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E-raamat: Wetland Plants: A Source of Nutrition and Ethno-medicines

Shabnum Shaheen, Maryam Akram Butt, Mushtaq Ahmed, Shazia Sultana, Muhammad Zafar

Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Mar-2021
Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9783030692582

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Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 15-Mar-2021
Kirjastus: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9783030692582

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Due to their high nutritive value and the presence of secondary metabolites, wetland plants can be consumed by humans as food and utilized as medicinal drugs. Significant numbers of ethno-botanic resources have been reported to extract useful compounds, which can be used as pharmaceuticals. Wetland plants are also very valuable as an energy source, as fuel for fish smoking and for domestic energy. These plants can be harvested as wild stock, or cultivated in flooded paddies for aquaculture, food and for livestock fodder. All parts of plants can be utilized for foodstuff, compost, mulch, medicine, and for construction.

Wetland Plants: A Source of Nutrition and Ethnomedicine aims to promote public understanding of this remarkable resource, exploring not only their role in the ecosystem but also their nutritional and medicinal purposes. Based on original research, the text focuses on species identification (with original pictures of wetland plants including morphological features), nutritive value and ethno-medicinal uses. This book serves as an important and basic reference material for further research into the basic biological as well as the applied medicinal aspects of traditional medicinal wetland plants.

1 Wetland and Wetland Plants

(16)

1.1 What Are Wetlands?

(1)

1.2 Defining Wetlands

(1)

1.2.1 Ramsar Convention Definition

(1)

1.3 Origin of Wetlands

(4)

1.4 Geographic Distribution of Wetlands

(1)

1.5 Environmental Conditions

(1)

1.5.1 Climate

(1)

1.5.2 Soils

(1)

1.6 Biota

(1)

1.7 Wetland Flora

(3)

1.8 Plants that Grow in Land & Water

(2)

1.8.1 Mangroves

(1)

1.8.2 Salix Trees

(1)

1.9 Difference Between Terrestrial and Wetland Plants

(1)

1.10 Similarities Between Land and Wetland Plants

(1)

References

(2)

2 Climate of Wetlands

(18)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Climate Change and Wetlands

(2)

2.3 Wetland Habitat Responses to Climate Change

(8)

2.3.1 Floodplains

(2)

2.3.2 Mangroves/Intertidal Forested Wetlands

(1)

2.3.3 Marine Subtidal Aquatic Beds

(1)

2.3.4 Salt Marshes

(1)

2.3.5 Arctic Wetlands/Tundra Wetlands

(1)

2.3.6 Forested and Non-Forested Peatlands

(1)

2.3.7 Freshwater Marshes and Tree-Dominated Wetlands

(2)

2.4 Impact of Climate Change to Rivers, Lakes and Streams

(1)

2.5 Impact of Climate Change to Water Sources

(1)

2.6 Impact of Climate Change to Quality of Water

(4)

2.6.1 Storm Water Runoff

(1)

2.6.2 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation

(2)

2.6.3 Algal Blooms

(1)

2.7 Climate Implications -- Drinking Water Quality

(1)

2.7.1 Health Impacts

(1)

References

(2)

3 Types of Wetland and Wetland Plants

(20)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Wetlands

(1)

3.3 Categories of Wetlands Based on Water

(6)

3.3.1 Lacustrine

(2)

3.3.2 Palustrine

(1)

3.3.3 Riverine

(2)

3.3.4 Estuarine

(1)

3.3.5 Marine

(1)

3.4 Wetlands Types and Classifications

(3)

3.4.1 Mineral Soil Wetland

(2)

3.4.2 Organic Soil Wetlands

(1)

3.5 Wetlands of Himalayas

(3)

3.6 Three Important Components of a Wetland

(3)

3.7 Classification of Wetland Flora

(3)

References

(1)

4 Importance of Biodiversity in Wetlands

(20)

4.1 Importance of Biodiversity

(1)

4.2 Benefits of Biodiversity

(1)

4.3 Types of Biodiversity

(2)

