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E-raamat: Wind Energy Essentials: Societal, Economic, and Environmental Impacts

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Apr-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118947937
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Wind Energy Essentials: Societal, Economic, and Environmental ImpactsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Apr-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118947937
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Examines the possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project.

This book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are:





Discusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communities Provides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographs Offers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energy Models chapters around an existing university curriculum

Spanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, Wind Energy Essentials is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry.
Preface xiii
Foreword xv
About the Authors xvii
Dedication and Acknowledgments xix
1 Impacts of Energy and Electricity on Society 1(33)
1.1 What are "Social and Environmental Impacts"?,
1(1)
1.2 Early Wind Power Innovation and Discovery,
2(18)
1.3 Impact of Electricity on Society,
20(8)
1.4 History of Wind Energy for Electricity Production,
28(4)
1.5 Renewables and Electrification in Third-World Countries,
32(1)
1.6 The Nexus of Wind, Water, and Electricity,
32(1)
References,
32(2)
2 The Basics of Electricity 34(14)
2.1 Units of Electrical Measurement,
34(2)
2.2 Descriptions of Common Electrical Equipment,
36(3)
2.3 Types of Companies or Business Units within the Electric Industry,
39(1)
2.4 Frequently Asked Questions,
40(7)
Reference,
47(1)
3 Overview of Wind Energy and Other Sources of Electricity 48(23)
3.1 Defining Renewable Energy,
48(3)
3.2 Sources and Uses of Energy,
51(2)
3.3 Growth of Renewable Energy in the United States,
53(1)
3.4 Use of Renewable Energy for Electricity Production in the United States,
53(5)
3.5 Growth of Wind Power Capacity in the United States,
58(1)
3.6 Subsidies or Incentives for Wind Energy,
59(1)
3.7 Potential for Increased Use of Wind Energy in the United States,
60(2)
3.8 Wind Resources in the United States,
62(5)
3.9 Overview of Other Sources of Electric Generation in the United States,
67(3)
References,
70(1)
4 Conversion of Power in the Wind to Electricity 71(29)
4.1 Wind Power Plants and Wind Turbines,
71(14)
4.2 Atmospheric Science,
85(9)
4.3 Wind Statistics,
94(6)
5 The Wind Energy Development Process 100(15)
5.1 Requirements for an Economically Viable Wind Energy Project,
100(3)
5.2 Other Factors that Contribute to the Success of a Wind Energy Project,
103(1)
5.3 Potential "Fatal Flaws",
104(1)
5.4 Coordination of the Wind Energy Project Development Process,
105(1)
5.5 Timeline for Developing a Wind Energy Project,
106(1)
5.6 Major Steps in the Early-Stage Wind Project Development Process,
107(4)
5.7 Major Steps in Latter-Stage Wind Energy Project Development,
111(2)
5.8 Final Steps in Developing a Wind Energy Project,
113(1)
5.9 Conclusions,
114(1)
References,
114(1)
6 Overview of Issues Faced by Wind Energy 115(7)
6.1 The Need to Understand and Respond,
115(2)
6.2 Community Relationships and Public Outreach,
117(2)
6.3 General Categorization of Issues,
119(2)
Reference,
121(1)
7 Wind and Wildlife: Siting Issues and Challenges 122(23)
7.1 Overview of Wildlife-Related Issues Faced by the Wind Industry,
122(1)
7.2 State and Federal Regulations Relevant to Wind Development's Impact on Wildlife,
123(1)
7.3 USFWS Guidelines for Wind Development,
124(1)
7.4 Best Management Practices for Wind Energy Development Included as
