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E-raamat: Wind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspects

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Energy Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-May-2014
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781849194945
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Wind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspectsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Energy Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-May-2014
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781849194945
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The rapid growth of wind generation has many implications for power system planning, operation and control. Network development, voltage rise, protection, monitoring and control are connection problems common to all wind power generation.



Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects, 2nd edition has been fully revised and updated to take account of the significant growth in wind power deployment in the past few years to provide a wide-ranging discussion on all major aspects of wind power integration into electricity supply systems. Topics covered include:







the development of wind power technology and its world-wide deployment a primer in electric power engineering for non-electrical engineers - which system delivers significant wind energy to consumers at least cost? wind power technology and the interaction of various wind turbine generator types with the utility network utility networks, and how they may be developed to accept significant wind power how operational practice can be modified to take account of a variable power source with limited scope for control wind power forecasting the challenges faced by wind energy in modern electricity markets



This second edition has been fully revised and updated to take account of the significant growth in wind power deployment in the past few years. New discussions have been added to describe developments in wind turbine generator technology and control, the network integration of wind power, innovative ways to integrate wind power when its generation potential exceeds 50% of demand, case studies on how forecasting errors have affected system operation, and an update on how the wind energy sector has fared in the marketplace.



Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects, 2nd edition will appeal to engineers from various disciplines looking for an overview of a technology that is providing a major impetus for sustainable electricity supply in the twenty-first century.

Arvustused

'First published in 2007, this second edition offers substantially updated coverage and discussion of how wind power generation can be built into and operated with today's electricity supply systems. Catering for the broadest audience, there's a general introduction to wind turbine designs and technology, and their development. It also offers a primer on electrical power system theory along with the latest turbine generators and control systems in use, plus basic integration considerations such as voltage maintenance and power quality.'



'The real meat of the book arrives with the operation of wind systems within national power grids, covering areas such as frequency control, energy storage and demand-side management. There's plenty of new detail on network integration, looking at innovative ways to manage wind power when its generation potential exceeds 50 per cent of demand, plus a chapter on the central role of weather forecasting. It considers today's deregulated power markets and support mechanisms, then finishes by discussing future grid codes and how wind will fare in competition with other renewables in the years to come.' * Real Power Magazine *

