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E-raamat: Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition

(West Texas A&M University, Canyon, USA)
  • Formaat: 338 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Dec-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466581616
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Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 338 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Dec-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781466581616
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As the demand for energy increases, and fossil fuels continue to decrease, Wind Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition considers the viability of wind as an alternative renewable energy source. This book examines the wind industry from its start in the 1970s until now, and introduces all aspects of wind energy.









The phenomenal growth of wind power for utilities is covered along with applications such as wind-diesel, village power, telecommunications, and street lighting.. It covers the characteristics of wind, such as shear, power potential, turbulence, wind resource, wind turbine types, and designs and performance. The text discusses the measurement and siting of individual wind turbines, and considers the development and economic impact of wind farms.









Whats New in the Second Edition:





















Expands the section on distributed wind Adds new sections on global warming, community wind, and storage Illustrates the need for a shift to renewable energy through discussions on energy use and the order of magnitude estimates for the lifetime of fossil fuels Discusses the interconnection of wind turbines to utility grids, regulations on installation and operation, and environmental concerns















This book provides material on statistics, installation, types, and energy data, as well as new information, applications, and updates on the wind industry.









It serves as a resource for practicing professionals in the wind energy industry, and can be used by undergraduate and graduate students in energy engineering/environmental engineering/wind technology.

Arvustused

"I like the approach in this book from the macro social needs to the micro methods of solving practical problems, and the topics selection covering a complete introduction of wind energy. I believe that the reader, who is interested in wind energy, can get the most abundant wind energy knowledge in the shortest possible time through this book." Shi Pengfei, Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA)