Chapter 7 of the USFWS Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines,
125(3)
7.5 Bird Deaths Due to Collisions with Wind Turbine Blades,
128(3)
7.6 Wind Generation Wildlife Issues Not Limited to Avian Collisions,
131(2)
7.7 Avian Species of Concern,
133(3)
7.8 Bat Deaths due to Wind Energy Development,
136(4)
7.9 Organizations Studying Ways to Minimize Effects of Wind Development on Birds and Other Wildlife,
140(1)
7.10 Conclusions,
141(1)
References,
141(4)
8 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public Health Issues 145(15)
8.1 Overview of Environmental and Ecological Impacts on Humans,
145(1)
8.2 Wind Turbine Noise: Key Terms,
146(1)
8.3 Estimates of Noise from Wind Turbines,
147(2)
8.4 Potential Health Effects of Audible or Subaudible Noise from Wind Turbines,
149(1)
8.5 Noise Ordinances,
150(1)
8.6 Technological Advances that can Reduce Turbine Noise,
151(1)
8.7 Siting Procedures for Noise Mitigation,
152(1)
8.8 Shadow Flicker,
153(1)
8.9 Mitigation of Shadow Flicker,
154(1)
8.10 Electric and Magnetic Fields,
155(1)
8.11 Mitigating EMF Exposure from Wind Projects,
156(1)
8.12 Solid and Hazardous Wastes,
156(1)
8.13 Mitigation of Solid and Hazardous Waste Issues,
157(1)
8.14 Conclusions,
158(1)
References,
158(2)
9 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy on Humans: Public and Workforce Safety Issues 160(15)
9.1 Overview of Workforce and Public Safety Issues,
160(1)
9.2 Things Can Go Wrong Anytime Humans are Involved (in any Industry),
161(1)
9.3 Ice Shedding,
161(2)
9.4 Mitigating Ice Shedding Issues,
163(1)
9.5 Blade Throw,
163(1)
9.6 Mitigating Blade Throw Issues,
164(1)
9.7 Risk of Fire,
164(1)
9.8 Mitigating Risk of Fire,
165(1)
9.9 Lightning,
165(2)
9.10 Other Weather Emergencies: Hurricanes, Tornadoes, and Hail,
167(1)
9.11 The Impact of Wind Energy on Vehicular Traffic,
167(1)
9.12 Planning for and Addressing Transportation Issues,
168(3)
9.13 Electrical and Pipeline Safety: Height, Depth, and Location of Electric Lines,
171(1)
9.14 Other Wind Energy Industry Workforce Safety Issues,
171(3)
9.15 Conclusions,
174(1)
References,
174(1)
10 Wind Energy's Impact on Aviation, Radar, and Telecommunications 175(19)
10.1 Impact of Wind Energy on Military and Civilian Aviation,
175(1)
10.2 Regulatory Requirements and FAA Permitting Process,
176(1)
10.3 FAA Screening Tools,
177(4)
10.4 FAA Requirements for Marking or Lighting of Obstructions,
181(3)
10.5 Marking and/or Lighting of Meteorological Towers,
184(1)
10.6 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Aviation or Navigation Radar,
185(4)
10.7 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Weather Radar,
189(1)
10.8 Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on Telecommunications,
190(2)
References,
192(2)
11 Other Environmental Issues of Wind Energy Development: Aesthetics, Cultural Resources, Land Use Compatibility, Water Resources, and Site Restoration 194(24)
11.1 Aesthetic Issues: Wind Energy's Impact on Scenery or Viewshed,
194(8)
11.2 Mitigating Aesthetic Impacts and Issues,
202(1)
11.3 Impact of Wind Energy on Cultural Resources,
202(2)
11.4 Compatibility of Wind Energy Development with Existing Land Use,
204(9)
11.5 Impact of Wind Energy Development on Water Resources,
213(2)
11.6 Removal of Retired Equipment and Restoration of Property,
215(1)
11.7 Best Management Practices for Decommissioning of Wind Energy Projects (from USFWS Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines),
216(1)
References,
217(1)
12 Impact of Wind Energy on the Electric Gild 218(16)
12.1 Overview of Wind Integration Issues,
218(1)
12.2 The Electric Grid,
219(2)
12.3 Wind Penetration,
221(1)
12.4 Issues that Arise due to Integration of Wind Energy,
222(8)
