlines strengths and weaknesses
  • Makes recommendations on how the indices should be used and under what circumstances they apply

Muu info

This book provides an overview of water quality indices and a guide to interpretation.
Foreword xi
I Water Quality Indices Based Predominantly On Physico-Chemical Characteristics
1 Why Water-Quality Indices
3(6)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Water-Quality Indices (WQIs)
4(1)
1.3 Back to Water-Quality Indices (WQIs)
5(1)
1.4 The First Modern WQI: Horton's Index
5(1)
1.5 More on the Benefits of WQI
6(1)
1.6 WQIs Based on Bioassessment
6(1)
References
7(2)
2 Approaches to WQI Formulation
9(16)
2.1 Introduction
9(1)
2.2 The Common Steps
9(1)
2.3 Parameter Selection
10(1)
2.4 Transformation of the Parameters of Different Units and Dimensions to a Common Scale: Making Subindices
11(4)
2.5 Assignment of Weightages
15(1)
2.6 Aggregation of Subindices to Produce a Final Index
15(3)
2.7 Characteristics of Aggregation Models
18(5)
References
23(2)
3 'Conventional' Indices for Determining Fitness of Waters for Different Uses
25(38)
3.1 General
26(1)
3.2 Brown's or the National Sanitation Foundation's Water-Quality Index (NSF-WQI)
26(3)
3.3 Nemerow and Sumitomo's Pollution Index
29(1)
3.4 Prati's Implicit Index of Pollution
30(1)
3.5 Deininger and Landwehr's PWS Index
31(1)
3.6 Mcduffie and Haney's River Pollution Index (RPI)
32(1)
3.7 Dinius' Water-Quality Index (1972)
33(1)
3.8 O'Connor's Indices
34(1)
3.9 Walski and Parker's Index
34(1)
3.10 Stoner's Index
35(1)
3.11 Bhargava's Index (1983, 1985)
36(2)
3.12 Dinius' Second Index
38(1)
3.13 Viet and Bhargava's Index (1989)
39(1)
3.14 The River Ganga Index of Ved Prakash et al.
39(1)
3.15 Smith's Index (1990)
40(7)
3.16 Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Indices (Haire et al. 1991)
47(1)
3.17 The Aquatic Toxicity Index
47(1)
3.18 Li's Regional Water Resource Quality Assessment Index (1993)
48(1)
3.19 A Two-Tier WQI
48(1)
3.20 Use of WQI To Assess Pond Water Quality (Sinha, 1995)
48(2)
3.21 Use of WQI to Study Hanuman Lake, Jabalpur (Dhamija and Jain 1995)
50(1)
3.22 Coastal Water-Quality Index for Taiwan' (Shyue et al. 1996)
50(1)
3.23 The Modified Oregon Water-Quality Index (Cude, 2001)
51(1)
3.24 The 'Overall Index of Pollution'
52(2)
3.25 The Canadian Water-Quality Index (CCME, 2001) and the Index of Said et al. (2004)
54(1)
3.26 A 'Universal' Water-Quality Index
54(1)
3.27 Improved Methods of Aggregation
55(2)
3.28 A First-Ever WQI For Vietnam
57(4)
3.29 A Comparison
61(1)
References
61(2)
4 Combating Uncertainties in Index-based Assessment of Water Quality: The Use of More Advanced Statistics, Probability Theory and Artificial Intelligence
63(4)
References
66(1)
5 Indices Based on Relatively Advanced Statistical Analysis of Water-Quality Data
67(12)
5.1 Introduction
67(1)
5.2 Harkin's Index
68(1)
5.3 Beta Function Index
69(1)
5.4 An Index with a Multi-pronged ('Mixed') Aggregation Function
69(2)
5.5 WQI for Mediterranean Costal Water of Egypt Based on Principal-Component Analysis
71(1)
5.6 WQI for Rio Lerma River
71(1)
5.7 A New WQI Based on A Combination of Multivariate Techniques
71(3)
5.8 Indices for Liao River Study
74(1)
5.9 Water-Quality Index Based on Multivariate Factor Analysis (Coletti et al., 2010)
75(1)
5.10 Study of Anthropogenic Impacts on Kandla Creek, India
76(1)
References
77(2)
6 Water-Quality Indices Based on Fuzzy Logic and Other Methods of Artificial Intelligence
79(40)
6.1 Introduction
80(1)
6.2 Fuzzy Inference
80(1)
6.3 A Primer on Fuzzy Arithmetic
81(2)
6.4 Towards Application of Fuzzy Rules in Developing Water-Quality Indices: The Work of Kung et al. (1992)
83(3)
6.5 Assessment of Water Quality Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation and Other Approaches Towards Development of Fuzzy Water-Quality Indices
86(2)
6.6 Reach of Fuzzy Indices in Environmental Decision-Making
88(4)
6.7 A WQI Based on Genetic Algorithm
92(1)