4.3.1 Genetic Biodiversity

(1)

4.3.2 Ecosystems Diversity

(1)

4.3.3 Species Diversity

(1)

4.4 Importance of Biodiversity in Wetlands

(1)

4.5 Importance of Wetland Flora

(15)

4.5.1 Purify Water

(1)

4.5.2 Store Water

(1)

4.5.3 Prevent Floods

(1)

4.5.4 Recharge Ground Water

(1)

4.5.5 Control Soil Erosion

(1)

4.5.6 Provides Shelter

(1)

4.5.7 Wetlands Provide Food for Humans and Livestock

(3)

4.5.8 Protect Biodiversity

(1)

4.5.9 Locations for Recreation

(1)

4.5.10 Houses and Crafts Making

(1)

4.5.11 Biological Productivity

(1)

4.5.12 Nutrient Cycling

(2)

4.5.13 Floral Diversity

(7)

References

(2)

5 Nutritive Value of Wetland Flora

(16)

5.1 Values and Function of Wetland Plants

(1)

5.2 General Benefits of Wetland Plants

(2)

5.3 Some Important Nutritious Plants of Wetlands (Table 5.1)

(10)

References

(3)

6 Medicinally Important Wetland Flora

(26)

6.1 Major Aquatic Medicinal Plants

(18)

6.1.1 Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson (Ranunculaceae)

(1)

6.1.2 Cardamine hirsuta L. (Brassicaceae)

(1)

6.1.3 Cyperus alternifolius L. (Cyperaceae)

(1)

6.1.4 Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) Miyabe. (Polygonaceae)

(1)

6.1.5 Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas (Brassicaceae)

(1)

6.1.6 Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. (Plantaginaceae)

(1)

6.1.7 Veronica beccabunga L. (Plantaginaceae)

(1)

6.1.8 Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae)

100

(1)

6.1.9 Epilobium laxum Royle (Onagraceae)

101

(1)

6.1.10 Geranium nepalense Sweet (Geraniaceae)

102

(1)

6.1.11 Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae)

103

(1)

6.1.12 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae)

104

(1)

6.1.13 Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae)

105

(1)

6.1.14 Cyperus glomeratus L.(Cyperaceae)

106

(5)

References

111

(6)

7 Threats to Biodiversity of Wetland

117

(18)

7.1 Causes of Wetland Degradation in Himalayas

120

(2)

7.2 Drainage of Wetlands for Agriculture Purposes

122

(1)

7.3 Introduction of Invasive Species

123

(1)

7.4 Water Pollution

123

(1)

7.5 Climate Change

123

(1)

7.6 Construction of Dams

124

(1)

7.7 Harvesting and over Hunting

124

(1)

7.8 Over Grazing

124

(2)

7.9 Increasing Nutrients

126

(1)

7.10 Plant Pests

126

(1)

7.11 Animal Pests

127

(1)

7.12 Fires

127

(1)

7.13 Wetland Loss: Underlying Causes

127

(1)

7.14 Process of Wetland Loss in Himalayas

128

(5)

References

133

(2)

8 Conservation Strategies of Wetland Flora

135

(16)

8.1 Conservation Strategies of Wetland Flora

135

(1)

8.2 Ramsar -- The Convention on Conservation of Wetlands

136

(1)

8.3 Future Planning of Ramsar

137

(2)

8.4 Ramsar Convention in Asia

139

(1)

8.5 Laws for Wetlands

139

(1)

8.6 Conservation Strategies Based on Public Acquisition of Wetlands

140

(1)

8.7 Legislation for the Conservation of Wetland Habitat Types

140

(1)

8.8 Conservation of Particular Categories of Wetlands

141

(4)

8.8.1 Conservation Laws for Lakes and Ponds

141

(1)

8.8.2 Conservation of Peat Bogs

141

(1)

8.8.3 Glaciers

142

(1)

8.8.4 Conservation of Mangroves and Other Coastal Wetlands

142

(2)

