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E-raamat: Wetlands Conservation: Current Challenges and Future Strategies

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Edited by (Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India), Edited by (University of Delhi New Delhi, India)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Sep-2021
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  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119692669
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Wetlands Conservation: Current Challenges and Future StrategiesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 17-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119692669
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"The Wetlands are a crucial part of the ecological system and the storehouse of numerous ecosystem services that provide humanity's well-being and preserve the natural ecological system. Wetlands manage the hydrological process and track the ecological environment. These wetland systems are classified differently at the global level based on their origin, use, hydrology, composition, water level, wetland physical and chemical characteristics. These wetland systems are important for the survival and environmental stability of humans. Since the beginning of human civilization on this planet Earth, wetlands have become the lifeline of civilizations. Often along and in the outskirts of wetlands, cultures have grown. This precious wetland environment's economic interests are not yet recognised at the global and regional level by policymakers and decision-makers. These wetlands are distributed in all climate zones in the geographical and climatic setting, from the tropics to the tundra regions. It is the World's most efficient and important ecosystem. As recorded by Davidson et al., the largest wetland areas in 2018 are Asia (32% of the global area), North America (27%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (16%), Europe's wetland areas (13%), Africa (10%) and Oceania (10%). At present, 2414 wetland sites of international significance covering 254543972 ha are internationally important at the country and humanity level. Many wetlands have been destroyed and impaired by rapid agriculture and urbanisation in NorthAmerica and Europe, including the extinction of most floodplain areas. Increasing pressure on water supplies is also a very dominant factor responsible for wetland destruction in various regions at global and local levels due to population pressure, landuse cover changes, global warming and climate change, and lack of legislation and governance. The current section of the book highlights global wetlands, categorization and status. Threats and mitigation initiatives are also proposed for wetland habitat conservation in this chapter."--
Preface xiii
List of Contributors xvii
1 Global Wetlands: Categorization, Distribution and Global Scenario 1(16)
1.1 Wetlands Definition, Categorization and Classification Criteria
1(4)
1.1.1 Wetlands- Categorization and Classification
3(2)
1.1.2 Human- Made Wetlands
5(1)
1.2 Importance of Wetland Ecosystem
5(2)
1.3 Spatial Distribution and Potential of Global Wetlands
7(1)
1.4 Status and Impacts on the Wetlands Ecosystem
8(5)
1.4.1 Conservation Measures and Future Strategies
10(1)
1.4.2 Conclusion and Recommendation
11(2)
Acknowledgements
13(1)
References
13(4)
2 Ramsar Convention: History, Structure, Operations, and Relevance 17(23)
2.1 Background
17(1)
2.2 The Ramsar Convention
18(1)
2.3 The Convention Text
19(1)
2.4 Wetland Definition and Classification
19(3)
2.5 Mission of the Convention
22(1)
2.6 Structural Framework of the Convention
22(3)
2.7 Operational Framework of the Convention
25(8)
2.7.1 Convention Membership
25(1)
2.7.2 Ramsar Regions
26(4)
2.7.3 National Ramsar Committees
30(1)
2.7.4 The Montreux Record
31(1)
2.7.5 Ramsar Strategic Plan
31(1)
2.7.6 Three Pillars of Ramsar Convention
31(1)
2.7.7 The Convention Budget
32(1)
2.8 External Partnerships and Synergies
33(2)
2.9 Education and Outreach
35(1)
2.9.1 Communication, Education, Participation, and Awareness (CEPA)
35(1)
2.9.2 World Wetlands Day
36(1)
2.10 Legal Status
36(1)
2.11 Effectiveness of the Convention
37(1)
References
38(2)
3 Ecological Importance of Wetland Systems 40(15)
3.1 Introduction
40(1)
3.2 Importance of Wetlands in Flood Control
40(1)
3.3 Role of Wetlands in Groundwater Replenishment
41(1)
3.4 Role of Wetlands in Stabilization and Storm Protection of Shorelines
42(1)
3.5 Role of Wetlands in Sediment and Nutrient Retention
43(1)
3.6 Role of Wetlands in Water Purification
44(1)
3.7 Biodiversity of Wetlands
45(1)
3.8 Wetland Products
46(1)
3.9 Sociocultural Values of Wetlands
46(1)
3.10 Wetlands in Relation to Recreation and Tourism
47(1)
3.11 Wetland and Climate Change
48(1)
3.12 Summary
49(1)
Acknowledgments
50(1)
References
50(5)
4 Ecological and Societal Importance of Wetlands: A Case Study of North Bihar (India) 55(32)
4.1 Introduction
55(3)
4.2 Geographical and District-Wise Distribution of Wetlands in North Bihar
58(6)
4.2.1 Kabartal
60(1)
4.2.2 Baraila Jheel
60(2)
4.2.3 Kusheshwar Asthan
62(1)
4.2.4 Jagatpur Wetland
62(1)
4.2.5 Moti Jheel
63(1)
4.2.6 Gogabeel Pakshi Vihar
64(1)
4.3 Wetlands: Promoters of Sustainable Livelihood and Services
64(1)
4.4 North Bihar Wetland Biodiversity: Status and Role
65(6)
4.5 Urbanization, Pollution, and Climate Change Impacts
71(6)
4.6 Legal Framework, Policies, and Challenges
77(2)
4.7 Conclusion
79(1)
Acknowledgments
80(1)
References
80(7)
5 Recognizing Economic Values of Wetland Ecosystem Services: A Study of Emerging Role of Monetary Evaluation of Chandubi Ecosystem and Biodiversity 87(24)
5.1 Introduction
87(3)
5.2 Methodology of Ecosystem Valuation
90(7)
5.2.1 Market Prices - Revealed Willingness to Pay
90(4)
5.2.1.1 Market Price Method
91(1)
5.2.1.2 Productivity Method
91(1)
5.2.1.3 Hedonic Pricing Method
92(1)
5.2.1.4 Travel Cost Method
93(1)
5.2.2 Circumstantial Evidence - Imputed Willingness to Pay
94(1)
5.2.2.1 Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods
94(1)
5.2.3 Surveys - Expressed Willingness to Pay
95(17)
5.2.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method
95(1)
5.2.3.2 Contingent Choice Method
96(1)
5.3 Ecosystem Services of Wetland
97(1)
5.4 Chandubi Wetland: Introduction, Impact, and Introspection
97(6)
5.5 Scaling up Wetland Conservation, Wise Use, and Restoration for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
103(1)
5.6 Wetlands' Role in Achieving SDGs
104(4)
5.7 Conclusion
108(1)
Acknowledgments
109(1)
References
109(2)
6 Ecosystem Services of Lagoon Wetlands System in India 111(18)
6.1 Introduction
111(1)
6.2 Chilika Lagoon
112(1)
6.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Chilika Lagoon
112(5)
6.3.1 Provisioning Services
114(1)
6.3.1.1 Commercial Fisheries
114(1)
6.3.1.2 Other Flora and Fauna of Chilika Lagoon
114(1)
6.3.1.3 Navigation
115(1)
6.3.2 Regulating Services
115(1)
6.3.3 Cultural Services
116(1)
6.3.4 Supporting Services
116(1)
6.4 Threats and Management of Chilika Lagoon
117(1)
6.5 Pulicat Lagoon
118(1)
6.6 Ecosystem Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon
119(4)
6.6.1 Provisioning Services
119(1)
6.6.1.1 Fisheries in Pulicat
119(1)
6.6.2 Aquatic Flora and Fauna of Pulicat
120(1)
6.6.3 Regulatory Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon
120(1)
6.6.4 Historical and Cultural Importance of Pulicat Lagoon
120(1)
6.6.5 Supporting Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon
121(1)
6.6.6 Threats and Management of Pulicat Lagoon
121(2)
6.7 Conclusion
123(1)
Acknowledgments
124(1)
References
124(5)
7 Sustainable Practices for Conservation of Wetland Ecosystem 129(11)
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 Role of Wetlands in the Ecosystem
130(3)
7.3 Challenges to Conserve Wetlands
133(1)
7.4 Wetland Management and Sustainable Development
134(1)
7.5 Future Strategies for Wetland Conservation
135(1)
7.6 Development of the Legal Framework
135(1)
7.7 Technology Intervention with Baseline Data for Wetland Conservation
136(1)
7.8 Development of National Action Plans
136(1)
7.9 Promotion of Research for Conservation Setup
136(1)
7.10 Conclusion
136(1)
References
137(3)
8 Assessing the Benefits, Threats and Conservation of Reservoir-Based Wetlands in the Eastern Himalayan River Basin 140(22)
8.1 Introduction
140(4)
8.1.1 RBWs' Significance and Ignorance
141(1)
8.1.2 RBWs in India
142(1)
8.1.3 The RBWs in the Eastern Himalayas