6.8 The Fuzzy Water-Quality Index of Ocampo-Duque et al. (2006)
93(4)
6.9 ICAGA'S Fuzzy WQI
97(5)
6.10 Use of Ordered Weighted Averaging, (OWA) Operators for Aggregation
102(3)
6.11 Fuzzy Water-Quality Indices for Brazilian Rivers (Lermontov et al., 2008, 2009; Roveda et al., 2010)
105(2)
6.12 A Hybrid Fuzzy - Probability WQI
107(2)
6.13 An Entropy-Based Fuzzy WQI
109(3)
6.14 A Fuzzy River Pollution Decision Support System
112(2)
6.15 A Fuzzy Industrial WQI
114(1)
6.16 Impact of Stochastic Observation Error and Uncertainty in Water-Quality Evaluation
114(1)
References
114(5)
7 Probabilistic or Stochastic Water-Quality Indices
119(8)
7.1 Introduction
119(2)
7.2 A 'Global' Stochastic Index of Water Quality
121(3)
7.3 A Modification in the Global Stochastic Index by Cordoba et al. (2010)
124(1)
References
125(2)
8 'Planning' or 'Decision-Making' Indices
127(28)
8.1 Introduction
128(1)
8.2 Water-Quality Management Indices
128(3)
8.3 Dee's WQI-Based Environmental Evaluation System
131(1)
8.4 Zoeteman's Pollution Potential Index (PPI)
131(1)
8.5 Environmental Quality Index Presented by Inhaber (1974)
132(2)
8.6 Johanson and Johanson's Pollution Index
134(1)
8.7 Ott's NPPI
134(1)
8.8 Water-Quality Indices for Operational Management
134(2)
8.9 Index to Regulate Water-Management Systems
136(1)
8.10 Index to Assess the Impact of Ecoregional, Hydrological and Limnological Factors
136(1)
8.11 A Watershed-Quality Index
137(1)
8.12 Index for Watershed Pollution Assessment
137(1)
8.13 A GIS-Assisted Water-Quality Index for Irrigation Water
137(4)
8.14 A System of Indices for Watershed Management
141(1)
8.15 A Fuzzy WQI for Water-Quality Assessment of Shrimp Forms
141(2)
8.16 An Index to Assess Acceptability of Reclaimed Water for Irrigation
143(1)
8.17 An Index for Irrigation Water-Quality Management
143(1)
8.18 Index for the Analysis of Data Generated by Automated Sampling (Continuous Monitoring) Networks
144(3)
8.19 An Index of Drinking-Water Adequacy for the Asian Countries
147(1)
8.20 Indices for the Prediction of Stream of Quality in an Agricultural Setting
148(1)
8.21 An Index to Assess Extent of Wastewater Treatment
149(2)
8.22 Use of Indices for Prioritising Pacement of Water-Quality Buffers to Control Nonpoint Pollution
151(1)
References
151(4)
9 Indices for Assessing Groundwater Quality
155(20)
9.1 Introduction
156(1)
9.2 The WQI of Tiwari and Mishra (1985)
156(1)
9.3 Another Oft-Used Groundwater-Quality Index Development Procedure
156(2)
9.4 Index of Aquifer Water Quality (Melloul and Collin, 1998)
158(1)
9.5 Groundwater-Quality Index of Soltan (1999)
159(1)
9.6 A Groundwater Contamination Index
160(1)
9.7 An Index for Surface Water as well as Groundwater Quality
160(1)
9.8 Use of Groundwater-Quality Index, Contamination Index and Contamination Risk Maps for Designing Water-Quality Monitoring Networks
161(2)
9.9 Attribute Reduction in Groundwater-Quality Indices Based on Rough Set Theory
163(1)
9.10 Index Development Using Correspondence Factor Analysis
163(2)
9.11 Indices for Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment
165(1)
9.12 Groundwater-Quality Index to Study Impact of Landfills
165(2)
9.13 Indices for Optimising Groundwater-Quality Monitoring Network
167(1)
9.14 Economic Index of Groundwater Quality Based on the Treatment Cost
168(1)
9.15 The Information-Entropy-Based Groundwater WQI of Pei-Yue et al. (2010)
168(1)
9.16 A WQI for Groundwater Based on Fuzzy Logic
169(1)
9.17 Use of WQI and GIS in Aquifer-Quality Mapping
170(3)
References
173(2)
10 Water-Quality Indices of USA and Canada
175(12)
10.1 Introduction
175(1)
10.2 WQIs of Canada
176(4)
10.3 WQIs of the USA
180(1)
10.4 The WQI of Said et al. (2004)
180(5)
References
185(2)
11 WQI-Generating Software and a WQI-based Virtual Instrument
187(20)
11.1 Introduction
187(1)
11.2 The Basic Architecture of Qualidex
187(17)
Reference
204(3)
II Water Quality Indices Based On Bioassessment
12 Water-Quality Indices Based on Bioassessment: An Introduction
