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E-raamat: Web Cartography: Map Design for Interactive and Mobile Devices

(University of Wisconsin-LA Crosse, USA)
  • Formaat: 262 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Dec-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040059043
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  • Formaat: 262 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Dec-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040059043

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Web mapping technologies continue to evolve at an incredible pace. Technology is but one facet of web map creation, however. Map design, aesthetics, and user-interactivity are equally important for effective map communication. From interactivity to graphical user interface design, from symbolization choices to animation, and from layout to typeface and color selection, Web Cartography offers the first comprehensive overview and guide for designing beautiful and effective web maps for a variety of devices.

Written for those with a basic understanding of mapmaking, but who may not have an in-depth knowledge of web design, this book explains how to create effective interaction, animation, and layouts for maps in online and mobile platforms. Concept-driven, this reference emphasizes cartographic principles for web and mobile map design over specific software techniques. It focuses on key design concepts that will remain true regardless of software technologies used. The book is supplemented with a website providing links to stellar web maps, video tutorials and lectures, do-it-yourself labs, map critique exercises, and links to others tutorials.

Approachable, clear, and concise, the book provides a nontechnical, approachable guide to map design for the web. It provides best practices for map communication, based on spatial data visualization and graphic design theory. By carefully avoiding overly technical jargon, it provides a solid launching pad from which students, practitioners, and innovators can begin to design aesthetically pleasing and intuitive web maps.

Arvustused

"If you have interests in web maps but feel lost in a push-pin forest, this book will chart a course for you. If you know about cartography but are unsure how to project your knowledge to web space, this book will help you make the transformation. Ian muehlenhaus provides us with an insightful, accessible, readable, and spirited perspective on web mapping for everyone interested in effectively and clearly communicating their spatial ideas to the World."Patrick Kennelly, Long Island University

"This book fills an important need for attention to map design in that new technology. could serve as the cartography textbook in web cartography class, or as an ancillary text for any course dealing with mobile application development that incorporates map resources. Its focus on design, its non-technical approach, and conversational tone make this book accessible to everybody that is interested in the subject, regardless of technological skill level."Jeffrey S. Torguson, St. Cloud State University, Author of Cartography: Thematic Map Design

