| Acknowledgments |
|
x | |
| Foreword |
|
xiii | |
| Preface 1---The sacred direction in Islam in modern scholarship |
|
xvi | |
| Preface 2---The rediscovery of the Mecca-centred world-maps |
|
xix | |
| On transliteration and the rendering of names of places and persons |
|
xxiv | |
| On Muslim personal names |
|
xxv | |
| On the Timurids, Safavids and Qajars |
|
xxvii | |
| On numerical notation |
|
xxvii | |
| Abbreviations and symbols used |
|
xxviii | |
| Notes added in proof (June, 1999) |
|
xxix | |
| Part I: First orientations |
|
|
Aspects of Islamic science |
|
|
3 | (44) |
|
|
|
3 | (4) |
|
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
|
8 | (7) |
|
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
Astronomical instrumentation |
|
|
17 | (6) |
|
|
|
23 | (5) |
|
|
|
28 | (11) |
|
Some Muslim scientific personalities |
|
|
39 | (8) |
|
The determination of the sacred direction in Islam |
|
|
47 | (81) |
|
The sacred direction (qibla) in Islam |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
The determination of the qibla by the methods of folk astronomy |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
The sacred geography of Islam |
|
|
51 | (5) |
|
The determination of the qibla by mathematical methods |
|
|
56 | (8) |
|
Tables for finding the qibla |
|
|
64 | (7) |
|
Geographical tables giving qibla-values |
|
|
71 | (16) |
|
al-Khazini's geographical table |
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
A 13th-century Iranian geographical table attributed to Nasir al-Din al-Tusi |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Some Egyptian geographical tables based on Western-Islamic sources |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
A table on an astrolabe bearing Coptic numerals |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
The geographical table of Najm al-Din al-Misri |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
Three more Egyptian geogaphical tables |
|
|
80 | (4) |
|
A table from mid-14th-century Damascus |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
A monumental table from Timurid Central Asia |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
An anonymous Ottoman geographical table |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Gazetteers on instruments with qibla-values for different localities |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
Maps for finding the qibla |
|
|
89 | (11) |
|
Instruments for finding the qibla |
|
|
100 | (24) |
|
On the orientation of Islamic religious architecture |
|
|
124 | (4) |
|
The main sources of Safavid mathematical geography |
|
|
128 | (69) |
|
Astronomy and mathematical geography in Timurid Central Asia and Safavid Iran |
|
|
128 | (13) |
|
Safavid interest in the qibla problem---the al-Karaki affair |
|
|
134 | (4) |
|
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
The end of the Safavid dynasty and the demise of the Isfahan school of instrument-makers |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Some Iranian maps with coordinate grids |
|
|
141 | (8) |
|
A monumental geographical table displaying the direction and distance to Mecca |
|
|
149 | (19) |
|
The sources of the data in the Timurid geographical table |
|
|
156 | (5) |
|
Excursus: On scribal errors in medieval tables |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
Excursus: Mathematical considerations |
|
|
163 | (5) |
|
Geographical data in distress---the Damascus qibla-bowl |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
The geographical data on various Safavid astronomical instruments |
|
|
170 | (27) |
|
The qibla-quadrants on the backs of Safavid astrolabes |
|
|
186 | (11) |
| Part II: New discoveries---Two Mecca-centred world-maps from Safavid Iran |
|
|
The instruments on which the maps are engraved |
|
|
197 | (16) |
|
Introducing the two world-maps |
|
|
197 | (8) |
|
On the size of the world-maps |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
The appendages for a sundial |
|
|
207 | (6) |
|
The geographical data on the maps |
|
|
213 | (22) |
|
A Timurid (?) and Safavid view of the world |
|
|
213 | (5) |
|
The localities featured on the world-maps and their positions |
|
|
218 | (5) |
|
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
|
|
223 | (7) |
|
The scales for the climates |
|
|
230 | (5) |
|
|
|
235 | (20) |
|
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
|
|
237 | (3) |
|
The mathematics underlying the grids |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
The construction of the cartographic grids---some first thoughts |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
|
|
243 | (4) |
|
A ruler and compass construction for the grids |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
Reflections on the errors on the grids |
|
|
249 | (6) |
|
The makers of the Safavid instruments |
|
|
255 | (20) |
|
The maker of B (signed)---Muhammad Husayn |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
The maker of A (unsigned) |
|
|
257 | (3) |
|
A related instrument-maker---pseudo-Hasan Husayn |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
|
|
262 | (7) |
|
|
|
269 | (6) |
|
Traces of European influence on the instruments |
|
|
275 | (54) |
|
The medium, the screws and the feet, and the compasses |
|
|
277 | (7) |
|
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
Aspects of the sundial on B |
|
|
284 | (17) |
|
The numbers on the hour-scale on B |
|
|
284 | (5) |
|
