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E-raamat: Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies

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"Preface The Web is no longer the sole preserve of computer science. Web 2.0 services have imbued the Web as a technical infrastructure with the imprint of human behaviour, and this has consequently attracted attention from many new fields of study including business studies, economics, information science, law, media studies, philosophy, psychology, social informatics and sociology. In fact, to understand the implications of Web 2.0, an interdisciplinary approach is needed, and in writing this book I have been influenced by Web science--a new academic discipline that studies the Web as a large, complex, engineered environment and the impact it has on society. The structure of this book is based on the iceberg model that I initially developed in 2007 as a way of thinking about Web 2.0. I have since elaborated on this and included summaries of important research areas from many different disciplines, which have been brought together as themes. To finish off, I have included a chapter on the future that both draws on the ideas presented earlier in the book and challenges readers to apply them based on what they have learned. Readership The book is aimed at an international audience, interested in forming a deeper understanding of what Web 2.0 might be and how it could develop in the future. Although it is an academic textbook, it has been written in an accessible style and parts of it can be used at an introductory undergraduate level with readers from many different backgrounds who have little knowledge of computing. In addition, parts of the book will push beyond the levels of expertise of such readers to address both computer science undergraduates and post-graduate research students, who ought to find the literature reviews in Section II to be"--



Arvustused

Besides discussing technology development and current services, parts of Andersons book address the needs of undergraduates and post-graduate research students. This book will help future researchers form a deeper understanding of what Web 2.0 is and how it could develop in the future. Web 2.0 and Beyond explains Web 2.0 and its wider context in an accessible and engaging style, helping readers, especially beginners, understand every aspect of Web 2.0 without difficulty. Yijun Gao, First Monday, Volume 17, September 2012





"Some readers may not get past this book's title and spend too much time debating what Web 2.0 might mean. Without a doubt, the web has had a dramatic impact on society. Anderson (Intelligent Content, UK), an experienced computer/technology professional, steps back and takes a long look at the web relative to the technology in the past, where it is today, and trends for the future. Chapter 1 sets the stage for the three sections that follow. Although somewhat brief, this chapter establishes the author's perspective on the web. Section 1, "The Six Big Ideas," presents the elements that come together to create a technology that will continue to grow in importance worldwide. Section 2 presents the services that form the heart of what the author refers to as Web 2.0. The third section, "Framework for the Future," is a combination of a "look under the hood" to see how the web works and the author's thoughts on where it goes from here. Each chapter ends with "Exercises and Points to Ponder" and chapter references. Readers should spend some time exploring the exercises and key points, and pay close attention to some of the thought-provoking team exercises. Recommended." J. Beidler, University of Scranton for CHOICE Magazine

Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxiii
About the Author xxv
Introduction xxvii
Chapter 1 What Is Web 2.0
1(14)
1.1 The Dot-Com Boom and Bust
1(1)
1.2 The Emergence of web 2.0
2(1)
1.3 Controversy around the Web 2.0 Moniker
3(3)
1.4 O'Really's Web 2.0
6(4)
1.4.1 The Web as Platform
7(1)
1.4.2 End of the Software Release Cycle
7(1)
1.4.3 Lightweight Programming Models
8(1)
1.4.4 Software above the Level of a Single Device
8(1)
1.4.5 Rich User Experiences
8(1)
1.4.6 Harnessing Collective Intelligence
9(1)
1.4.7 Data Is the Next `Intel Inside'
9(1)
1.5 So, What is Web 2.0?
10(1)
1.5.1 Evolution versus Revolution
10(1)
1.5.2 The Remorseless Logic of the Link
11(1)
1.6 The Iceberg Model
11(4)
Section I The Six Big Ideas
Chapter 2 User-Generated Content
15(8)
2.1 Why People do it
16(1)
2.2 Scale of Activity
17(1)
2.3 The Problem with User-Generated Content
18(3)
2.3.1 The Roots of UGC
20(1)