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Author xxi
1 Introduction
1(20)
The Purpose of This Book
1(2)
Qualifier: This Is Not a Book about Coding (That Is, No JavaScript Required)
2(1)
The Intended Audience
2(1)
Contemporary Mapmaking: A Quarter Century of Rapid Evolution
3(1)
Web Cartography: A Brief History
4(8)
Thematic Cartography: The Precursor to Multimedia Cartography
4(1)
The Rise of Multimedia Mapmaking
5(3)
What Happened to Paper?
8(1)
Early Hypermedia
8(1)
Why Hypermedia Evolved into Web Mapping
9(1)
How Google Maps Revolutionized (or Was It Euthanized?) Mapmaking
10(1)
The Future of Web Cartography May Be Browser-less
11(1)
The Goals of Map Communication Remain the Same
12(2)
Establishing a Communicative Purpose for Your Map
14(4)
Who Is the Intended Audience?
14(1)
What Data Need to Be Communicated?
15(1)
How Do I Design My Map So Information Is Easily Recalled?
15(2)
How Do I Determine Which, and How Much, Data to Include?
17(1)
Designing Your Message
18(1)
The Rest of This Book
18(1)
Key Concepts
19(1)
Further Reading
19(1)
References
20(1)
2 Human-Map Interactivity
21(6)
Introduction
21(1)
Of Mice and Touch Screens
21(3)
New Interactive Map Elements
24(1)
Key Concepts
25(1)
Further Reading and Resources
25(2)
Online Resource
25(1)
Further Reading
25(2)
3 Map Elements
27(34)
Introduction
27(1)
Title/Splash Screen
27(3)
The Argument for Splash Screens
30(1)
Mapped Area
30(3)
Pan User Interfaces
33(2)
Panning Arrows Should Be Banned
33(1)
Arrow Keys
34(1)
Click and Drag and Touch Pan
34(1)
Zoom User Interfaces
35(6)
Zoom Bars
35(2)
Plus and Minus Zoom Buttons
37(1)
Double Click and Tap
37(1)
Scroll Wheel and Pinch to Zoom
37(2)
Keyboard Shortcuts
39(1)
Rectangle Zoom
39(1)
Zoom User Interfaces Conclusion
40(1)
Map Rotation Interfaces
41(1)
Two Types of Rotation
41(1)
Information Window Design
42(3)
Locator Maps
45(1)
Menu Design
46(4)
The Three-Click Rule Is Wrong But It Remains a Useful Axiom
47(1)
Organize, Test, and Confirm
47(1)
Step One Organize Your Menus
47(1)
Step Two Design Your Menus
48(1)
Step Three Conduct User Tests
49(1)
Step Four Reorganize Your Menus
50(1)
Supplemental Information
50(1)
Help Menu
50(1)
Neat Lines and Frame Lines
51(1)
Designing Smart Legends
51(4)
The Purpose of a Legend Remains the Same
51(1)
How to Avoid Creating Ineffective Web Map Legends
52(1)
How Interactivity Makes Legends More Powerful
52(1)
Having Options = Feeling in Control
52(1)
Layer Interactivity
53(1)
Map and Data Generalization
53(1)
Symbol and Thematic Modification
54(1)
Temporal Legends for Animations
55(1)
Other Web Map Elements
55(3)
Multimedia Graphics
55(1)
Images
55(2)
Videos
57(1)
Graphs and Highlighting
57(1)
Tips for Effective Map-Chart Graphic Highlighting
58(1)
Key Concepts
58(1)
Further Reading and Resources
59(2)
Web Sites
59(1)
Further Reading
59(2)
4 Map Composition and Layout
61(22)
Introduction
61(1)
Map Composition and Visual Hierarchy
61(4)
Techniques of Emphasizing Map Elements in the Visual Hierarchy
63(1)
New Visual Hierarchies for Web Map Elements
63(1)
Reference/General-Interest Web Map Visual Hierarchy
64(1)
Thematic Web Maps
64(1)
Temporal Animated Web Maps
65(1)
Map Layout and Organization
65(6)
Screen Real Estate, Resolution, and the Pixel Problem
66(1)
Screen Real Estate
66(2)
Screen Resolution
68(1)
Pixels Per Inch
69(1)
PPI Advancement = Big Mess
70(1)
Two Types of Web Map Layouts
71(5)
Fluid Map Layout
72(1)
Compartmentalized Map Layout
73(1)
Web Map Layouts
74(1)
Compartmentalized Map Layouts
74(2)
Fluid Map Layouts
76(1)
How to Design an Effective Web Map Layout
76(3)
Conclusion
79(1)
Key Concepts
80(1)
Further Reading and Resources
80(3)
Resolution Testers
80(1)
Tutorial Resources
80(1)
Further Reading
81(2)
5 Color
83(28)
Introduction
83(1)
Defining and Understanding Color
83(7)
Three Properties of Color
83(1)
Hue
83(1)
Value
84(1)
Saturation
84(1)
Making Sense of the Color Wheel
85(1)
Warm and Cold Colors
86(1)
Primary Colors
86(1)
Secondary Colors
86(1)
Tertiary Colors
86(1)
Monochromatic Colors
87(1)
Achromatic Colors
87(1)
Complementary Colors
88(1)
Split Complementary Colors
89(1)
Analogous
89(1)
Neutral
89(1)
Incongruous
89(1)
Simultaneous Contrast: It Happens
90(1)
Color Rules That Remain Unchanged from Print
90(2)
Less Color Variation Is More Powerful
90(1)
Different Colors Have Different Meanings to Different People
90(1)
Colors and Feelings
91(1)
The Meaning of Color Varies by Culture
91(1)
Color Preferences Change over Time
92(1)
Color Models for the Web
92(3)
RGB (Red, Green, and Blue)
92(1)
RGB Decimal
93(1)
RGB Hexadecimal
93(1)
Hue, Saturation, and Lightness
94(1)
RGB Colors Will Look Different Depending on the Screen
94(1)
Never Design Web Maps with CMYK
95(1)
Coloring Your Base Map
95(4)
Solid-Color Base Maps
95(1)
Shaded Relief
96(1)
Aerial Photography
97(2)
Reference Map Color Schemes
99(5)
When to Ignore Color Conventions
102(1)
Novelty Equals Attention
102(1)
Does the Color Scheme Match the Message?
102(1)
Resources for Finding Colors
102(2)
Choosing Thematic Map Colors
104(1)
Beware of Color Blindness
104(3)
Key Concepts
107(1)
Further Reading and Resources
108(3)
Online Color Resources
108(1)
Color Meanings and Emotions
108(1)
Color Pickers
108(1)
Color Style Tools for Different Map Services
109(1)
Hexadecimal Color Creator
109(1)
Further Reading
109(2)
6 Typography
111(14)
Introduction
111(1)
All in the Family: Explaining Typeface and Font
111(1)
Typographic Rules That Stand Firm
112(1)
No More Than Two Fonts per Map
112(1)
Font Styles and Properties Indicate Different Things
112(1)
Text as a Core Map Element
112(1)
Labeling Norms
112(1)
Typographic Rules That Have Changed
113(6)
When Possible, Ditch Serif Fonts
114(1)
Size Does Matter
115(1)
Font Size Is Now Voodoo Science
115(2)
Not Everyone Has Access to the Fonts You Do
117(1)
Will Your Map Have Interactive Text?
117(2)
Fonts That Play Well with Web Maps
119(3)
Verdana
119(1)
Century Gothic
119(1)
Arial and Helvetica
119(1)
Trebuchet MS
120(1)
Tahoma
120(1)
Corbel
120(1)
Myriad Pro and Myriad Web
121(1)
Georgia
121(1)
Palatino
121(1)
Comparing Type on Your Web Map
121(1)
Font Myths, Realities, and Web Maps
122(1)
Conclusion
122(1)
Key Concepts
123(1)
Further Reading and Resources
123(2)
Web Sites on Web Typography
123(1)
Further Reading
124(1)
7 Core Visual Variables
125(12)
Introduction
125(1)
Defining the Visual Variables
125(6)
Shape
126(1)
Hue
126(2)
Orientation
128(1)
Texture
128(1)
Size
128(1)
Perspective Height
128(2)
Value
130(1)
Saturation
130(1)
When to Use the Different Visual Variables
131(4)
Visual Variables for Mapping Qualitative Data
131(1)
Visual Variables for Mapping Quantitative Data
132(1)
Combining Visual Variables
133(2)
Key Concepts
135(1)
Further Reading
135(2)
8 Symbolization
137(6)
Introduction
137(1)
Designing Effective Web Map Symbols
137(4)
Keep Symbols Simple
138(1)
Generic Caricatures Are Best
138(1)
Symbols Are Era and Audience Dependent
138(1)
Symbols Are Context Dependent
139(1)
How Do You Represent a Stadium?
140(1)
Key Concepts
141(1)
Further Reading
142(1)
9 Thematic Visualization
143(30)
Introduction
143(1)
Data and Technology Limitations
143(3)
The Nature of the Mapped Data
144(1)
Technological Limitations
145(1)
Mercator's Apparition
145(1)
Different Thematic Representations
146(23)
Choropleth Maps
147(1)
Data Classification
148(1)
Natural Breaks
148(1)
Quantiles
149(2)
Equal Intervals
151(1)
Standard Deviations
152(1)
Unclassed Choropleth Maps
152(1)
Benefits of Choropleth Maps
153(1)