Reflections on mechanical technology in Iran |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
The universal inclining sundial on B |
|
|
292 | (5) |
|
Reflections on Islamic gnomonics |
|
|
297 | (4) |
|
Aspects of the world-maps |
|
|
301 | (11) |
|
The orientation of the world-maps |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
The combination of a world-map and sundial |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
The information on the climates on B |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Reflections on contemporaneous French cartography |
|
|
306 | (5) |
|
Reflections on European loxodromic maps |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Instruments made by Pere Raphael du Mans in Isfahan |
|
|
312 | (6) |
|
Some Islamic instruments from 17th-century Isfahan displaying European influence |
|
|
318 | |
|
European interest in the qibla-problem (1790-1925) |
|
|
314 | (15) |
|
Further reflections on Mecca-centred world-maps |
|
|
329 | (36) |
|
Another look at the Safavid instruments featuring the world-maps |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
The genius behind the Safavid Mecca-centred world-maps |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
Traces of earlier Mecca-centred world-maps |
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
The standard approximate method associated with al-Battani |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
al-Biruni on a projection preserving direction and distance |
|
|
339 | (6) |
|
Habash al-Hasib on an astrolabe based on a projection preserving direction and distance |
|
|
345 | (14) |
|
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
|
351 | (8) |
|
Later Mecca-centred world-maps and grids for finding the qibla |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
The Oxford qibla-indicator---a simplified version of the Safavid world-maps |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
The treatise of Haydar-Quli ibn Husayn-Quli al-Nishaburi |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
An Ottoman world-map centred on Mecca |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
|
|
365 | (64) |
|
Bibliography and bibliographical abbreviations |
|
|
373 | (38) |
|
List of abbreviations used for museums and libraries |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
List of abbreviations used for geographical sources |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
List of instruments cited |
|
|
417 | (9) |
|
List of manuscripts cited |
|
|
426 | (3) |
| Indexes |
|
429 | (42) |
| Appendixes |
|
|
A Partial reconstruction of the Timurid table presented by `Abd al-Rahim ibn Muhammad |
|
|
456 | (22) |
|
B The geographical information on various Safavid astrolabes and other instruments |
|
|
478 | (74) |
|
B1 The geographical information on the Damascus qibla-bowl (DMS) |
|
|
478 | (3) |
|
B2 The gazetteer on the astrolabe of Muhammad Amin ibn Amirza Khan al-Qummi, dated 996 H [ = 1587/88] and dedicated to Shah `Abbas I (QMM) |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
B3 The gazetteer on an astrolabe by `Abd al-Razzaq Kilani dated 1051 H [ = 1641/42] (KLN) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
B4 The gazetters on two astrolabes made by Muhammad Muqim Yazdi |
|
|
|
a) The gazetteer on an astrolabe made by Muhammad Muqim Yazdi and decorated by Muhammad Mahdi Yazdi dated 1052 H [ = 1642/43] (MQH) |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
b) The gazetteer on the astrolabe made by Muhammad Muqim Yazdi for Shah `Abbas II in 1057 H [ = 1647/48] (ABB) |
|
|
487 | (3) |
|
B5 Comparison of the gazetteers on two undated astrolabes made by Muhammad Mahdi and by Muhammad Muqim Yazdi (MH&MQ) |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
B6 The gazetteers on three astrolabes by Muhammad Khalil (MKL) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
a) An astrolabe dated 1104 H [ = 1692/93] (MKLT) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
b) An astrolabe dated 1109 H [ = 1687/88] (MKLB) |
|
|
494 | (5) |
|
c) An astrolabe reworked by Muhammad Khalil in 1110 H [ = 1688/89] (MKLF) |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
B7 Extracts from the geographical data of Muhammad Zaman (MZM) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
a) An undated astrolabe (MZB) |
|
|
501 | (4) |
|
b) An astrolabe dated 1062 H [ = 1651/52] (MZNY) |
|
|
505 | (3) |
|
c) An astrolabe dated 1088 H [ = 1677/78] (MZT) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
d) The geographical table in the Tuhfa-yi Sulaymani (MZZ) |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
B8 The gazetteers of the astrolabes of Qasim `Ali Qayini (QYN) and Muhammad Hashim (HSH) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
a) An undated astrolabe by Qasim `Ali Qayini (QYNW) |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
b) An astrolabe by Qasim `Ali Qayini dated 1093 H [ = 1682] (QYNX) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
c) An astrolabe by Muhammad Hashim dated 1187 H [ = 1773/74] (HSH) |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
B9 Geographical information recorded by `Abd al-A'imma (AIM) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
a) The gazetteer on an astrolabe by `Abd al-A'imma (AIMX) |
|
|
515 | (3) |
|
b) The gazetteers on two sundials by `Abd al-A'imma (AIMA and AIMB, combined as AIMQ) |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
B10 The gazetteer on a qibla-compass by Muhammad Tahir (THR) |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
