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E-raamat: Wildlife Forensics: Methods and Applications

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(East Stroudsburg University), (Millersville University)
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Wildlife Forensics: Methods and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
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Wildlife Forensics: Methods and Applications provides an accessible and practical approach to the key areas involved in this developing subject. The book contains case studies throughout the text that take the reader from the field, to the lab analysis to the court room, giving a complete insight into the path of forensic evidence and demonstrating how current techniques can be applied to wildlife forensics.The book contains approaches that wildlife forensic investigators and laboratory technicians can employ in investigations and provides the direction and practical advice required by legal and police professionals seeking to gain the evidence needed to prosecute wildlife crimes.The book will bring together in one text various aspects of wildlife forensics, including statistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, morphological identification, and DNA analysis.This book will be an invaluable reference and will provide investigators, laboratory technicians and students in forensic Science/conservation biology classes with practical guidance and best methods for criminal investigations applied to wildlife crime.Includes practical techniques that wildlife forensic investigators and laboratory technicians can employ in investigations. Includes case studies to illustrate various key methods and applications. Brings together diverse areas of forensic science and demonstrates their application specifically to the field of wildlife crime. Contains methodology boxes to lead readers through the processes of individual techniques. Takes an applied approach to the subject to appeal to both students of the subject and practitioners in the field. Includes a broad introduction to what is meant by wildlife crime, how to approach a crime scene and collect evidence and includes chapters dedicated to the key techniques utilized in wildlife investigations. Includes chapters on wildlife forensic pathology; zooanthropological techniques; biological trace evidence analysis; the importance of bitemark evidence; plant and wildlife forensics; best practices and law enforcement.

Arvustused

This book is written in an easy to comprehend style and the concise chapters are full of information. Few books are specific to veterinary forensics and I would recommend this one for the library of anyone involved in this field.  (Doodys, 24 August 2012)

 