143(1)
8.2 The RBWs in the Tista Basin
144(1)
8.3 Benefits of Reservoirs as Wetland
145(2)
8.3.1 Ecosystem Services Provided by the RBWs
145(2)
8.4 Assessment of Ecosystem Services in the Tista Basin Provided by the RBWs
147(2)
8.5 Adverse Impact of RBWs
149(1)
8.5.1 Construction and Function of RBWs Across the World
149(1)
8.5.2 Adverse Impact of RBWs in the Eastern Himalayas
149(1)
8.6 Assessment of Impact on the Tista basin
150(2)
8.7 Potential Challenges and Threats to RBW
152(1)
8.7.1 Anthropogenic Activities
152(1)
8.7.2 Variations in Water Level
153(1)
8.8 Climate Change
153(1)
8.9 Management and Conservation of RBWs
154(1)
8.10 Conclusion
155(1)
References
156(6)
9 Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Causes and Consequences of Wetland Degradation 162(13)
9.1 Introduction
162(1)
9.2 Classification of Wetlands
162(2)
9.3 Causes of and Consequence of Wetland Degradation
164(6)
9.3.1 Natural Causes
164(2)
9.3.1.1 Storms Surge
165(1)
9.3.1.2 Disintegration of Barrier Islands
165(1)
9.3.1.3 Flooding and Salinization
165(1)
9.3.1.4 Herbivory
166(1)
9.3.1.5 Climate Change
166(1)
9.3.1.6 Major Shifts in a River's Course
166(1)
9.3.2 Anthropogenic Causes of Wetland Loss
166(4)
9.3.2.1 Infrastructure Development
167(1)
9.3.2.2 Land Conversion
167(1)
9.3.2.3 Water Withdrawal
168(1)
9.3.2.4 Eutrophication and Pollution
168(1)
9.3.2.5 Overharvesting and Overexploitation
168(1)
9.3.2.6 Introduction of Invasive Species
168(1)
9.3.2.7 Others
169(1)
9.4 Consequences of Wetland Loss
170(2)
9.4.1 Loss of Biodiversity
170(1)
9.4.2 Decrease in Water Level
171(1)
9.4.3 Loss of Habitat
171(1)
9.4.4 Climate Change
171(1)
9.4.5 Emission of Greenhouse Gases
171(1)
9.4.6 Erosion of River Delta
172(1)
References
172(3)
10 The Status of Current Knowledge, Distribution, and Conservation Challenges of Wetland Ecosystems in Kashmir Himalaya, India 175(26)
10.1 Introduction
175(1)
10.2 Wetlands Over North-Western Kashmir Himalaya
176(8)
10.2.1 Current Status
176(2)
10.2.2 Wetland Classification
178(4)
10.2.2.1 High Altitude Wetlands (HAWS)
182(1)
10.2.2.2 Mid-Altitude Wetlands (MAWS)
182(1)
10.2.3 Wetland Distribution and Extent in Kashmir Himalaya
182(2)
10.3 Wetland Functions and Values
184(3)
10.3.1 Regulatory functions
184(1)
10.3.1.1 Regulation of Global Climate
184(1)
10.3.1.2 Groundwater Recharge and Discharge
184(1)
10.3.1.3 Water Purification
185(1)
10.3.1.4 Natural Hazard and Flood Control
185(1)
10.3.1.5 Sediment Retention
185(1)
10.3.2 Provisioning Functions
185(1)
10.3.2.1 Food Resources
185(1)
10.3.2.2 Raw Materials
186(1)
10.3.2.3 Medicinal Resources
186(1)
10.3.3 Cultural Functions
186(1)
10.3.3.1 Tourism, Aesthetics, and Recreation
186(1)
10.3.3.2 Scientific and Educational Information
186(1)
10.3.4 Supporting Functions
187(1)
10.3.4.1 Biodiversity Habitats
187(1)
10.3.4.2 Nutrient Cycling
187(1)
10.3.5 Economic Values
187(1)
10.4 Drivers of Wetland Degradation
187(4)
10.4.1 Land System Changes
188(1)
10.4.2 Pollution
189(1)
10.4.3 Floating Agriculture
190(1)
10.4.4 Siltation
190(1)
10.4.5 Roads and Railways
190(1)
10.4.6 Plantations
190(1)
10.4.7 Overexploitation
191(1)
10.4.8 Weed Infestation
191(1)
10.4.9 Hunting and Poaching
191(1)
10.4.10 Land Reclamation
191(1)
10.5 Wetland Conservation in Kashmir Himalaya
191(4)
10.5.1 Legal Framework
192(1)
10.5.2 Conservation Challenges
193(1)
10.5.3 Conservation Strategies
193(1)
10.5.4 Knowledge Gaps
193(2)
10.6 Conclusion
195(1)
Acknowledgments
195(1)
References
195(6)
11 Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal Environment and Its Remediation Using Mangroves: An Eco-sustainable Approach 201(28)
11.1 Introduction
201(1)
11.2 Pollution in Mangrove Habitats: A Global Concern
202(1)
11.3 Heavy Metal Cycling in the Mangrove Ecosystem
203(1)
11.4 Heavy Metal Transport, Uptake, and Release
204(1)
11.5 Bioavailability and Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Sediments
204(1)
11.6 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals in the Sediment
205(5)
11.7 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Mangrove Plants
210(1)
11.8 Heavy Metal Remediation Potential of Mangroves
210(4)
11.9 Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Plant Tissues of Mangrove Species
214(1)