Series Preface xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Series Editor xix
Author xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 History
1(10)
1.1.1 Dutch Windmills
1(1)
1.1.2 Farm Windmills
2(3)
1.1.3 Wind Chargers
5(1)
1.1.4 Generation of Electricity for Utilities
6(5)
1.2 Wind Farms
11(2)
1.3 Small Systems
13(1)
1.4 Community Wind
14(3)
Links
14(1)
References
14(3)
Chapter 2 Energy
17(28)
2.1 General
17(5)
2.1.1 Renewable Energy
20(1)
2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
20(1)
2.1.3 Economics
21(1)
2.2 Definitions of Energy and Power
22(1)
2.3 Energy Fundamentals
23(1)
2.4 Energy Dilemma and Laws of Thermodynamics
24(2)
2.4.1 Conservation
24(1)
2.4.2 Efficiency
24(2)
2.5 Exponential Growth
26(2)
2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels
28(6)
2.6.1 Petroleum
29(3)
2.6.2 Natural Gas
32(1)
2.6.3 Coal
33(1)
2.7 Nuclear Energy
34(1)
2.8 Mathematics of Exponential Growth
35(1)
2.8.1 Doubling Time
36(1)
2.8.2 Resource Consumption
36(1)
2.9 Lifetime of Finite Resource
36(2)
2.10 Global Warming
38(1)
2.11 Summary
39(6)
Links
40(1)
References
40(1)
Suggested Readings
41(1)
Questions and Activities
41(1)
Order of Magnitude (OM) Estimates
41(1)
Problems
42(3)
Chapter 3 Wind Characteristics
45(20)
3.1 Global Circulation
45(1)
3.2 Extractable Limits of Wind Power
45(2)
3.3 Wind Power
47(2)
3.4 Wind Shear
49(4)
3.5 Wind Direction
53(1)
3.6 Wind Power Potential
54(1)
3.7 Turbulence
55(1)
3.8 Wind Speed Histograms
56(1)
3.9 Duration Curve
57(1)
3.10 Variations in Wind Power Potential
58(1)
3.11 Wind Speed Distributions
59(2)
3.12 General Comments
61(4)
Links
61(1)
References
61(1)
Questions and Activities
62(1)
Problems
62(3)
Chapter 4 Wind Resource Assessment
65(22)
4.1 United States
66(1)
4.2 European Union
67(2)
4.3 Other Countries
69(2)
4.4 Ocean Winds
71(2)
4.4.1 Texas Gulf Coast
71(2)
4.4.2 World
73(1)
4.5 Instrumentation
73(9)
4.5.1 Cup and Propeller Anemometers
77(1)
4.5.2 Wind Direction
77(1)
4.5.3 Instrument Characteristics
78(1)
4.5.4 Measurement
79(1)
4.5.5 Vegetation Indicators
80(2)
4.6 Data Loggers
82(1)
4.7 Wind Measurement for Small Wind Turbines
83(4)
Links
84(1)
Maps
84(1)
Ocean Wind Data
84(1)
Data Logger, Sensor, and Tower Information and Photos
84(1)
References
84(1)
Problems
85(2)
Chapter 5 Wind Turbines
87(28)
5.1 Drag Devices
87(1)
5.2 Lift Devices
87(1)
5.3 Orientation of Rotor Axis
88(1)
5.4 System Description
89(1)
5.5 Aerodynamics
90(3)
5.6 Control
93(6)
5.6.1 Normal Operation
95(3)
5.6.2 Faults
98(1)
5.7 Energy Production
99(2)
5.7.1 Generator Size
99(1)
5.7.2 Rotor Area and Wind Map
100(1)
5.7.3 Manufacturer's Curve
101(1)
5.8 Calculated Annual Energy
101(1)
5.9 Innovative Wind Power Systems
102(5)
5.10 Applications
107(4)
5.10.1 Electrical Energy
107(2)
5.10.2 Mechanical Energy
109(2)
5.10.3 Thermal Energy
111(1)
5.10.4 Wind Hybrid Systems
111(1)
5.11 Summary
111(4)
Links
111(1)
References
111(1)
Problems
112(3)
Chapter 6 Design of Wind Turbines
115(32)
6.1 Introduction
115(1)
6.2 Aerodynamics
115(1)
6.3 Mathematical Terms
116(1)
6.4 Drag Device
117(1)
6.5 Lift Device
118(4)
6.5.1 Maximum Theoretical Power
121(1)
6.5.2 Rotation
121(1)
6.6 Aerodynamic Performance Prediction
122(6)
6.7 Measured Power and Power Coefficient
128(3)
6.8 Construction
131(7)
6.8.1 Blades
131(4)
6.8.2 Other Components of System
135(3)
6.9 Evolution
138(1)
6.10 Small Wind Turbines
139(8)
References
142(1)
Problems
143(4)
Chapter 7 Electrical Issues
147(20)
7.1 Fundamentals
147(5)
7.1.1 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
150(1)
7.1.2 Phase Angle and Power Factor
150(2)
7.2 Generators
152(6)
7.2.1 Induction Generator, Constant RPM Operation
153(3)
7.2.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Variable RPM Operation
156(1)
7.2.3 Direct-Drive Generator, Variable RPM Operation
156(1)
7.2.4 Permanent Magnet Alternator, Variable RPM Operation
156(1)
7.2.5 Generator Comparisons
156(1)
7.2.6 Generator Examples
156(2)
7.3 Power Quality
158(1)
7.4 Electronics
159(4)
7.4.1 Controllers
159(3)
7.4.2 Power Electronics
162(1)
7.4.3 Inverters
163(1)
7.5 Lightning
163(1)
7.6 Resistance Dump Load
164(3)
Links
164(1)
References
164(1)
Problems
165(2)
Chapter 8 Performance
167(30)
8.1 Measures of Performance
167(2)
8.2 Wind Statistics
169(1)
8.3 Wind Farm Performance
169(7)
8.3.1 California Wind Farms