2.3.2 User-Generated or Content?
20(1)
2.4 The Value of UGC as a Term
21(1)
Exercises and Points to Ponder
22(1)
Further Reading
22(1)
Chapter 3 Architecture of Participation
23(6)
3.1 History of Architecture of Participation
24(1)
3.2 Designing for Participation
25
3.2.1 Patterns for Participation
26
Exercises and Points to Ponder
17(10)
Further Reading
27(2)
Chapter 4 Data on an Epic Scale
29(12)
4.1 A Short History of Search
30(5)
4.1.1 Wandering the World Wide Web
31(1)
4.1.2 Web Crawler, Page Ranking, and the Full Text Search
31(2)
4.1.3 Alta Vista and the Application of Computational Brawn
33(1)
4.1.4 Yahoo! and the Value of the Clickstream
33(1)
4.1.5 Google, Popularity and the PageRank Algorithm
34(1)
4.2 The Web Goes Commercial
35(1)
4.3 Working at the Internet Scale
36(2)
4.4 Using the Epic Scale of Data
38(1)
Exercises and Points to Data
39(1)
Further Reading
39(2)
Chapter 5 Harnessing the Power of the Crowd
41(12)
5.1 The Wisdom of Crowds
42(2)
5.2 Collective Intelligence
44(1)
5.2.1 A Philosophy of Collective Intelligence
44(1)
5.3 Harnessing the Power of the World
45(5)
5.3.1 Explicit Collaboration
46(1)
5.3.2 Explicit Aggregation
47(2)
5.3.3 Implicit Aggregation
49(1)
5.4 Harnessing the Power of Critical Thinking
50(1)
Exercise and Points to Ponder
50(1)
Further Reading
51(2)
Chapter 6 Openness
53(16)
6.1 The Roots of Openness on the Web
54(4)
6.1.1 A Short History of the Internet
54(3)
6.1.2 Ethos of Early Internet Development
57(1)
6.2 Principles of Openness
58(3)
6.2.1 Net Neutrality
58(1)
6.2.2 Universality
59(1)
6.2.3 Decentralisation
60(1)
6.2.4 Layered Architecture
60(1)
6.2.5 The Implication of Openness
61(1)
6.3 Openness in Practice
61(5)
6.3.1 Open Standards
62(1)
6.3.2 Free and Open Source Software
63(2)
6.3.3 Creative Commons
65(1)
6.3.4 Open Data
65(1)
6.4 Applying Ideas of Openness to Web 2.0
66(1)
6.4.1 Open APIs
66(1)
Exercises and Points to Ponder
67(1)
Further Reading
67(2)
Chapter 7 The Network Effect and Web Topology: What Size and Shape Is the Web and Why Does It Matter?
69(30)
7.1 The Network Effect
70(8)
7.1.1 Metcalfe's Law and Its Critics
71(2)
7.1.1.1 Metcalfe's Law and the Dot-com Boom and Bust
73(1)
7.1.2 Metcalfe on Steroids: Reed's Law
74(1)
7.1.3 A Refutation of Metcalfe and Reed
75(1)
7.1.4 The Debate Continues
76(2)
7.2 Web Topology
78(16)
7.2.1 Power Laws
79(2)
7.2.1.1 Power Law
81(2)
7.2.1.2 Power Laws by Other Names: Zipf and Pareto
83(1)
7.2.2 Scale-Free Networks
84(2)
7.2.3 Small Worlds
86(2)
7.2.3.1 Small Worlds and the Web
88(3)
7.2.4 The Row-Tie Model
91(2)
7.2.4.1 Or Is It a Teapot?
93(1)
7.2.5 Power Laws, Small Worlds and Web 2.0
93(1)
Exercises and Points Ponder
94(1)
Further Reading
95(4)
Section II Web 2.0 Services
Chapter 8 Blogs
99(30)
8.1 Introduction to Blogs
99(4)
8.1.1 Categories and Tags
100(1)
8.1.2 Comments
101(2)
8.1.3 Archive
103(1)
8.2 A Short History of Blogs
103(3)
8.2.1 Blogging Software
104(2)
8.3 Blog Software Development
106(4)
8.3.1 Permalinks
106(1)
8.3.2 Trackbacks and Pingbacks
107(1)
8.3.3 Syndication
108(1)
8.3.4 Example System: Word Press
109(1)
8.4 Blogging Takes Off
110(5)
8.4.1 Video Blogging: The Rise of the Vlog
111(1)
8.4.2 Blogging Spam
111(1)
8.4.3 Search: Keeping Track of the Blogs
112(3)
8.5 The Blogosphere
115(1)
8.5.1 How Big Is the Blogosphere?
115(1)
8.6 Researching the Blogosphere
116(11)
8.6.1 Tools for Analysing the Blogosphere
116(1)
8.6.2 Sociological Analysis
117(1)
8.6.2.1 Levels of Activity
117(1)
8.6.2.2 Categorising Blog Content
118(2)
8.6.2.3 Temporal Analysis of Blogging
120(1)
8.6.3 Technical Analysis
121(2)
8.6.4 Implications of the Blogosphere
123(3)
8.6.4.1 Counter-Arguments and Methodological Refinements
126(1)
Exercises and Points Ponder
127(1)
Further Reading
128(1)
Chapter 9 Wikis
129(24)
9.1 Introduction to Wikis
130(3)
9.1.1 Overview
131(1)
9.1.2 Namespaces and Categories
132(1)
9.1.3 Top Tabs
132(1)
9.1.3.1 Action: Edit
132(1)
9.1.3.2 Action: Discussion
132(1)
9.1.3.3 Action: History
132(1)
9.1.3.4 Action: Watch
132(1)
9.1.4 Links
133(1)
9.1.5 Wikitext
133(1)
9.2 A Short History of Wikis
133(1)
9.3 Example System: Mediawiki
134(2)
9.4 Wikipedia
136(5)
9.4.1 Wikipedia's History
136(2)
9.4.2 Five Pillars: The Wikipedia Ethos
138(1)
9.4.2.1 Vandals, Trolls, Sock Puppets and Spam
139(1)
9.4.3 Technology
140(2)
9.4.4 Growth
142
9.5 The Wikisphere
141(1)
9.6 Researching the Wikisphere
141(9)
9.6.1 Researching Wikipedia
142(1)
9.6.1.1 Quantitative Analysis
142(4)
9.6.1.2 Qualitative Analysis
146(2)
9.6.1.3 Web Graphs and Linking Patterns
148(2)
Exercises and Points Ponder
150(1)
Further Reading
151(2)
Chapter 10 Online Social Networks
153(34)
10.1 Introduction to Social Network Sites
154(2)
10.1.1 Homepage
155(1)
10.1.2 Profile Page
156(1)
10.1.3 Friendship
156(1)
10.1.4 Groups
156(1)
10.2 A Short History of Social Network Sites
156(6)
10.2.1 The Early SNS Pioneers
157(1)
10.2.1.1 MySpace
158(3)
10.2.1.2 Bebo
161(1)
10.2.1.3 Facebook
161(1)
10.2.1.4 Google+
162(1)
10.3 Example System: Facebook
162(3)
10.3.1 The Social Graph
162(1)
10.3.2 Facebook and the Open Graph
163(1)
10.3.3 Facebook Technical Architecture
164(1)
10.3.3.1 Platform and Apps
164(1)
10.3.3.2 Facebook Markup Language (FBML)
165(1)
10.4 SNSS Take Off
165(2)
10.4.1 SNS Aggregators
166(1)
10.4.2 SNSs and Privacy
166(1)
10.4.3 Data Portability
166(1)
10.5 The SNS Ecosystem
167(3)
10.6 SNS Research
170(14)
10.6.1 User Demographics, Behaviour and Friendships
171(1)
10.6.1.1 User Profiles and Language
171(1)
10.6.1.2 Ethnography
172(1)
10.6.1.3 User Behaviour in Online Social Networks
173(3)
10.6.1.4 Friendship
176(2)
10.6.2 Privacy
178(2)
10.6.3 Implications for Software Designers and Developers
180(1)
10.6.4 Topology and Structure
181(1)
10.6.4.1 Degree Distribution
181(1)
10.6.4.2 Clustering Coefficient and the Small World Effect
182(1)
10.6.4.3 Overall Structure of the Network
182(1)
10.6.4.4 Models of How SNSs Grow
183(1)
Exercises and Points Ponder
184(1)
Further Reading
185(2)
Chapter 11 Media Sharing
187(26)
11.1 Podcasting
187(6)
11.1.1 A Short History of Podcasting