Preface ix
Preface to Second Edition xi
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.2 World energy and climate change
2(3)
1.2.1 Renewable energy
2(3)
1.3 Wind energy
5(2)
1.3.1 Background
5(1)
1.3.2 Changes in size and output
6(1)
1.3.3 Energy productivity
7(1)
1.4 Design options
7(3)
1.4.1 Blades
8(1)
1.4.2 Control and the power train
8(1)
1.4.3 Summary of principal design options
9(1)
1.5 Wind farms
10(1)
1.5.1 Offshore wind
11(1)
1.6 Economics
11(3)
1.6.1 Wind turbine prices
11(1)
1.6.2 Electricity-generating costs
11(2)
1.6.3 Carbon dioxide savings
13(1)
1.7 Integration and variability -- key issues
14(4)
1.7.1 Wind fluctuations
15(1)
1.7.2 Capacity credits
16(1)
1.7.3 Embedded generation benefits and impacts
17(1)
1.7.4 Storage
17(1)
1.8 Future developments
18(3)
1.8.1 Technology
18(1)
1.8.2 Future price trends
18(1)
1.8.3 Market growth
19(1)
1.8.4 Integration issues
19(2)
2 Power system fundamentals
21(32)
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Basic principles
21(7)
2.2.1 Electromagnetism
21(2)
2.2.2 Magnetic circuits
23(1)
2.2.3 Electromagnetic induction
24(1)
2.2.4 Electricity supply
25(1)
2.2.5 The transformer
26(2)
2.3 AC power supply
28(6)
2.3.1 Power in steady-state AC systems
28(2)
2.3.2 Phasors
30(3)
2.3.3 Power in AC systems
33(1)
2.4 Introduction to power systems
34(10)
2.4.1 Three-phase systems
34(1)
2.4.2 Comparison of single- and three-phase systems
35(1)
2.4.3 Three-phase supply
36(1)
2.4.4 Balanced star-connected load
37(1)
2.4.5 Balanced delta-connected load
38(1)
2.4.6 Some useful conventions
39(1)
2.4.7 The complex VA product
39(2)
2.4.8 Equivalent single-phase
41(1)
2.4.9 The per unit system
41(3)
2.5 Power transmission
44(9)
2.5.1 Line parameters
44(3)
2.5.2 Line models
47(1)
2.5.3 Power transmission
48(1)
2.5.4 Voltage regulation
49(4)
3 Wind power technology
53(36)
3.1 Introduction
53(1)
3.2 Historical review of wind power technology
53(2)
3.3 Design choices for large wind turbine generators
55(1)
3.4 Energy extraction and power regulation
56(8)
3.4.1 Energy extraction across the rotor disk
56(3)
3.4.2 Power regulation
59(5)
3.5 Fixed-speed wind turbines
64(8)
3.5.1 Review of the induction (asynchronous) machine
64(6)
3.5.2 Fixed-speed induction generator-based wind turbine
70(2)
3.6 Variable--speed wind turbines
72(17)
3.6.1 Doubly fed induction generator wind turbine
73(5)
3.6.2 Wide-range variable-speed synchronous generator wind turbine
78(8)
Note: The Betz Limit
86(3)
4 Network integration of wind power
89(48)
4.1 Introduction
89(1)
4.2 Wind farm starting
89(2)
4.3 Network voltage management
91(15)
4.3.1 The voltage level issue
91(15)
4.4 Thermal/active power management
106(9)
4.4.1 Planning approaches/standards
106(1)
4.4.2 Wind farm connection issues
107(2)
4.4.3 Backbone system issues
109(4)
4.4.4 Equipment issues
113(2)
4.5 Network power quality management
115(2)
4.5.1 Dips
116(1)
4.5.2 Harmonics
116(1)
4.5.3 Flicker
117(1)
4.6 Transient system performance
117(10)
4.6.1 Frequency performance and dynamic response
117(5)
4.6.2 Transient response
122(5)
4.7 Fault level issues
127(2)
4.7.1 Equipment capability
127(2)
4.8 Information
129(1)
4.9 Protection
129(8)
4.9.1 System protection
129(1)
4.9.2 Transmission connected wind farms
130(3)
4.9.3 Distribution connected wind farms
133(2)
4.9.4 Wind farm protection
135(2)
5 Operation of power systems
137(80)
5.1 Introduction
137(1)
5.2 Load-frequency control
137(13)
5.2.1 Unit load-frequency control
142(3)
5.2.2 Emergency frequency control
145(5)
5.3 System operation with wind power
150(54)
5.3.1 Overview of system operational challenges of wind power
150(3)
5.3.2 Wind power in Ireland
153(15)
5.3.3 System operation and wind variability
168(11)
5.3.4 System operational modes
179(7)
5.3.5 Capacity credit
186(4)
5.3.6 Ancillary service provision
190(8)
5.3.7 Wind turbine generator inertial response
198(4)
5.3.8 Distributed generation protection
202(2)
5.4 Energy balance
204(3)
5.5 Energy storage/demand-side participation
207(10)
5.5.1 Conventional energy storage
209(4)
5.5.2 Demand-side participation
213(2)
5.5.3 Hydrogen energy storage
215(2)
6 Wind power forecasting
217(28)
6.1 Introduction
217(1)
6.2 Meteorological background
218(1)
6.2.1 Meteorology, weather and climate
218(1)
6.2.2 Atmospheric structure and scales
218(1)
6.3 Numerical weather prediction
219(3)
6.4 Persistence forecasting
222(7)
6.4.1 Error measures
222(3)
6.4.2 Reference models
225(4)
6.5 Advanced wind power forecasting systems
229(15)
6.5.1 Prediktor
234(4)
6.5.2 Statistical models
238(4)
6.5.3 Ensemble forecasting
242(2)
6.6 Conclusions
244(1)
7 Wind power and electricity markets
245(14)
7.1 Introduction
245(2)
7.2 The electrical energy market
247(2)
7.3 Balancing, capacity and ancillary services
249(2)
7.4 Support mechanisms
251(1)
7.5 Costs
252(3)
7.6 Benefits
255(1)
7.7 Investment and risk
256(1)
7.8 Market development
257(2)
8 The future
259(6)
8.1 Introduction
259(1)
8.2 Grid codes and beyond
260(1)
8.3 Co-existence with other forms of low-carbon generation
261(1)
8.4 Demand-side participation
262(1)
8.5 Supply diversity
263(2)
Appendix 1 FACTS technology 265(6)
Appendix 2 Technical criteria for wind farm power stations connected to the transmission system 271(16)
References 287(10)
Index 297
Brendan Fox and Damien Flynn are both with Queen's University Belfast. Leslie Bryans is with Northern Ireland Electricity.
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