Developments in Forensic Science xiii
About the Editors xv
List of Contributors
xvii
Foreword xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
1 Wildlife Ownership
1(14)
Eric G. Roscoe
Michael McMaster
Introduction
1(1)
Ancient Rome and the Concept of Res Nullius
2(1)
Common Law England: The King's Ownership
3(2)
The New World: Hunting for the Market
5(3)
Management: The Property Right of States
8(2)
Federal Law and the Regulatory State
10(1)
Globalization: Working toward Worldwide Conservation Practices
11(2)
Conclusion
13(1)
Cases Cited
13(1)
References
13(2)
2 Society for Wildlife Forensic Science
15(20)
DeeDee Hawk
Introduction
15(4)
Formation of the Society
19(3)
The Code of Ethics
22(2)
Membership of the Society
24(1)
Member Labs
25(1)
Proficiency Program
25(4)
Scientific Working Group for Wildlife Forensic Sciences (SWGWILD)
29(3)
Conclusion
32(1)
References
33(2)
3 The Application of Forensic Science to Wildlife Evidence
35(16)
John R. Wallace
Jill C. Ross
Introduction
35(2)
Overview of Forensic Science
37(2)
History of Wildlife Forensics
39(5)
Enforcement of Wildlife Protection Policy
44(1)
Development of Wildlife Forensic Laboratories
45(2)
Current Perceptions
47(1)
Conclusion
48(1)
Acknowledgements
49(1)
References
49(2)
4 Defining a Crime Scene and Physical Evidence Collection
51(14)
Jason H. Byrd
Lerah K. Sutton
Introduction
51(1)
Definition of a Crime Scene
51(1)
Questions to Be Asked
52(1)
Scene Priority
52(1)
First Responding Officer
53(1)
Securing the Scene
53(2)
Chain of Custody
55(1)
Processing the Scene
55(1)
Initial Documentation
56(2)
Scene Documentation
58(2)
Remains in an Aquatic Environment
60(1)
Collection of Evidence
61(1)
Review of Scene Processing
62(1)
Final Inspection
62(1)
References
63(2)
5 Forensic Evidence Collection and Cultural Motives for Animal Harvesting
65(16)
Michelle D. Hamilton
Elizabeth M. Erhart
Introduction
65(1)
Wild Animals as Pharmacopeias
66(1)
Trade in Wild Animals
67(1)
Recovering Evidence at Poaching Scenes
68(3)
Locating the Burial: Anomalies on the Surface
71(5)
Acknowledgements
76(1)
References
76(5)
6 Forensic Entomology and Wildlife
81(28)
Jeffery K. Tomberlin
Michelle R. Sanford
Introduction
81(1)
Application of Forensic Entomology to Wildlife Crimes
82(4)
Arthropods Commonly Encountered
86(2)
Diptera
88(7)
Coleoptera
95(3)
Sampling
98(2)
Conclusion
100(1)
Appendix
101(1)
Acknowledgements
102(1)
References
102(7)
7 Wildlife Forensic Pathology and Toxicology in Wound Analysis and Pesticide Poisoning
109(20)
Douglas E. Roscoe
William Stansley
Introduction
109(1)
Wound Analysis
109(12)
Wildlife Poisoning by Insecticides
121(2)
Wildlife Poisoning by Rodenticides
123(2)
References
125(4)
8 The Use of Hair Morphology in the Identification of Mammals
129(16)
Lisa Knecht
Introduction
129(1)
Types of Hair
130(1)
Hair Structure
131(9)
Techniques for Studying Hair Structure
140(2)
Conclusion
142(1)
References
142(3)
9 Plants and Wildlife Forensics
145(16)
Christopher R. Hardy
David S. Martin
Introduction
145(1)
Plants as Trace Evidence
145(4)
Poisonous Plants
149(4)
The Basics of Collecting and Preserving Botanical Evidence
153(3)
Finding a Forensic Botanist
156(1)
Conclusion
156(1)
Acknowledgements
157(1)
References
157(4)
10 Identification of Reptile Skin Products Using Scale Morphology
161(40)
David L. Martin
Introduction
161(1)
International Trade in Reptile Skins
162(4)
Challenges to Species Identification of Reptile Skin Products
166(2)
Species and Products Represented in the Reptile Skin Trade
168(2)
Reptile Scale Morphology Basics and Current Limitations
170(8)
Identifying Features of Major Reptile Groups
178(16)
Conclusion
194(1)
Acknowledgements
195(1)
References
195(6)
11 Best Practices in Wildlife Forensic DNA
201(36)
M. Katherine Moore
Irving L. Kornfield
Introduction
201(2)
The Need for Appropriate Standards
203(3)
Wildlife Forensic DNA Best Practices
206(1)
Standards and Guidelines for Wildlife Forensics
206(2)
Training
208(1)
Case File
209(4)
Laboratory Facility (QA)
213(1)
Validation
214(2)
Laboratory Protocols
216(2)
Data Analysis
218(2)
Interpretation Guidelines
220(1)
Vouchers/Reference Samples
221(3)
Species Identification
224(1)
Reporting
224(1)
Contents of the Case Report
225(1)
Review
226(3)
Court Testimony
229(1)
The Way Forward
230(1)
Note
230(1)
Acknowledgements
230(1)
References
231(6)
12 Statistics for Wildlife Forensic DNA
237(16)
B.S. Weir
Introduction
237(1)
The Central Problem
238(3)
Genetic Sampling
241(1)
Lineage Markers
242(3)
Relatedness