11.10 Application of Phytoremediation to Coastal Pollution Remediation
214(3)
11.10.1 Phytoremediation Using Constructed Wetlands (CWs) Technology
214(2)
11.10.2 Phytoremediation Using Constructed Floating Bed
216(1)
11.11 Eco-remediation Technologies as Sustainable Natural Treatment Systems for Waste Water Treatment
217(1)
11.12 Conclusion and Future Prospects
217(1)
References
218(11)
12 Mangrove Forests: Distribution, Species Diversity, Roles, Threats and Conservation Strategies 229(43)
12.1 Introduction
229(1)
12.2 Mangrove Species Diversity
230(7)
12.3 Geographical Distribution of Mangroves Across the Globe and India
237(1)
12.4 Important Roles of Mangroves
237(6)
12.4.1 Mangrove Forests are the Richest and Most Biodiverse Ecosystems on Earth
241(1)
12.4.2 Aquaculture: Shrimp and Fish Cultivation
242(1)
12.4.3 Protection from Natural Disasters: Mangroves Act as Natural Bioshields Against Natural Disasters
242(1)
12.4.4 Medicinal Value of Mangroves
243(1)
12.5 Threats to Mangroves
243(4)
12.5.1 Human Settlements and Other Developmental Activities
244(1)
12.5.2 Excessive Extraction of Wood
245(1)
12.5.3 Conversion of Mangrove Forests for Farming and Related Activities
245(1)
12.5.4 Conversion of Mangrove Forests for Aquaculture
245(1)
12.5.5 Global Warming, Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise
246(1)
12.5.6 Limits to Landward Movement
246(1)
12.5.7 El Nino and La Nina Events
247(1)
12.6 Strategies for the Conservation of Mangroves
247(5)
12.6.1 Increased and Focused Research on Understanding Mangroves
247(1)
12.6.2 Implementation of Mangrove Conservation-Related Laws, Guidelines, and Other Initiatives
247(4)
12.6.3 Strengthening Conservation Mechanisms
251(1)
12.6.4 Targeting Land Ownership-Related Issues
251(1)
12.6.5 Involvement of Local Communities
251(1)
12.7 Conclusion
252(1)
Acknowledgments
253(1)
References
253(19)
13 Wetland Conservation and Restoration 272(13)
13.1 Introduction
272(2)
13.2 Wetlands: Role and Importance
274(1)
13.3 Wetland Loss Leading to Ecological Imbalance
275(2)
13.4 Wetland Management Strategies: Current Status
277(3)
13.5 Wetland Restoration and Sustainability
280(1)
13.5.1 4th Ramsar Strategic Plan 2016-2024 (Source: Ramsar Secretariat 2016)
280(1)
13.6 Conclusion
281(1)
Acknowledgments
281(1)
References
281(4)
Index 285
Dr Sanjeev Sharma has been teaching as an Assistant Professor in the Centre for Study of Regional Development, School of Social Science and Concurrent Faculty in the Special Centre for E-Learning at Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi-India. He is also Assistant Director, UGC-HRDC-JNU, New Delhi. Over the past one and half decades he has worked in different academic and research institute viz. Dr. H.S. Gour Central University of Sagar, IISER, Mohali, WWF-India and G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE). He has done M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. (HPU, Shimla) Post Doctorate (IISER, Mohali) and PG Diploma in Environmental Law and Policy (NLU, Delhi). His research expertise in human ecology; wetlands conservation; environmental impact assessment & management; policy planning and nature conservation; science society and nature study etc. He was awarded first Dr. Saminderjeet Singh Young Geographers National Awrard for 2011 by Association of Punjab Geographers, Post Doc. Fellow from UGC & IISER, Mohali and UNESCO-IHE Fellowship. Presently he is an External Expert Member in the Himachal Pradesh State Wetlands Authority, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh. He has more than 35 international and national publications to his credit.

Dr Pardeep Singh is presently working as an Assistant Professor (Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi New Delhi India). He obtained his Masters degree from Department of Environmental Science Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi India and doctorate from Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi. He has published more than 65 papers in the international journals in the fields of various environmental emerging issues. He has edited more than 30 books with various international publishers like Springer, Elsevier, CRC and Wiley.
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