8.8.5 Flood Plains and River Banks Conservation

144

(1)

8.9 Biodiversity Conservation in Wetlands of Pakistan: An Overview

145

(1)

8.10 Himalayan Wetlands Conservation

145

(1)

8.11 Methods of Conserving Floristic Biodiversity

146

(2)

8.11.1 Ex-situ Conservation

147

(1)

8.11.2 In-situ Conservation

147

(1)

8.12 Sustainable Development and Management of Wetlands in Pakistan

148

(1)

8.13 Pakistan Wetlands Conservation Policy

148

(1)

8.14 Conservation of Himalayan Wetlands of Pakistan

149

(1)

References

149

(2)

9 Wetland Plants of Himalayas: A Case Study

151

(46)

9.1 Lemna minor L.

151

(2)

9.1.1 Systematic Studies

151

(1)

9.1.2 General Description

151

(1)

9.1.3 Distribution

152

(1)

9.1.4 Phenological Characters

153

(1)

9.1.5 Ecological Characters

153

(1)

9.1.6 Medicinal Uses and Other Uses

153

(1)

9.2 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f

153

(2)

9.2.1 Systematic Studies

153

(1)

9.2.2 General Description

153

(2)

9.2.3 Distribution

155

(1)

9.2.4 Phenological Characters

155

(1)

9.2.5 Ecological Characters

155

(1)

9.2.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

155

(1)

9.3 Nymphaea alba L.

155

(3)

9.3.1 Systematic Studies

155

(1)

9.3.2 General Description

156

(1)

9.3.3 Distribution

156

(1)

9.3.4 Phenological Characters

156

(1)

9.3.5 Ecological Characters

156

(1)

9.3.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

156

(2)

9.4 Potamogeton nodosus Poir

158

(2)

9.4.1 Systematic Studies

158

(1)

9.4.2 General Description

158

(1)

9.4.3 Distribution

158

(1)

9.4.4 Phenological Characters

158

(1)

9.4.5 Ecological Characters

159

(1)

9.4.6 Medicinal Uses

160

(1)

9.4.7 Toxicity

160

(1)

9.5 Marsilea quadrifolia L.

160

(2)

9.5.1 Systematic Study

160

(1)

9.5.2 Botanical Description

160

(2)

9.5.3 Distribution

162

(1)

9.5.4 Phenology

162

(1)

9.5.5 Ecology

162

(1)

9.5.6 Medicinal Uses

162

(1)

9.6 AzollapinnataR.Br

162

(3)

9.6.1 Systematic Study

162

(1)

9.6.2 Botanical Description

163

(1)

9.6.3 Distribution

163

(1)

9.6.4 Phenology

163

(1)

9.6.5 Ecology

163

(2)

9.6.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

165

(1)

9.6.7 Toxicity

165

(1)

9.7 Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid

165

(3)

9.7.1 Systematic Study

165

(1)

9.7.2 Botanical Description

165

(2)

9.7.3 Distribution

167

(1)

9.7.4 Phenology

167

(1)

9.7.5 Ecology

167

(1)

9.7.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

167

(1)

9.7.7 Toxicity

167

(1)

9.8 SagittariatrifoliaL

168

(2)

9.8.1 Systematic Study

168

(1)

9.8.2 Botanical Description

168

(1)

9.8.3 Distribution

168

(2)

9.8.4 Phenology

170

(1)

9.8.5 Ecology

170

(1)

9.8.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

170

(1)

9.8.7 Toxicity

170

(1)

9.9 Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla

170

(2)

9.9.1 Systematic study

170

(1)

9.9.2 Botanical Description

171

(1)

9.9.3 Distribution

172

(1)

9.9.4 Phenology

172

(1)

9.9.5 Ecology

172

(1)

9.9.6 Medicinal and edible Uses

172

(1)

9.10 Cyperus alternifolius L.

172

(3)

9.10.1 Systematic Study

172

(1)

9.10.2 Botanical Description

173

(1)

9.10.3 Distribution

173

(1)

