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E-raamat: What Makes Variables Random: Probability for the Applied Researcher

(University of Rochester, New York, USA)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-May-2017
  • Kirjastus: Chapman & Hall/CRC
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498781091
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-May-2017
  • Kirjastus: Chapman & Hall/CRC
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498781091
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What Makes Variables Random: Probability for the Applied Researcher provides an introduction to the foundations of probability that underlie the statistical analyses used in applied research. By explaining probability in terms of measure theory, it gives the applied researchers a conceptual framework to guide statistical modeling and analysis, and to better understand and interpret results.

The book provides a conceptual understanding of probability and its structure. It is intended to augment existing calculus-based textbooks on probability and statistics and is specifically targeted to researchers and advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the applied research fields of the social sciences, psychology, and health and healthcare sciences.

Materials are presented in three sections. The first section provides an overall introduction and presents some mathematical concepts used throughout the rest of the text. The second section presents the basic structure of measure theory and its special case of probability theory. The third section provides the connection between a conceptual understanding of measure-theoretic probability and applied research. This section starts with a chapter on its use in understanding basic models and finishes with a chapter that focuses on more complicated problems, particularly those related to various types and definitions of analyses related to hierarchical modeling.

Preface ix
Section I Preliminaries
1 Introduction
3(4)
Additional Readings
5(2)
2 Mathematical Preliminaries
7(14)
Set Theory
7(6)
Functions
13(4)
Additional Readings
17(4)
Section II Measure and Probability
3 Measure Theory
21(12)
Measurable Spaces
21(2)
Measures and Measure Spaces
23(3)
Measurable Functions
26(1)
Integration
26(5)
Additional Readings
31(2)
4 Probability
33(40)
Conditional Probabilities and Independence
35(2)
Product Spaces
37(2)
Dependent Observations
39(5)
Random Variables
44(2)
Cumulative Distribution Functions
46(1)
Probability Density Functions
47(1)
Expected Values
48(1)
Random Vectors
49(3)
Dependence within Observations
52(2)
Dependence across Observations
54(4)
Another View of Dependence
58(3)
Densities Conditioned on Continuous Variables
61(3)
Statistics
64(2)
What's Wrong with the Power Set?
66(1)
Do We Need to Know P to Get Px?
67(1)
It's Just Mathematics---The Interpretation Is Up To You
67(2)
Additional Readings
69(4)
Section III Applications
5 Basic Models
73(30)
Experiments with Measurement Error Only
73(1)
Experiments with Fixed Units and Random Assignment
74(2)
Observational Studies with Random Samples
76(2)
Experiments with Random Samples and Assignment
78(2)
Observational Studies with Natural Data Sets
80(5)
Population Models
85(1)
Data Models
86(1)
Connecting Population and Data Generating Process Models
87(2)
Connecting Data Generating Process Models and Data Models
89(3)
Models of Distributions and Densities
92(6)
Arbitrary Models
98(3)
Additional Readings
101(2)
6 Common Problems
103(40)
Interpreting Standard Errors
103(3)
Notational Conventions
106(15)
Random versus Fixed Effects
121(14)
Inherent Fixed Units, Fixed Effects, and Standard Errors
135(4)
Inherent Fixed Units, Random Effects, and Standard Errors
139(2)
Treating Fixed Effects as Random
141(1)
Conclusion
141(1)
Additional Readings
142(1)
Bibliography 143(2)
Index 145
Peter Veazie, PhD, is an associate professor in health services research and policy at the University of Rochester. He is the Chief of the division of Health Policy and Outcomes Research and the Director of the Health Services Research and Policy graduate programs. Dr. Veazies research interests include the psychology of health care decision making, health outcomes, and statistical research methods.