188(2)
11.1.2 Using Podcast Client Software
190(1)
11.1.3 Technology
191(1)
11.1.4 Research into Podcasting
191(2)
11.2 Photo-Sharing Sites
193(7)
11.2.1 A Short History of Flickr
194(1)
11.2.2 Using Flickr
194(1)
11.2.2.1 Photos
194(2)
11.2.2.2 Social Interaction
196(1)
11.2.2.3 Tags and Commenting
196(1)
11.2.3 Technology
196(1)
11.2.4 Research
197(1)
11.2.4.1 Content Analysis
197(1)
11.2.4.2 User Behaviour and Popularity
198(2)
11.2.4.3 Topology
200(1)
11.3 Video-Sharing Services
200(11)
11.3.1 A Short History of YouTube
201(1)
11.3.2 Using YouTube
202(1)
11.3.2.1 Search
203(1)
11.3.2.2 Channels
203(1)
11.3.2.3 Browse
204(1)
11.3.2.4 Social Interaction
204(1)
11.3.3 YouTube and Copyright
205(2)
11.3.4 Technology
207(1)
11.3.5 Research Issues in Video Sharing
207(1)
11.3.5.1 Content Analysis
207(1)
11.3.5.2 User Behaviour and Content Popularity
208(2)
11.3.5.3 Topology
210(1)
Points to Ponder and Exercises
211(1)
Further Reading
211(2)
Chapter 12 Social Bookmarking Sites
213(14)
12.1 Introduction to Delicious
213(4)
12.1.1 Collective Tagging
216(1)
12.1.2 Messaging
216(1)
12.1.3 Networks
216(1)
12.1.4 Subscriptions
216(1)
12.1.5 Search
216(1)
12.1.6 The Bookmarking Zeitgeist
217(1)
12.2 A Short History Delicious
217(1)
12.3 The Social Bookmarking Ecosystem
218(1)
12.4 Research
219(6)
12.4.1 Social Bookmarking and Tag Metrics
219(1)
12.4.2 Tag Analysis
220(1)
12.4.3 Stability
221(1)
12.4.4 Relationships between Tags
222(1)
12.4.5 Tag Recommendation Systems
223(1)
12.4.6 User Motivation
223(2)
Exercises and Points Ponder
225(1)
Further Reading
225(2)
Chapter 13 Microblogging Services
227(24)
13.1 Introduction to Twitter
228(5)
13.1.1 Sending a Tweet
229(1)
13.1.1.1 Replying, Mentioning, Retweeting and Direct Messaging
230(1)
13.1.2 Following the Twitter Conversation
231(1)
13.1.3 Searching Twitter
232(1)
13.1.4 Blogging versus Microblogging
233(1)
13.1.5 Twitter Bots
233(1)
13.2 A Short History of Twitter
233(1)
13.3 Twitter Technical Architecture
234(4)
13.3.1 Twitter Platforms
235(1)
13.3.2 The Twitter API
236(1)
13.3.3 Archiving Twitter
237(1)
13.4 The Twitter Ecosystem
238(1)
13.5 Research
238(9)
13.5.1 Size and Growth
238(1)
13.5.2 Usage
239(1)
13.5.2.1 How Often People Use Twitter
239(2)
13.5.2.2 How People Use Twitter
241(2)
13.5.3 Topology
243(4)
Exercises and Points Ponder
247(1)
Further Reading
248(3)
Section III Framework for the Future
Chapter 14 Technology and Standards
251(44)
14.1 How the Web Work
252(4)
14.1.1 Formatting the Web: The Hypertext Markup Language
253(1)
14.1.2 Locating Web Documents: The Universal Resource Locator
253(1)
14.1.3 Delivering the Web: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol
253(1)
14.1.4 REST: An Architectural Model of the Web
254(1)
14.1.4.1 Representation
255(1)
14.1.4.2 State Transfer
255(1)
