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E-raamat: Wind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspects

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(Queen's University Belfast, UK), (Northern Ireland Electricity, UK), (University of Manchester, UK), (University College Dublin, Ireland), (University College Dublin, Ireland), , (Queen's University Belfast, UK), (University of Strath)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Energy Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Sep-2011
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780863419874
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Wind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspectsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Energy Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Sep-2011
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780863419874
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The rapid growth of wind generation has many implications for power system planning, operation and control. This would have been a considerable challenge for the old nationalised power companies; it has become an even greater challenge in today's liberalised electricity markets.



Network development, voltage rise, protection, monitoring and control are connection problems common to all wind power generation. These issues are addressed through an understanding of the basic electrical engineering concepts and wind power technology. When wind power approaches 10 percent of all generation, it impinges on system operation. The underlying principles of system balancing are presented, before considering the impact of many variable generation sources whose outputs are difficult to predict. Wind power forecasting is crucial to successful wind power integration, and basic theory and current practice are considered. Storage can also help but it needs to be low cost and, ideally, based on intelligent use of existing load. Finally, electricity markets are explained and the commercial challenges facing wind power are assessed.



The book provides a wide-ranging discussion on all major aspects of wind power integration into electricity supply systems. It requires no specialist knowledge and will appeal to engineers from various disciplines looking for an overview of a technology that is providing a major impetus for sustainable electricity supply in the twenty-first century.
Preface ix
List of acronyms xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview
1
1.2 World energy and climate change
2
1.2.1 Renewable energy
2
1.3 Wind energy
4
1.3.1 Background
4
1.3.2 Changes in size and output
5
1.3.3 Energy productivity
6
1.4 Design options
7
1.4.1 Blades
7
1.4.2 Control and the power train
8
1.4.3 Summary of principal design options
8
1.5 Wind farms
9
1.5.1 Offshore wind
10
1.6 Economics
11
1.6.1 Wind turbine prices
11
1.6.2 Electricity-generating costs
11
1.6.3 Carbon dioxide savings
12
1.7 Integration and variability: key issues
14
1.7.1 Wind fluctuations
14
1.7.2 Capacity credits
16
1.7.3 Embedded generation benefits
17
1.7.4 Storage
17
1.8 Future developments
18
1.8.1 Technology
18
1.8.2 Future price trends
18
1.8.3 Market growth
19
1.8.4 Integration issues
19
2 Power system fundamentals 21
2.1 Introduction
21
2.2 Basic principles
21
2.2.1 Electromagnetism
21
2.2.2 Magnetic circuits
24
2.2.3 Electromagnetic induction
25
2.2.4 Electricity supply
25
2.2.5 The transformer
26
2.3 AC power supply
28
2.3.1 Power in steady-state AC systems
28
2.3.2 Phasors
30
2.3.3 Power in AC systems
33
2.4 Introduction to power systems
34
2.4.1 Three-phase systems
34
2.4.2 Comparison of single- and three-phase systems
35
2.4.3 Three-phase supply
36
2.4.4 Balanced star-connected load
37
2.4.5 Balanced delta-connected load
38
2.4.6 Some useful conventions
39
2.4.7 The complex VA product
40
2.4.8 Equivalent single-phase
41
2.4.9 The per unit system
41
2.5 Power transmission
44
2.5.1 Line parameters
44
2.5.2 Line models
47
2.5.3 Power transmission
49
2.5.4 Voltage regulation
49
3 Wind power technology 53
3.1 Introduction
53
3.2 Historical review of wind power technology
53
3.3 Design choices for large wind turbine generators
55
3.4 Energy extraction and power regulation
56
3.4.1 Energy extraction across the rotor disc
56
3.4.2 Power regulation
60
3.5 Fixed-speed wind turbines
64
3.5.1 Review of the induction (asynchronous) machine
64
3.5.2 Fixed-speed induction generator-based wind turbine
69
3.6 Variable-speed wind turbines
72
3.6.1 DFIG wind turbine
73
3.6.2 Wide-range variable-speed synchronous generator wind turbine
77
4 Network integration of wind power 87
4.1 Introduction
87
4.2 Wind farm starting
87
4.3 Network voltage management
89
4.3.1 The voltage level issue
89
4.4 Thermal/active power management
103
4.4.1 Planning approaches/standards
103
4.4.2 Wind farm connection issues
104
4.4.3 Backbone system issues
105
4.4.4 Equipment issues
107
4.5 Network power quality management
108
4.5.1 Dips
108
4.5.2 Harmonics
108
4.5.3 Flicker
109
4.6 Transient system performance
109
4.6.1 Frequency performance and dynamic response
109
4.6.2 Transient response
111
4.7 Fault level issues
117
4.7.1 Equipment capability
117
4.8 Information
119
4.9 Protection
119
4.9.1 System protection
119
4.9.2 Transmission connected wind farms
120
4.9.3 Distribution connected wind farms
122
4.9.4 Wind farm protection
124
5 Operation of power systems 127
5.1 Introduction
127
5.2 Load-frequency control
128
5.2.1 Unit load-frequency control
132
5.2.2 Emergency frequency control
135
5.3 System operation with wind power
140
5.3.1 Overview of system operational challenges of wind power
140
5.3.2 Wind power in Ireland
143
5.3.3 System operation and wind variability
158
5.3.4 System operational modes
169
5.3.5 Capacity credit
177
5.3.6 Ancillary service provision
180
5.3.7 Wind turbine generator inertial response
189
5.3.8 Distributed generation protection
192
5.4 Energy storage/flexible load management
195
5.4.1 Conventional energy storage
197
5.4.2 Demand-side management
200
5.4.3 Hydrogen energy storage
202
6 Wind power forecasting 209
6.1 Introduction
209
6.2 Meteorological background
210
6.2.1 Meteorology, weather and climate
210
6.2.2 Atmospheric structure and scales
211
6.3 Numerical weather prediction
212
6.4 Persistence forecasting
214
6.4.1 Error measures
215
6.4.2 Reference models
216
6.5 Advanced wind power forecasting systems
222
6.5.1 Prediktor
226
6.5.2 Statistical models
230
6.5.3 Ensemble forecasting
235
6.6 Conclusions
236
7 Wind power and electricity markets 239
7.1 Introduction
239
7.2 The electrical energy market
241
7.3 Balancing, capacity and ancillary services
243
7.4 Support mechanisms
245
7.5 Costs
246
7.6 Investment and risk
249
7.7 The future
250
Appendix: FACTS technology 253
References 259
Index 269


Brendan Fox and Damian Flynn of Queen's University Belfast set up a network in 2000 on Bringing Large-scale Operation of Wind Into Networks and Grids (BLOWING). The BLOWING workshops brought together further experts who have also contributed to the book. Leslie Bryans is at Northern Ireland Electricity she is very experienced in network planning for rapid wind power expansion. Nick Jenkins from University of Manchester is an expert in all aspects of wind energy development. David Milborrow is a consultant who has been promoting large-scale wind power since the 1970s. Mark O'Malley and Rick Watson of University College Dublin have been active in power systems and wind power research over the past decade. Olimpo Anaya-Lara of the University of Strathclyde has provided an overview of variable-speed wind turbine development.
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