9.10.4 Phenology

173

(1)

9.10.5 Ecology

173

(1)

9.10.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

173

(2)

9.10.7 Toxicity

175

(1)

9.11 Juncus articulatus L.

175

(2)

9.11.1 Systematic Study

175

(1)

9.11.2 Botanical Description

175

(1)

9.11.3 Distribution

175

(1)

9.11.4 Phenology

176

(1)

9.11.5 Ecology

177

(1)

9.11.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

177

(1)

9.11.7 Toxicity

177

(1)

9.12 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

177

(3)

9.12.1 Systematic Study

177

(1)

9.12.2 Botanical Description

178

(1)

9.12.3 Distribution

178

(1)

9.12.4 Phenology

178

(1)

9.12.5 Ecology

178

(1)

9.12.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

178

(2)

9.13 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms

180

(2)

9.13.1 Systematic Studies

180

(1)

9.13.2 Botanical Description

180

(1)

9.13.3 Distribution

180

(1)

9.13.4 Phenology

180

(1)

9.13.5 Ecology

180

(2)

9.13.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

182

(1)

9.14 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene

182

(2)

9.14.1 Systematic Study

182

(1)

9.14.2 Botanical Description

182

(1)

9.14.3 Distribution

183

(1)

9.14.4 Phenology

184

(1)

9.14.5 Ecology

184

(1)

9.14.6 Medicinal and Edible uses

184

(1)

9.14.7 Toxicity

184

(1)

9.15 Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult

184

(3)

9.15.1 Systematic Study

184

(1)

9.15.2 Botanical Description

185

(1)

9.15.3 Distribution

185

(1)

9.15.4 Phenology

185

(1)

9.15.5 Ecology

185

(1)

9.15.6 Medicinal and edible uses

185

(1)

9.15.7 Toxicity

186

(1)

9.16 Vallisneria spiralis L

187

(2)

9.16.1 Systematic Study

187

(1)

9.16.2 Botanical Description

187

(1)

9.16.3 Distribution

187

(2)

9.16.4 Phenology

189

(1)

9.16.5 Ecology

189

(1)

9.16.6 Medicinal and Edible uses

189

(1)

9.17 Potamogeton lucens L.

189

(3)

9.17.1 Systematic Study

189

(1)

9.17.2 Botanical Description

189

(2)

9.17.3 Distribution

191

(1)

9.17.4 Phenology

191

(1)

9.17.5 Ecology

191

(1)

9.17.6 Medicinal and Edible uses

191

(1)

9.17.7 Toxicity

191

(1)

9.18 Rhodiola coccinea (Royle) Boriss

192

(2)

9.18.1 Systematic Study

192

(1)

9.18.2 Botanical Description

192

(1)

9.18.3 Distribution

192

(1)

9.18.4 Phenology

192

(1)

9.18.5 Ecology

193

(1)

9.18.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

194

(1)

9.18.7 Toxicity

194

(1)

9.19 Swertia petiolata D.Don

194

(3)

9.19.1 Systematic Study

194

(1)

9.19.2 Botanical Description

194

(2)

9.19.3 Distribution

196

(1)

9.19.4 Phenology

196

(1)

9.19.5 Ecology

196

(1)

9.19.6 Medicinal and Edible Uses

196

(1)

9.19.7 Toxicity

196

(1)

10 A Pictorial Guide to Wetland Plants of Himalayas

197

(24)

221

(2)

Index

223

Maryam Akram Butt is a Ph.D. scholar in the Plant Sciences Department at Quaid-I-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan. Muhammad Zafar is an Assistant Professor of Plant Sciences at Quaid-I-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan. Mushtaq Amhed is a Professor of Plant Sciences at Quaid-I-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan. Shabnum Shaheen is an Assistant Professor at Lehore College for Women University in Lahore, Pakistan. Shazia Sultana is a Ph.D. Scholar in the Plant Sciences Department at Quaid-I-Azam University in Islamabad, Pakistan.

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