12.5 Capability of Wind Turbines to Meet Applicable Standards for Grid Interconnection,
230(2)
12.6 Conclusions,
232(1)
References,
233(1)
13 Non-Wind Renewable Energy Sources Used To Meet Electricity Needs 234(22)
13.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation: Attributes That Will Be Considered,
234(1)
13.2 Renewable Energy Generation Resources in the United States,
235(1)
13.3 Hydroelectric Generation,
235(3)
13.4 Solar Energy,
238(5)
13.5 Biomass Energy,
243(2)
13.6 Municipal Solid Waste,
245(1)
13.7 Landfill Gas,
246(2)
13.8 Geothermal Energy,
248(2)
13.9 Energy from the Ocean: Tidal Power and Wave Power,
250(3)
13.10 Hydrogen,
253(2)
References,
255(1)
14 Nonrenewable Energy Sources Used to Meet Electricity Needs 256(21)
14.1 Comparing Sources of Electric Generation,
256(1)
14.2 Processes or Technologies Used to Produce Electricity,
257(2)
14.3 Comparing Efficiencies of Generation Technologies,
259(2)
14.4 Generation Resources in the United States,
261(1)
14.5 Nuclear Energy,
261(5)
14.6 Coal-Fired Generation,
266(4)
14.7 Natural Gas-Fired Generation,
270(3)
14.8 Oil-Fired Generation,
273(1)
14.9 Methane Hydrates,
274(2)
References,
276(1)
15 Energy Efficiency and Conservation: "Less is More" and "Doing Without" 277(21)
15.1 Overview,
277(1)
15.2 Concepts,
278(5)
15.3 Consumer Efficiency and DSM,
283(5)
15.4 Generation and Transmission Efficiency,
288(4)
15.5 Conserving Resources and Reducing Emissions,
292(2)
15.6 Positive Attributes of Energy Efficiency and Conservation,
294(1)
15.7 Limits to Electric Energy Efficiency and Conservation,
294(3)
References,
297(1)
16 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 298(17)
16.1 Overview,
298(1)
16.2 The Greenhouse Effect,
298(3)
16.3 Fossil Fuels and their Contribution to GHG Levels,
301(5)
16.4 International Political and Economic Issues of Controlling GHG Emissions,
306(1)
16.5 Public Opinion and Policy,
306(4)
16.6 Potential Effects of Global Climate Change,
310(2)
16.7 Methods and Costs of Mitigation,
312(1)
16.8 Conclusions,
313(1)
References,
313(2)
17 Siting and Permitting of Electric Generation Projects 315(18)
17.1 Federal Law, Regulations, and Permitting Requirements,
315(5)
17.2 Federal Permits, Approvals, or Consultations,
320(2)
17.3 State and Local Permitting,
322(2)
17.4 Public Opposition to Power Plants and Transmission Lines,
324(1)
17.5 Examples of Renewable Energy Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals,
325(1)
17.6 Examples of Fossil-Fueled or Nuclear Generation Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals,
326(3)
17.7 Transmission Line Projects Experiencing Difficulty in Obtaining Required Permits or Approvals,
329(1)
17.8 Checklist for Governmental Approvals,
330(1)
References,
331(2)
18 Economics of Electricity Generation 333(24)
18.1 Sources of Electricity Generation,
333(1)
18.2 Electrical Demand versus Supply,
334(1)
18.3 Marginal Cost of Electricity/Energy Value,
335(2)
18.4 Effect of Generation Resource Diversity on Electricity Market Price,
337(2)
18.5 Capacity Value of Electric Generation,
339(1)
18.6 Effect of Capacity Factor on the Economics of Electricity Generation,
340(2)
18.7 Effect of Expected Useful Life or Economic Life of Power Plants on the Economics of Electricity Generation,
342(1)
18.8 Book Depreciation versus Depreciation for Tax Purposes,
343(3)
18.9 Ad Valorem or Property Taxes,
346(1)
18.10 Federal Support and Subsidies,
347(5)
18.11 Environmental Externalities,
352(1)
18.12 Using Levelized Cost of Energy to Compare Competing Technologies,
353(2)
18.13 Conclusions,
355(1)
References,
356(1)
19 Economic Impacts and Benefits of Wind Energy Projects and Other Sources of Electric Generation 357(17)
19.1 Introduction,
357(1)
19.2 Potential Economic Benefits of Electric Generation Projects,
357(3)