B11 The qibla-values on the unsigned Graz qibla-plate (GRZ) |
|
|
522 | (3) |
|
B12 The gazetteer on two astrolabes made by `Abd-i `Ali |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
a) An astrolabe made in 1124 H [ = 1712] for Shah Husayn (HUS) |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
b) An astrolabe dated 1119 H [ = 1707/08] |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
B13 Solar altitudes in the azimuth of the qibla on various Safavid astrolabes |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
B14 The gazetteer on the three qibla-indicators by pseudo-Hasan Husayn (HSN) |
|
|
532 | (4) |
|
B15 The gazetteer on an astrolabe by `Abd al-Ghafur dated 1198 H [ = 1783/84] (AGH) |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
B16 The gazetteer on an undated astrolabe by Hajji `Ali (HALI) |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
B17 Geographical data on various late Iranian instruments |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
a) An unsigned, undated sundial (PTR) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
b) The gazetteer on a Safavid (?) / Ottoman (?) armillary sphere (HLQ) |
|
|
541 | (3) |
|
c) An unsigned, undated qibla-indicator with a Mecca-centred map (SFH) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
B18 Directions of Shi'ite shrines from Isfahan on various instruments (SHT) |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
a) An unsigned sundial [ by `Abd al-A'imma] and a qibla-compass by Muhammad Tahir (SHTAB) |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
b) The treatise of `Abd al-Rahim ibn Muhammad (SHTC) |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
B19 Extract from the gazetteer on the Lahore astrolabe of the sons of `Isa ibn Ilah-dad of Lahore (FRK) |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
B20 The gazetteers on various astrolabes with Sanskrit inscriptions |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
a) Latitudes in a late-14th-century Sanskrit treatise on the astrolabe, partly derived from Persian sources (MAH) |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
b) Coordinates in 17th- and 18th-century Sanskrit sources from Benares (BNR) |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
c) An undated Indian astrolabe (HNDA) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
d) A gazetteer in Sanskrit added to a 13th-century Islamic astrolabe (HNDB) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
B21 Geographical data on European instruments for the Near Eastern market |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
a) A compass by Nicholas Bion of Paris, with Arabic inscriptions (BION) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
C Localities and coordinates featured on the Safavid world-maps A and B |
|
|
552 | (12) |
|
D The geographical table of al-Khazini (KHZN) |
|
|
564 | (22) |
|
E Miscellaneous Iranian sources |
|
|
586 | (14) |
|
E1 The qibla-values on two astrolabes by Muhammad ibn Hamid al-Isfahani and a later Iranian astrolabe (ISF) |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
E2 A geographical table attributed to Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, reconstructed from (an Ottoman recension of) the treatise on the astrolabe by Nasir al-Din al-Shirazi entitled Irshad (NDS) and an astrolabe by Jalal al-Kirmani dated 796 H [ = 1393/94] (NDSF) |
|
|
587 | (5) |
|
E3 The geographical data in the gazetteers of the astrolabes of the al-Kirmani family (KRM) |
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
E4 The gazetteers on two astrolabes by Muhammad Saffar (SFR) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
E5 The coordinates of Iranian cities from the Kitab al-Atwal wa-'l-`urud recorded by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (TAV) |
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
E6 The coordinates of cities in Iran presented by Jean Chardin (CHR) |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
F Miscellaneous Egyptian, Syrian and Ottoman Turkish sources |
|
|
600 | (23) |
|
F1 The gazetteer of an astrolabe bearing Coptic numerals, made by Hasan ibn `Umar al-Naqqash in 681 H [ = 1282/83] (HUN) |
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
F2 The geographical table of Najm al-Din al-Misri (NJM) |
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
F3 The qibla-values presented by Ibn Sim`un (SIM) |
|
|
606 | (6) |
|
F4 An anonymous Egyptian geographical table (LYD) |
|
|
612 | (7) |
|
F5 A table said to be based on the observations of the Egyptians (MSR) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
F6 The qibla-values on Ibn al-Shatir's compendium (SHAQ) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
F7 The geographical table of al-Mizzi with qibla-values computed by al-Khalili (MIZK) |
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
F8 An anonymous Ottoman table of qibla-values (OTTQ) |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | |
|
G1 Timurid and Safavid sources (TMR, WM, etc.) |
|
|
624 | (8) |
|
G2 The geographical table of al-Khazini (KHZN) |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
G3 Miscellaneous Iranian sources |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
G4 Egyptian sources (mainly originally based on Western Islamic sources) |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
|
|
638 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta