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E-raamat: Wilderness Navigation: Finding Your Way Using Map, Compass, Altimeter, & GPS

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A classic navigation tool returns, newly updated to reflect the latest advances in GPS technology and including everything a modern explorer of all skill levels needs to know about path finding, compasses, maps, and more. Original.
Preface and Acknowledgments 8(2)
Introduction 10(3)
Map Basics
13(14)
USGS Topographic Maps
14(1)
How to Read Topographic Maps
15(8)
Limitations of Maps
23(1)
Customizing and Modifying Maps
24(1)
Carrying Maps on a Wilderness Trip
24(1)
Where to Get Maps
25(1)
The Importance of the Map
26(1)
Compass Basics
27(19)
Types of Base Plate Compasses
29(1)
Bearings
30(1)
Bearings in the Field
31(3)
Magnetic Declination
34(4)
Back Bearings
38(1)
Bearings on the Map
39(2)
Practicing with the Compass
41(1)
Tips on Compass Use
42(1)
The Map and Compass: A Checklist
43(2)
And for the Last Time
45(1)
Orientation With Map and Compass
46(8)
Point Position
47(1)
Line Position
47(1)
Area Position
48(2)
Orienting a Map
50(1)
Direction and Bearing of the Slope
51(2)
A Reminder
53(1)
Navigation with Map and Compass
54(8)
Map and Compass
54(2)
Compass Alone
56(1)
Using Intermediate Objectives
56(1)
The Intentional Offset (``Aiming Off'')
57(1)
The Parallel Path
58(1)
Navigating around an Obstruction
59(1)
Always Know Where You Are Headed, and Consider the Return Route
60(1)
A Reminder
61(1)
Lost!
62(9)
How to Avoid Getting Lost
62(6)
What If You Do Get Lost?
68(3)
More About Maps
71(10)
Distance Measurement on the Map
71(3)
Slope Measurement on the Map
74(3)
Range, Township, and Section
77(4)
More About Compasses and Geomagnetism
81(11)
Where to Get Declination Information
81(1)
Changes in Declination
82(4)
Dip
86(1)
Using the Clinometer
87(1)
Other Types of Compasses
88(4)
The Altimeter
92(5)
What the Altimeter Is and How It Works
92(1)
Types of Altimeters
92(1)
Effects of Weather on Altimeters
93(1)
Precision and Accuracy
94(1)
Effects of Temperature on Altimeters
94(1)
Cautions When Using the Altimeter in Wilderness Travel
94(1)
Orientation
94(1)
Navigation
95(1)
Decision Making
95(1)
Use of Bearing of the Slope with the Altimeter
96(1)
The Global Positioning System
97(12)
Selecting a GPS Receiver
97(1)
Getting Started with GPS
98(1)
Using a GPS Receiver in Wilderness Navigation
99(2)
Orientation Using GPS and UTM Coordinates
101(3)
Navigation Using GPS and UTM Coordinates
104(1)
Datums, Zones, and Bands
105(1)
Limitations of GPS Receivers
106(3)
Wilderness Routefinding
109(15)
On the Trail
110(1)
In the Forest
111(2)
In Alpine Areas
113(1)
On Snow
114(2)
Wands
116(2)
On Glaciers
118(2)
Moats and Bergschrunds
120(1)
The Bootprint
121(1)
The Art of Wilderness Routefinding
122(2)
Bibliography 124(3)
Appendix: Wilderness Navigation Practice Problems 127(11)
Index 138