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E-raamat: Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways: Volume 1: The Neuroscience of Zika Virus

Edited by (Visiting Professor of Perinatal Wellbeing, Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK), Edited by , Edited by (Professor, Department of ), Edited by (Edinburgh Napier University, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Edinburgh, UK)
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  • ISBN-13: 9780323903080
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323903080

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Zika Virus Biology, Transmission, and Pathways: The Neuroscience of Zika, Volume One provides a detailed introduction to the molecular biology of the Zika virus and its features, transmission, and impact on neurological systems. Designed to better readers’ understanding of the Zika virus, this volume features chapters on the immune response, molecular mechanisms, and other areas to better understand underlying pathways. This book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, virologists and anyone working to better understand the evolution and pathogenesis of Zika virus-related conditions.

  • Presents the most comprehensive coverage of a broad range of topics related to the neuroscience of Zika, including transmission and virus biology
  • Contains an abstract, key facts, a mini dictionary of terms, and summary points to aid in understanding in each chapter
  • Features chapters on Zika vectors and fetal imaging
  • Includes coverage of microcephaly and developmental delays and examines Zika outbreaks in Brazil, Puerto Rico and India
  • Discusses unique topics in Zika biology, associated neuro-inflammation, and impacts on neurological systems
Contributors xix
Foreword xxv
Preface xxvii
Section A Zika virus: Introductory chapters
1 Flaviviruses and where the Zika virus fits in: An overview
Adrian Diaz
Classification, diversity, and evolution
3(1)
Biology of transmission and persistence of MBF and TBF
4(4)
Virion structure, genome, and viral protein function
8(2)
Viral infection and replication cycle
10(2)
Host infection, immune response, and pathogenesis
12(1)
Flavivirus emergence and global burden
13(1)
Emergence of Aedes-borne flaviviruses
14(1)
Emergence of Culex-borne flaviviruses
14(1)
Policy and procedures
15(1)
Vector-borne flaviviruses diagnoses
15(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
16(1)
Key facts of flavivirus genera
16(1)
Summary points
16(1)
References
16(4)
2 The innate immune response during Zika virus infection
Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento
Wilo Victor dos Santos
Amanda Costa Ayres Salmeron
Joselio Maria Galvao de Araujo
Jose Verissimo Fernandes
Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes
Introduction
20(1)
Importance of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in sensing ZIKV
21(1)
Type I interferon in ZIKV infection
22(1)
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the skin
22(1)
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the placenta
23(1)
Innate immunity against ZIKV in the brain
23(1)
Involvement of autophagy
24(1)
Innate immunity evasion by ZIKV
24(1)
Policy and procedures
25(1)
mRNA expression of innate immune receptors determined by real time PCR
25(1)
Measuring innate immune receptors protein expression by flow cytometry
26(1)
Analyzing innate immune receptors localization and function
26(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
27(1)
Key facts of innate immune response in ZIKV infection
27(1)
Summary points
27(1)
References
27(4)
3 The public health perspective of Zika virus infection
Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava
Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava
Introduction
31(1)
Timeline of the outbreaks
32(1)
Epidemiology: Distribution and determinants
33(1)
Geographical distribution
33(1)
Epidemiological determinants
33(2)
Public health consequences
35(1)
Prevention and control of Zika virus infections
36(1)
Better and sustained preparedness
36(1)
Implementation of strategic response framework
37(1)
Strengthening of International Health Regulations: Advice to travelers
37(1)
Strengthening of the sexual and reproductive health services
37(1)
Vector control, surveillance, risk communication, and promotion of research
38(1)
Bridging the gap between social and health inequalities
38(1)
Conclusion
39(1)
Policy and procedures
39(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
39(1)
Key facts of the Zika virus infections
39(1)
Summary points
39(1)
References
39(4)
4 Inequality in Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome
Finn Diderichsen
Lia Giraldo da Silva Augusto
Inequalities in health
43(1)
The macro-drivers of the ZIKV
44(1)
Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of CZS
44(1)
Inequality in the exposure to ZIKV
45(1)
Inequality in susceptibility to the effect of ZIKV on CZS
45(1)
Sources of differential susceptibility
46(1)
Inequality in vector density
46(2)
Inequality in the vulnerability to the effect of vector density on ZIKV incidence
48(1)
The fundamental determination of ZIKV inequalities
49(1)
Socioeconomic implications
49(1)
Major knowledge gaps
49(1)
Policies to tackle the inequalities
50(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
50(1)
Key facts
51(1)
Summary points
51(1)
References
51(4)
5 Lifestyle factors and congenital Zika syndrome: Drugs, alcohol, and beyond
Daniela Pires Ferreira Vivacqua
Cristina Barroso Hofer
Introduction
55(1)
Socioeconomic condition
55(1)
Lifestyle
56(1)
Access to information/health education
57(1)
Health-care access
57(1)
Abortion legislation
58(1)
Human rights
59(1)
Policy and procedures
59(1)
Multidisciplinary follow-up
59(1)
Multicenter follow-up of cohorts
60(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