245(2)
Inbreeding
247(1)
Testing for Allele Independence
248(2)
Assignment testing
250(1)
Conclusion
251(1)
References
252(1)
13 Forensic DNA Analysis of Wildlife Evidence
253(18)
Sabrina N. McGraw
Shamus P. Keeler
Jane E. Huffman
Introduction
253(1)
DNA Isolation and Handling
254(1)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
255(1)
Sample Speciation
256(1)
Minisatellites (VNTRs)
256(1)
Mitochondrial Markers (mtDNA)
257(2)
Additional Genetic Speciation Methods
259(1)
Limitations of Genetic Speciation
260(1)
Sample Sexing
261(1)
Sample Individualization
262(1)
Sample Localization
263(1)
Validation of Wildlife Forensic Techniques
264(2)
Court Admissibility
266(1)
Conclusion
266(1)
Cases Cited
266(1)
References
267(4)
14 DNA Applications and Implementation
271(22)
Robert Ogden
Introduction
271(1)
History
272(1)
Questions and Techniques: Wildlife Crime Issues
272(1)
Species Identification
273(2)
Identification of Geographic Origin
275(4)
Individual Identification
279(1)
Exclusion
280(2)
Practical Applications
282(1)
Sample Types for DNA Analysis
282(1)
Laboratory Models: Individual Facilities
283(4)
Future Developments
287(1)
Summary
288(1)
References
289(4)
15 Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics of Birds
293(34)
Rebecca N. Johnson
Introduction
293(2)
Avian Genetics
295(4)
Avian Taxonomy, Legislation and Conservation
299(3)
Avian Wildlife Forensics: A Range of Applications
302(5)
Conservation Genetics and Wildlife Forensics: Identification Using DNA
307(8)
Conclusion
315(2)
References
317(10)
16 Wildlife Forensics in Thailand: Utilization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences
327(16)
Suchitra Changtragoon
Introduction
327(1)
DNA Extraction and Amplification
327(1)
DNA Sequencing
328(1)
Origin Identification
328(1)
Species and Subspecies Identification
328(2)
Results of the Investigations
330(8)
Conclusion
338(3)
Acknowledgements
341(1)
References
341(2)
17 The Future of Wildlife Forensic Science
343(16)
Edgard O. Espinoza
Jesica L. Espinoza
Pepper W. Trail
Barry W. Baker
Introduction
343(1)
Technical Challenges
344(6)
Enhancing Wildlife Protection by Integrating Forensic Science and the Law
350(1)
The U.S. Endangered Species Act and the Limits of Science
351(2)
The Future of Forensic Scientists and the Laboratories in which They Work
353(2)
Conclusion
355(1)
Acknowledgments
356(1)
References
356(3)
Index 359
Dr. Jane Huffman, Ph.D. is the director of the Northeast Wildlife DNA Laboratory at East Stroudsburg University, where her work focuses on the application of genetic methods to wildlife law enforcement and conservation management. She runs wildlife DNA forensic training courses for conservation officers from New Jersey and Pennsylvania. She, along with her students, has undertaken a wide range of applied research projects including the development of DNA profiling systems for game species in PA and NJ and microscopic hair characterization. The laboratory provides species identification tests for illegally sold wild meat. She provides forensic analysis and expert witness testimony in PA wildlife crime prosecutions. Dr. Huffman is also the graduate student coordinator for the Department of Biological Sciences at East Stroudsburg University. Dr. John R. Wallace, Ph.D., D-ABFE, F-AAFS, is one of 15 board-certified forensic entomologists and a diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Entomology. Dr. Wallace is a Professor of Biology and focuses on teaching courses in Entomology, Aquatic Biology, Aquatic Entomology, Forensic Entomology, Forensic Science, and Ecology and Evolution. His research interests cover topics such as mosquito and disease ecology as well as mosquito and blackfly surveillance, and the role of aquatic organisms such as insects, algae and crayfish on decomposition within forensic science. As a forensic entomologist, Dr. Wallace has participated in criminal investigations all over the country since 1995. He has taught forensic entomology courses at the University level and workshops at various universities to law enforcement throughout the United States, published more than 45 articles or book chapters in National/International journals. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Science and an active member since 2002. Dr. Wallace is a co-founder and past President of the North American Forensic Entomology Association (NAFEA) in 2005 as well as the editor-elect for the NAFEA newsletter.
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