207(12)
12.1 Introduction
207(1)
12.2 Biotic Indices in the Context of the Evolution of Water-Quality Indices
208(3)
12.3 Stressor-Based and Response-Based Monitoring Approaches
211(3)
12.4 Biotic Indices - General
214(1)
References
215(4)
13 The Biotic Indices
219(30)
13.1 Introduction
220(1)
13.2 The Challenge of Finding 'Control' Sites
221(1)
13.3 The Cost Associated with the Use of Biological Assessments of Water
221(1)
13.4 Organisms Commonly used in Bioassessment
222(1)
13.5 Biotic Indices for Freshwater and Saline water Systems Based on Macroinvertebrates
223(11)
13.6 Biotic Indices as Indicators of Water Safety and Human Health Risks
234(1)
13.7 Comparison of Performances of Different Biotic Indices
235(4)
13.8 Biotic Indices and Developing Countries
239(1)
13.9 Limitations of Biotic Indices
239(1)
13.10 WQIs and BIs: An Overview
239(2)
References
241(8)
14 Indices of Biological Integrity or the Multi-metric Indices
249(88)
14.1 Introduction
250(1)
14.2 The First IBI (KARR, 1981)
251(3)
14.3 The Driver-Pressure-Stress-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Paradigm and The IBI
254(8)
14.4 Illustrative Examples of IBI Development
262(26)
14.5 Overview of IBIS Based on Different Taxa
288(13)
14.6 IBIS for Different Aquatic Systems
301(3)
14.7 Inter-IBI Comparison
304(10)
14.8 The Present and the Future of IBI
314(7)
14.9 The Now Well-Recognised Attributes of IBI
321(1)
14.10 The Shortcomings of IBI
322(2)
References
324(13)
15 Multivariate Approaches for Bioassessment of Water Quality
337(16)
15.1 Introduction
337(1)
15.2 Rivpacs
338(3)
15.3 Variants of Rivpacs
341(4)
15.4 The Multivariate Approaches and the IBI
345(3)
References
348(5)
III Looking Back, Looking Ahead
16 Water-Quality Indices: Looking Back, Looking Ahead
353(4)
16.1 Introduction
353(1)
16.2 The Best WQI?
354(1)
16.3 The Path Ahead
355(1)
16.4 The Last Word
355(1)
References
356(1)
Index 357
Tabassum-Abbasi has received her BTech, MTech, and PhD degrees in instrumentation and control engineering, environmental engineering, and environmental technology, respectively all from Pondicherry University. She too has been a class topper throughout, receiving gold medals. She has been working as Assistant Professor at the University of

Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun since January 2019, attaining senior grade (Level 2) in 2022, and selection grade (Level 3) recently. She has spent an year (2023- 24) in post-doctoral research at the University of Edinburgh as a British Council Women in Science Fellow. Besides research papers on bioprocess engineering and sustainability in highly cited journals, she has received three patents, and has registered another two. S. A. Abbasi, presently Distinguished Professor, School of Advanced Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, has earlier been a full university professor and director (1987- 2015), and Emeritus Professor (2015-2024) at the Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University. Prior to it he was the founder Head of the Water Quality & Environment Division at the Centre for Water Resources, Kozhikode (1979-87), and a Visiting-cum-adjunct Professor at California State University (1984- 1987). He has also been a Visiting Professor at the universities of Minnesota, Florida, Nevada, CaliforniaBerkeley, Malaya and Al-Ahsa.

Prof Abbasi is considered among the worlds foremost experts in the fields of bioprocess engineering, process safety, and environmental engineering.

Among numerous coveted honours and awards received by Prof Abbasi are the National Design Award in Environmental Engineering, the IPCL award for Safety and Hazard Management in Petroleum Industries, the National Hydrology Award, the International Desalination Associations prize, The Trever Kletz award, and fellowships of the National Academy of Sciences and the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers.
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