19.3 Potentially Detrimental Economic Impacts of Electric Generation Projects,
360(3)
19.4 Tax Abatements or other Incentives to Attract Generation Projects,
363(1)
19.5 Summary of Studies Assessing the Economic Impacts of Wind Plants,
364(5)
19.6 Studies on Economic Benefits of Non-Wind Electric Generation Projects,
369(1)
19.7 Opportunities Created by a Transition to a "Clean Energy Economy",
370(2)
19.8 Conclusions,
372(1)
References,
372(2)
20 Environmental Impacts and Economics of Offshore Wind Energy 374(9)
20.1 Offshore Wind Resource Areas in the United States,
374(4)
20.2 Economics of Offshore Wind vs. Onshore Wind,
378(1)
20.3 Environmental Impacts Unique to Offshore Wind Energy,
379(2)
20.4 Potential Impact of Hurricanes,
381(1)
References,
381(2)
21 State and National Energy Policies 383(22)
21.1 Introduction,
383(1)
21.2 History of US Energy Policy,
384(3)
21.3 Keys Issues within Energy Policy,
387(1)
21.4 Energy Imports,
388(3)
21.5 Governmental Mandates, Targets, or Goals,
391(2)
21.6 Federal Tax Incentives,
393(3)
21.7 Public Benefit Funds,
396(1)
21.8 Feed-in Tariffs,
397(1)
21.9 Net Metering,
398(1)
21.10 Research and Development,
399(1)
21.11 Increasing Restrictions on Fossil-Fueled Power Plant Emissions,
400(2)
21.12 Carbon Taxes/Cap-and-Trade Programs,
402(1)
21.13 Conclusions,
403(1)
References,
404(1)
22 Global Wind Energy Policy and Development 405(24)
22.1 Introduction,
405(1)
22.2 Renewable Energy Development-A Global Perspective,
405(2)
22.3 The Wind Energy Industry's Role in the Global Energy Market,
407(9)
22.4 Wind Energy by Region,
416(10)
22.5 Conclusions,
426(1)
References,
427(2)
23 Wind Energy Workforce, Education, and Jobs 429(17)
23.1 Historic Growth of the Wind Energy Industry,
429(1)
23.2 Sectors and Locations of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry,
429(9)
23.3 Projected Growth of the Wind Energy Industry,
438(2)
23.4 Types of Jobs within the Wind Energy Industry,
440(4)
References,
444(2)
24 The Future of Electric Energy 446(11)
24.1 Supply and Use Projections of Fossil Fuels,
446(3)
24.2 Eighty Percent Renewables by 2050,
449(1)
24.3 Wind Energy Research and Development,
450(1)
24.4 Smart Grid/Infrastructure Updates,
450(2)
24.5 The Consumer of the Future/Consumer Applications,
452(1)
24.6 Energy Storage,
452(1)
24.7 Clean Energy Transportation: The Role for Wind Energy and Other Renewables in Reducing National Dependence on Petroleum Imports,
453(1)
24.8 Energy and Clean Water: Using Wind to Desalinate and Purify Water,
454(1)
24.9 Electrification in Third-World Countries,
455(1)
References,
455(2)
Appendix A Wind Energy Reference Tables for Units, Conversions, Symbols, and Energy Equivalents 457(7)
Appendix B List of Acronyms 464(4)
Appendix C Glossary 468(11)
Index 479
Richard Walker has many years of experience in both the electric power and the wind energy industries, in addition to teaching wind energy at Texas Tech University.  During his career, he has been involved in electric transmission engineering, solar energy, research and development, state and federal governmental affairs, and the development of over 1,600 MW of wind farms currently in operation (including the first utility-scale wind farm in Texas and the 782 MW Roscoe wind farm, which for several years was the world's largest wind energy project).

Andrew Swift is presently Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Associate Director of the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University, where his focus is on wind energy education and workforce development. His previous academic appointments include Director of the Wind Science and Engineering Research Center at Texas Tech and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at El Paso.
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