170(2)
8.3.2 Wind Farms in Other States
172(2)
8.3.3 Other Countries
174(2)
8.4 Wake Effects
176(2)
8.5 Enertech 44
178(1)
8.6 Bergey Excel
179(2)
8.7 Water Pumping
181(4)
8.7.1 Farm Windmills
182(2)
8.7.2 Electric-to-Electric Systems
184(1)
8.8 Wind-Diesel and Hybrid Systems
185(1)
8.9 Blade Performance
186(6)
8.9.1 Surface Roughness
187(2)
8.9.2 Boundary Layer Control
189(1)
8.9.3 Vortex Generators
190(1)
8.9.4 Flow Visualization
190(2)
8.10 Comments
192(5)
Links
192(1)
References
193(1)
Problems
194(3)
Chapter 9 Siting
197(22)
9.1 Small Wind Turbines
197(6)
9.1.1 Noise
200(1)
9.1.2 Visual Impact
201(2)
9.2 Wind Farms
203(1)
9.2.1 Long-Term Reference Stations
203(1)
9.2.2 Siting for Wind Farms
203(1)
9.3 Digital Maps
204(1)
9.4 Geographic Information Systems
205(1)
9.5 Wind Resource Screening
206(4)
9.5.1 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Pacific Northwest Laboratory)
207(1)
9.5.2 Estimated Texas Wind Power (Alternative Energy Institute)
208(2)
9.5.3 Wind Power for United States
210(1)
9.6 Numerical Models
210(1)
9.7 Micrositing
210(5)
9.8 Ocean Winds
215(1)
9.9 Summary
215(4)
Links
216(1)
References
216(1)
Problems
217(2)
Chapter 10 Applications and Wind Industry
219(48)
10.1 Utility Scale
219(3)
10.2 Small Wind Turbines
222(5)
10.3 Distributed Systems
227(2)
10.4 Community Wind
229(5)
10.4.1 United States
229(2)
10.4.1.1 Minnesota
231(1)
10.4.1.2 Schools, Colleges, and Universities
231(1)
10.4.1.3 Electric Cooperatives
232(1)
10.4.1.4 Municipal and City Operations
232(1)
10.4.2 Other Countries
233(1)
10.5 Wind-Diesel Generation
234(4)
10.6 Village Power
238(4)
10.6.1 China
240(1)
10.6.2 Case Study: Wind Village Power System
240(2)
10.7 Water Pumping
242(4)
10.7.1 Design of Wind Pumping System
243(2)
10.7.2 Large Systems
245(1)
10.8 Wind Industry
246(6)
10.8.1 1980 through 1990
247(1)
10.8.2 1990 through 2000
248(2)
10.8.3 2000 through 2010
250(1)
10.8.4 2010 Onward
251(1)
10.9 Storage
252(8)
10.9.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage
256(1)
10.9.2 Flywheels
256(1)
10.9.3 Batteries
257(1)
10.9.3.1 Lead-Acid Batteries
257(1)
10.9.3.2 Lithium (Li) Ion Batteries
258(1)
10.9.3.3 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
258(1)
10.9.3.4 Flow Batteries
259(1)
10.9.4 Other Types of Batteries
259(1)
10.9.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
259(1)
10.10 Comments
260(7)
Links
261(1)
References
261(3)
Problems
264(3)
Chapter 11 Institutional Issues
267(20)
11.1 Avoided Costs
267(1)
11.2 Utility Concerns
268(2)
11.2.1 Safety
268(1)
11.2.2 Power Quality
269(1)
11.2.3 Connection to Utility
269(1)
11.2.4 Ancillary Costs
270(1)
11.3 Regulations
270(1)
11.4 Environment
270(4)
11.5 Politics
274(1)
11.6 Incentives
275(5)
11.6.1 United States
275(1)
11.6.1.1 State Incentives
276(1)
11.6.1.2 Green Power
277(1)
11.6.1.3 Net Metering
278(1)
11.6.2 Other Countries
278(2)
11.7 Externalities
280(1)
11.8 Transmission
281(6)
Links
283(1)
References
283(2)
Problems
285(2)
Chapter 12 Economics
287(24)
12.1 Factors Affecting Economics
287(1)
12.2 General Comments
288(1)
12.3 Economic Analysis
289(4)
12.3.1 Simple Payback
289(1)
12.3.2 Cost of Energy
290(3)
12.3.3 Value of Energy
293(1)
12.4 Life Cycle Costs
293(2)
12.5 Present Worth and Levelized Costs
295(1)
12.6 Externalities
296(1)
12.7 Wind Project Development
296(7)
12.7.1 Costs
300(1)
12.7.2 Benefits
301(1)
12.7.3 Sales of Electricity
302(1)
12.8 Hybrid Systems
303(2)
12.8 Summary
305(1)
12.9 Future Developments
306(5)
Links
307(1)
References
308(1)
Problems
308(3)
Index 311
Dr. Vaughn Nelson is the author of four books and four CDs and has published over fifty articles and reports. He also served as the principal investigator on numerous grants and conducted more than sixty workshops and seminars. Presently he is a professor emeritus of physics and remains in close contact with the Alternative Energy Institute at West Texas A&M University. Dr. Nelson developed the material for an online course in renewable energy at WTAMU in 2010 and the resulting book, Introduction to Renewable Energy, Renewable Energy and the Environment, was published by CRC Press in 2011. Dr. Nelson earned a PhD in physics from the University of Kansas, an EdM from Harvard University, and a BSE from Kansas State Teachers College in Emporia.
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