Drawbacks of Choropleth Maps
154(1)
Dot Maps
154(1)
Heat Maps
155(2)
Benefits of Dot Maps
157(1)
Drawbacks of Dot Maps
157(1)
Proportional and Graduated Symbol Maps
157(2)
Benefits of Proportional and Graduated Symbol Maps
159(1)
Drawback of Proportional and Graduated Symbol Maps
159(1)
Isarithmic Maps
160(1)
Isarithmic Map Design
161(1)
Benefits and Drawbacks of Isarithmic Maps
162(1)
Flow Maps
162(1)
Benefits and Drawbacks of Flow Maps
163(1)
Cartograms
164(1)
Benefits and Drawbacks of Cartograms
164(1)
Multivariate Maps
165(1)
Thematic Combinations
166(1)
Colored Dots
167(1)
Chart Maps
167(1)
Chernoff Faces
167(2)
Bivariate Choropleth Maps
169(1)
The Role of Interactivity in Thematic Representations
169(1)
Conclusion
170(1)
Key Concepts
171(1)
Further Reading and Resources
171(2)
Resource
171(1)
Further Reading
171(2)
10 Animation
173(18)
Introduction
173(1)
To Tween or Not to Tween?
174(1)
Stop-Frame Animation
174(1)
Tweening
174(1)
The Visual Variables of Animation
175(5)
DiBiase's Visual Variables for Animation
176(1)
Duration
176(1)
Rate of Change
176(2)
Order
178(1)
Additional Visual Variables of Map Animation
178(1)
Display Date
178(1)
Frequency
179(1)
Synchronization
179(1)
Types of Map Animation
180(4)
Designing Temporal Animations
180(1)
Keep the Animations Short
181(1)
Simplify the Data
181(1)
Give the Map User Some Control
182(1)
Temporal Legends
182(1)
Temporal Legend Styles
182(1)
Temporal Legend Enhancements
183(1)
Other Types of Map Animation
184(2)
Zoom Animations
185(1)
Fly-Through Animations
185(1)
Path Animations
186(1)
Summary
186(1)
Key Concepts
187(1)
Further Reading and Online Resources
188(3)
Online Resources
188(1)
Example Animations
188(1)
Further Reading
188(3)
11 Sound and Touch
191(6)
Introduction
191(1)
Sound Variables
191(3)
Krygier's Sound Variables
191(1)
Loudness
192(1)
Pitch
192(1)
Duration
192(1)
Attack and Decay
193(1)
Sound Decay?
193(1)
Tactile Variables
194(1)
Key Concepts
195(1)
Further Reading and Resource
195(2)
Resource
195(1)
Further Reading
195(2)
12 Web Map Production
197(34)
Introduction
197(1)
The Gist on Coding
198(6)
What Was Flash?
198(1)
What Is HTML5?
199(1)
HTML
199(1)
Cascading Style Sheets
200(1)
JavaScript
201(2)
Application Programming Interfaces
203(1)
Prepping Spatial Data for the Web
204(12)
Choosing a Projection
204(2)
Common Web Map Data Formats
206(1)
Keyhole Markup Language
206(1)
GeoJSON
206(1)
Scalable Vector Graphics
206(2)
Map Tiles
208(1)
Geospatial PDFs
209(1)
How Do I Create These Data Types?
209(1)
Geographic Information Systems
209(2)
Non-GIS Data Creation Applications
211(5)
A Web Cartographer's Tool Box
216(10)
HTML5 and SVGs
216(1)
Avenza MAPublisher
217(2)
Adobe Flash and Adobe AIR
219(1)
Oracle Java
220(1)
ESRI ArcGIS Online and API
220(1)
TileMill Application and MapBox API
221(2)
CartoDB Web Site and API
223(1)
Google Maps API
223(2)
CloudMade Leaflet API
225(1)
Other APIs
225(1)
Closing Advice
226(1)
Key Concepts
227(1)
Further Reading and Resources
227(4)
Online Resources and Tutorials
227(1)
Web Cartography Companion Web Site (http://www.muehlenhaus.com/webcartography)
227(1)
Flowing Data (http://www.flowingdata.com)
228(1)
Lynda.com (http://www.lynda.com)
228(1)
W3Schools (http://www.w3schools.com)
228(1)
Recommended Tutorial Guides and Books
228(1)
The Missing Manual Series by O'Reilly
228(1)
From Print to Mobile mApps Tutorial
228(1)
Visualize This by Nathan Yau
229(1)
Wisconsin State Cartographer Web Site (http://www.sco.wisc.edu)
229(1)
Further Reading
229(1)
Cartographic Perspectives Journal (http://www.cartographicperspectives.org)
229(1)
Cartography and Geographic Information Science Journal (CaGIS)
229(1)
Online Maps with APIs and Web Services, Edited
230(1)
Michael P. Peterson
Index 231
Ian Muehlenhaus