14.1.5 A Read-Write Web?
256(1)
14.2 How Web 2.0 Services Work
256(29)
14.2.1 Ajax: The Key to Web 2.0
257(1)
14.2.1.1 JavaScript
258(1)
14.2.1.2 Cascading Style Sheets
259(1)
14.2.1.3 Dynamic HTML
259(1)
14.2.1.4 Document Object Model
259(1)
14.2.1.5 Hidden Frames
260(1)
14.2.1.6 XHTML
260(1)
14.2.1.7 XMLHttpRequest
260(1)
14.2.1.8 Ajax as a Way of Working
261(2)
14.2.2 The Web as Platform
263(1)
14.2.2.1 Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)
264(3)
14.2.2.2 Scalable Vector Graphics
267(1)
14.2.2.3 The Programmable Web: APIs, Mash-ups and REST
268(6)
14.2.3 Syndication and Publication with RSS and Atom
274(1)
14.2.3.1 RSS
275(1)
14.2.3.2 Atom
275(1)
14.2.3.3 Syndication with RSS and Atom
275(2)
14.2.3.4 Syndication Aggregators
277(1)
14.2.3.5 Atom Publishing Protocol
277(1)
14.2.4 Authentication Technologies
278(1)
14.2.4.1 OpenID
278(1)
14.2.4.2 OAuth
279(1)
14.2.5 Interoperability and Data Portability: Online Social Networks
280(1)
14.2.5.1 OpenSocial
280(1)
14.2.5.2 Social Graph API
281(1)
14.2.6 Resource Description Framework in Attributes (RDFa) and Microformats
281(1)
14.2.6.1 RDFa
281(2)
14.2.6.2 Resource Description Framework (RDF)
283(1)
14.2.6.3 Microformats
283(1)
14.2.7 Widgets
284(1)
14.3 Handling the EPIC of Data
285(3)
14.3.1 Database Technology
286(2)
14.4 Standards
288(4)
14.4.1 Determining a Standard
288(1)
14.4.2 Open versus Closed Standards
289(1)
14.4.3 Standardisation for the Internet and Web
290(1)
14.4.4 Standards and Web 2.0
291(1)
Exercises and Points Ponder
292(1)
Further Reading
293(2)
Chapter 15 Beyond Web 2.0
295(22)
15.1 The Semantic Web
296(6)
15.1.1 Linked Data
298(1)
15.1.1.1 DBpedia: An Example of Linked Data
299(1)
15.1.2 Semantic Web versus semantic web
300(1)
15.1.3 Web 2.0 and the Semantic Web
300(2)
15.2 Smartphones and the Rise of APPS
302(2)
15.2.1 Location-Based Web 2.0 Services
303(1)
15.3 Leveraging the Social Graph
304(3)
15.3.1 Social Network Sites as Platforms
307(1)
15.4 WEBOS and the Browser as Operating System
307(2)
15.4.1 HTML5
308(1)
15.5 Cloud Computing
309(1)
15.6 Big Data
310(1)
15.7 The Internet of Things
311(1)
15.8 Web Science
312(1)
Exercises and Points Ponder
313(1)
Further Reading
314(1)
Web 3.0
314(3)
Section 15.1 The Semantic Web
314(1)
Section 15.2 Smartphones and the Rise of Apps
314(1)
Section 15.3 Leveraging the Social Graph
315(1)
Section 15.4 WebOS and the Browser as Operating System
315(1)
Section 15.5 Cloud Computing
315(1)
Section 15.6 Big Data
315(1)
Section 15.7 The Internet of Things
315(1)
Section 15.8 Web Science
315(2)
Epilogue 317(2)
References 319(44)
Index 363
Paul Anderson is a writer and technology forecaster for Intelligent Content Ltd. and was recently technical editor for JISC TechWatch, a horizon scanning service for UK universities. A graduate in computer science from the University of Leeds, he has worked for more than 25 years in industry and academia as a software developer, technology transfer officer, and technology futures specialist. He has also written extensively for a range of education, trade, and current affairs publications and was awarded the EPSRCs Computer Science Writer of the Year prize in 2007.
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