Preface |
|
xi | |
About the Authors |
|
xiii | |
|
1 Introduction and Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
1 | |
|
|
1 | |
|
1.1.1 Background of Sensor Network Technology, |
|
|
2 | |
|
1.1.2 Applications of Sensor Networks, |
|
|
10 | |
|
1.1.3 Focus of This Book, |
|
|
12 | |
|
1.2 Basic Overview of the Technology, |
|
|
13 | |
|
1.2.1 Basic Sensor Network Architectural Elements, |
|
|
15 | |
|
1.2.2 Brief Historical Survey of Sensor Networks, |
|
|
26 | |
|
1.2.3 Challenges and Hurdles, |
|
|
29 | |
|
|
31 | |
|
|
31 | |
|
2 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
38 | |
|
|
38 | |
|
|
38 | |
|
2.3 Range of Applications, |
|
|
42 | |
|
2.4 Examples of Category 2 WSN Applications, |
|
|
50 | |
|
|
51 | |
|
2.4.2 Building Automation, |
|
|
53 | |
|
2.4.3 Industrial Automation, |
|
|
56 | |
|
2.4.4 Medical Applications, |
|
|
57 | |
|
2.5 Examples of Category 1 WSN Applications, |
|
|
59 | |
|
|
60 | |
|
2.5.2 Reconfigurable Sensor Networks, |
|
|
62 | |
|
2.5.3 Highway Monitoring, |
|
|
63 | |
|
2.5.4 Military Applications, |
|
|
64 | |
|
2.5.5 Civil and Environmental Engineering Applications, |
|
|
67 | |
|
2.5.6 Wildfire Instrumentation, |
|
|
68 | |
|
2.5.7 Habitat Monitoring, |
|
|
68 | |
|
2.5.8 Nanoscopic Sensor Applications, |
|
|
69 | |
|
2.6 Another Taxonomy of WSN Technology, |
|
|
69 | |
|
|
71 | |
|
|
71 | |
|
3 Basic Wireless Sensor Technology |
|
|
75 | |
|
|
75 | |
|
3.2 Sensor Node Technology, |
|
|
76 | |
|
|
76 | |
|
3.2.2 Hardware and Software, |
|
|
78 | |
|
|
80 | |
|
3.4 WN Operating Environment, |
|
|
84 | |
|
|
87 | |
|
|
91 | |
|
|
91 | |
|
4 Wireless Transmission Technology and Systems |
|
|
93 | |
|
|
93 | |
|
4.2 Radio Technology Primer, |
|
|
94 | |
|
4.2.1 Propagation and Propagation Impairments, |
|
|
94 | |
|
|
101 | |
|
4.3 Available Wireless Technologies, |
|
|
103 | |
|
4.3.1 Campus Applications, |
|
|
105 | |
|
4.3.2 MAN/WAN Applications, |
|
|
120 | |
|
|
131 | |
|
Appendix A: Modulation Basics, |
|
|
131 | |
|
|
139 | |
|
5 Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
142 | |
|
|
142 | |
|
|
143 | |
|
5.3 Fundamentals of MAC Protocols, |
|
|
144 | |
|
5.3.1 Performance Requirements, |
|
|
145 | |
|
|
148 | |
|
5.4 MAC Protocols for WSNs, |
|
|
158 | |
|
5.4.1 Schedule-Based Protocols, |
|
|
161 | |
|
5.4.2 Random Access-Based Protocols, |
|
|
165 | |
|
5.5 Sensor-MAC Case Study, |
|
|
167 | |
|
|
167 | |
|
5.5.2 Periodic Listen and Sleep Operations, |
|
|
168 | |
|
5.5.3 Schedule Selection and Coordination, |
|
|
169 | |
|
5.5.4 Schedule Synchronization, |
|
|
170 | |
|
5.5.5 Adaptive Listening, |
|
|
171 | |
|
5.5.6 Access Control and Data Exchange, |
|
|
171 | |
|
|
172 | |
|
5.6 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs Standard Case Study, |
|
|
173 | |
|
|
176 | |
|
|
178 | |
|
|
192 | |
|
|
193 | |
|
6 Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
197 | |
|
|
197 | |
|
|
198 | |
|
6.3 Data Dissemination and Gathering, |
|
|
199 | |
|
6.4 Routing Challenges and Design Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks, |
|
|
200 | |
|
6.4.1 Network Scale and Time-Varying Characteristics, |
|
|
200 | |
|
6.4.2 Resource Constraints, |
|
|
201 | |
|
6.4.3 Sensor Applications Data Models, |
|
|
201 | |
|
6.5 Routing Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks, |
|
|
202 | |
|
6.5.1 WSN Routing Techniques, |
|
|
203 | |
|
6.5.2 Flooding and Its Variants, |
|
|
203 | |
|
6.5.3 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation, |
|
|
206 | |
|
6.5.4 Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, |
|
|
210 | |
|
6.5.5 Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, |
|
|
213 | |
|
6.5.6 Directed Diffusion, |
|
|
215 | |
|
6.5.7 Geographical Routing, |
|
|
219 | |
|
|
225 | |
|
|
225 | |
|
7 Transport Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
229 | |
|
7.1 Traditional Transport Control Protocols, |
|
|
229 | |
|
|
231 | |
|
|
233 | |
|
|
233 | |
|
7.1.4 Feasibility of Using TCP or UDP for WSNs, |
|
|
234 | |
|
7.2 Transport Protocol Design Issues, |
|
|
235 | |
|
7.3 Examples of Existing Transport Control Protocols, |
|
|
237 | |
|
7.3.1 CODA (Congestion Detection and Avoidance), |
|
|
237 | |
|
7.3.2 ESRT (Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport), |
|
|
237 | |
|
7.3.3 RMST (Reliable Multisegment Transport), |
|
|
239 | |
|
7.3.4 PSFQ (Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly), |
|
|
239 | |
|
|
239 | |
|
7.3.6 ATP (Ad Hoc Transport Protocol), |
|
|
240 | |
|
7.3.7 Problems with Transport Control Protocols, |
|
|
240 | |
|
7.4 Performance of Transport Control Protocols, |
|
|
241 | |
|
|
241 | |
|
7.4.2 Packet Loss Recovery, |
|
|
242 | |
|
|
244 | |
|
|
244 | |
|
8 Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
246 | |
|
|
246 | |
|
8.2 WSN Middleware Principles, |
|
|
247 | |
|
8.3 Middleware Architecture, |
|
|
248 | |
|
8.3.1 Data-Related Functions, |
|
|
249 | |
|
|
252 | |
|
|
253 | |
|
8.4.1 MiLAN (Middleware Linking Applications and Networks), |
|
|
253 | |
|
8.4.2 IrisNet (Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor Networks Services), |
|
|
254 | |
|
8.4.3 AMF (Adaptive Middleware Framework), |
|
|
255 | |
|
8.4.4 DSWare (Data Service Middleware), |
|
|
255 | |
|
8.4.5 CLMF (Cluster-Based Lightweight Middleware Framework), |
|
|
256 | |
|
8.4.6 MSM (Middleware Service for Monitoring), |
|
|
256 | |
|
|
256 | |
|
|
257 | |
|
|
257 | |
|
8.4.10 DDS (Device Database System), |
|
|
258 | |
|
|
258 | |
|
|
259 | |
|
|
259 | |
|
9 Network Management for Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
|
262 | |
|
|
262 | |
|
9.2 Network Management Requirements, |
|
|
262 | |
|
9.3 Traditional Network Management Models, |
|
|
263 | |
|
9.3.1 Simple Network Management Protocol, |
|
|
263 | |
|
9.3.2 Telecom Operation Map, |
|
|
264 | |
|
9.4 Network Management Design Issues, |
|
|
264 | |
|
9.5 Example of Management Architecture: MANNA, |
|
|
267 | |
|
9.6 Other Issues Related to Network Management, |
|
|
268 | |
|
|
269 | |
|
|
269 | |
|
|
270 | |
|
|
270 | |
10 Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks |
|
273 | |
|
|
273 | |
|
10.2 Operating System Design Issues, |
|
|
274 | |
|
10.3 Examples of Operating Systems, |
|
|
276 | |
|
|
276 | |
|
|
277 | |
|
|
278 | |
|
|
278 | |
|
|
279 | |
|
|
279 | |
|
|
280 | |
|
|
280 | |
|
|
281 | |
|
|
281 | |
|
|
281 | |
11 Performance and Traffic Management |
|
283 | |
|
|
283 | |
|
|
283 | |
|
|
286 | |
|
|
286 | |
|
11.3.2 Routing Protocols, |
|
|
286 | |
|
11.3.3 Transport Protocols, |
|
|
287 | |
|
11.4 Performance Modeling of WSNs, |
|
|
288 | |
|
11.4.1 Performance Metrics, |
|
|
288 | |
|
|
289 | |
|
|
292 | |
|
11.5 Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span, |
|
|
294 | |
|
|
296 | |
|
|
298 | |
|
|
300 | |
|
|
300 | |
Index |
|
303 | |