Preface |
|
xi | |
|
|
xv | |
|
|
xxv | |
|
|
1 | (24) |
|
1.1 History of Wind Energy |
|
|
1 | (24) |
|
1.1.1 Modern Era of Wind Energy |
|
|
13 | (12) |
|
|
25 | (32) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
2.2 Atmospheric Boundary Layer |
|
|
26 | (3) |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
2.4 Wind Speed Probability |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (9) |
|
2.5.1 Weibull Distribution |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
2.5.2 Methods for Weibull model fits |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
2.5.3 Rayleigh Distribution |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
2.6 Energy Estimation of Wind Regimes |
|
|
42 | (7) |
|
2.6.0.1 Weibull-based Energy Estimation Approach |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
2.6.1 Rayleigh-based Energy Estimation Approach |
|
|
45 | (4) |
|
2.7 Wind Condition Measurement |
|
|
49 | (8) |
|
2.7.1 Wind Speed Anemometers |
|
|
49 | (8) |
|
3 Introduction to Aerodynamics |
|
|
57 | (26) |
|
|
57 | (3) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
3.6 Aerodynamic Characteristic of Three NACA Airfoils |
|
|
68 | (4) |
|
3.7 Airfoil Sensitivity to Leading edge Roughness |
|
|
72 | (2) |
|
3.8 New Airfoil Designs for the Wind Power Industry |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (8) |
|
4 Aerodynamic Performance |
|
|
83 | (38) |
|
|
83 | (11) |
|
4.2 Momentum Theory with Wake Rotation |
|
|
94 | (5) |
|
4.3 Blade Element Momentum (BEM) Theory |
|
|
99 | (5) |
|
4.4 Prandtl's Tip Loss Factor |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
4.5 Solution of the BEM Equations |
|
|
106 | (15) |
|
4.5.1 Example BEM Equation Solution |
|
|
108 | (13) |
|
5 Horizontal Wind Turbine Rotor Design |
|
|
121 | (14) |
|
5.1 Designing a New wind Turbine |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (13) |
|
5.2.1 Example Rotor Design |
|
|
128 | (7) |
|
|
135 | (26) |
|
6.1 Aerodynamic Torque Control |
|
|
138 | (3) |
|
6.1.1 Electrical Torque Control |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
6.2 Wind Turbine Operation Strategy |
|
|
141 | (4) |
|
6.2.1 Fixed Speed Designs |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Variable Speed Designs |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
6.2.3 Variable Speed Adaptive Torque Control |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
6.3 Axial Induction Control |
|
|
145 | (16) |
|
|
161 | (22) |
|
7.1 Rotor Response to Loads |
|
|
166 | (5) |
|
7.2 Rotor Vibration Modes |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
7.3 Design for Extreme Conditions |
|
|
175 | (8) |
|
|
183 | (12) |
|
8.1 Wind Turbine Wake Effects |
|
|
184 | (5) |
|
8.2 Wind Farm Design Optimization |
|
|
189 | (6) |
|
|
195 | (24) |
|
9.1 Acoustics Fundamentals |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
9.2 Sound Pressure Measurement and Weighting |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
9.4 Low Frequency and Infrasound |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
9.5 Wind Turbine Sound Sources |
|
|
202 | (5) |
|
|
207 | (4) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
9.9 Wind Turbine Project Noise Assessment |
|
|
213 | (6) |
|
|
219 | (34) |
|
10.1 Electro-chemical Energy Storage |
|
|
220 | (7) |
|
10.1.1 Lead-acid Batteries |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
10.1.2 Nickel-based Batteries |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
10.1.3 Lithium-based Batteries |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
10.1.4 Additional Electro-chemical Storage Technologies |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
10.1.5 Sodium Sulfur Batteries |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
10.1.6 Redox Flow Battery |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
10.2 Supercapacitor Storage |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
10.4 Mechanical Energy Storage Systems |
|
|
230 | (8) |
|
10.4.1 Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 Compressed Air Storage |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
|
238 | (6) |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
10.7 Hydro-electric Storage Case Study |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
10.8 Buoyant Hydraulic Energy Storage Case Study |
|
|
246 | (7) |
|
|
253 | (20) |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
11.2 Component Estimate Formulas |
|
|
256 | (10) |
|
11.3 Example Cost Breakdown |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
|
268 | (5) |
|
12 Design Summary and Trade Study |
|
|
273 | (12) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (9) |
|
|
285 | (16) |
|
13.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
13.2 Wind Focusing Concepts |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
13.3 Bladeless Wind Turbine Concepts |
|
|
291 | (4) |
|
13.3.1 Airborne Wind Turbine Concepts |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
295 | (6) |
|
|
301 | (22) |
|
14.1 Size Specifications of Common Industrial Wind Turbines |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
14.2 Design Trade Code 1: Performance and Structure |
|
|
303 | (8) |
|
14.3 Design Trade Code 2: Economics |
|
|
311 | (12) |
Index |
|
323 | |