60(1)
Key facts
60(1)
Key facts of birth control methods
60(1)
Key facts of causes of mal formation in newborns
60(1)
Summary points
61(1)
References
61(2)
6 Economic impact of Zika virus infection and associated conditions
Henry Maia Peixoto
Luciana Cuerra Gallo
Gilmara Lima Nascimento
Maria Regina Fernandes de Oliveira
Introduction
63(1)
Brief history of ZIKV
64(1)
Health economics
64(1)
Economic and social impacts of recent outbreaks
65(2)
The cost of vector control
67(1)
The cost of diagnosis
67(1)
The cost of ZIKV-associated microcephaly
68(1)
The cost of congenital Zika syndrome
69(1)
The costs of ZIKV-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome
69(1)
Understand the economic evaluation of health technologies
70(1)
Economic evaluation of current and emerging health technologies
70(1)
Policy and procedures
71(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
72(1)
Key facts
72(1)
Summary points
72(1)
References
73(2)
7 Health promotion, health education, and risk communication for Zika virus disease
Ernesto R. Gregorio Jr.
Jun Kobayashi
Health promotion and education program during a noncrisis situation
75(1)
Social assessment
76(1)
Epidemiological assessment
76(1)
Educational and ecological assessment
77(1)
Administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment phase
78(1)
Implementation
78(1)
Process evaluation
78(1)
Impact evaluation
78(1)
Outcome evaluation
79(1)
Risk communication for Zika virus disease
79(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
80(1)
Key facts of Zika virus disease or ZVD
80(1)
Summary points
81(1)
References
81(2)
8 Molecular mechanisms of Zika virus-induced neurological pathology
Trisha R. Barnard
Quinn H. Abram
Selena M. Sagan
Introduction
83(1)
ZIKV impairs mitotic spindle assembly
83(2)
Premature neural progenitor cell differentiation during ZIKV infection decreases the number of mature neurons
85(1)
ZIKV induces apoptosis in infected and bystander cells
86(1)
ZIKV interferes with developmental gene expression programs
87(1)
Neuroinflammation
88(1)
Conclusions and outstanding questions
89(1)
Policy and procedures: Measuring apoptosis
89(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
90(1)
Key facts of the unfolded protein response
90(1)
Summary points
90(1)
References
90(5)
9 Validation of Zika virus infections: Nonmolecular aspects, immunoassays, and beyond
Anne J. Jaaskel'ainen
Introduction
95(1)
Symptoms and diagnosis of ZIKV infection: Basics and guidance
96(1)
Serological methods used in diagnosing ZIKV infection
96(1)
Basics about ZIKV antibody detection
96(3)
Methods for detecting ZIKV antibodies
99(1)
Virus neutralization assays
99(1)
Hemagglutination inhibition and immunofluorescence assays
100(1)
Immunoassays for detecting anti-ZIKV IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies
100(1)
Policy and procedures
101(1)
DENV vaccine
102(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
102(1)
Key facts of immunoassays used for the diagnosis of ZIKV infection
102(1)
Summary points
102(1)
References
103(4)
10 Validation of Zika virus infections: A focus on molecular methods
Anne J. Jaaskelainen
Introduction
107(1)
Molecular methods: ZIKV nucleic acids
108(1)
Basics of the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)
109(1)
Real-time RT-PCRs
109(2)
Multiplex real-time RT-PCRs
111(1)
Conventional RT-PCRs
111(1)
Validation criteria
112(1)
Policy and procedures
113(1)
Mini-dictionary of the terms
113(1)
Key facts of molecular tests used for diagnosis of ZIKV infection
113(1)
Summary points
113(1)
References
114(3)
11 Coinfection of Zika with Dengue and Chikungunya virus
Marlen Yelitza Carrillo-Hernandez
Julian Ruiz-Saenz
Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
Introduction
117(1)
Timeline of coinfections
117(1)
Distribution of coinfections
118(2)
Detection of arboviruses in coinfections
120(2)
Clinical outcomes of coinfections
122(1)
Coinfection with ZIKV and DENV
122(1)
Coinfection with ZIKV and CHIKV
123(1)
Triple coinfection with ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV
123(1)
Conclusion
124(1)
Policy and procedures
124(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
124(1)
Key facts
124(1)
Summary points
125(1)
References
125(4)
12 Zika virus, pathology, and control: Zika vaccine strategies in development
Gilles Gadea
Wildriss Viranaicken
Philippe Despres
Introduction
129(1)
Adaptive immunity to ZIKV infection
130(1)
The humoral immune response to ZIKV
130(1)
The T-cell immune response to ZIKV
131(1)
Key challenges facing Zika vaccine development
131(1)
Target populations for ZIKV vaccination
131(1)
The protection afforded by ZIKV vaccination
132(1)
Zika vaccine platforms
132(1)
Whole virus-based vaccines
132(1)
Subunit virus-based vaccines
133(1)
Clinical evaluation of Zika vaccine candidates
134(2)
Concluding remarks
136(1)
Policy and procedures
137(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
137(1)
Key facts on Zika vaccine
137(1)
Summary points
137(1)
References
138(5)
Section B Effects on neurological and body systems
13 The adult brain and neurologic manifestations of the Zika virus
Fernanda J.P. Marques
Osvaldo J.M. Nascimento
Introduction
143(1)
Zika virus and the nervous system: Neuro Zika
143(1)
Guillain-Barre syndrome
144(2)
ZIKV-GBS viral diagnosis
146(1)
ZIKV-GBS neuroimaging
147(1)
GBS-Zika virus treatment and prognosis
147(1)
Others neurological complications
148(1)
General implications
149(2)
Policy and procedures
151(1)
Using the Brighton collaboration GBS working group criteria for GBS diagnosis
151(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
151(1)
Key facts of NeuroZika
152(1)
Summary points
152(1)
References
152(3)
14 Postmortem studies: Contribution to understand the pathogenesis of congenital Zika syndrome
Lelia Chimelli
Introduction
155(1)
Pathogenesis of the lesions in CZS
156(7)
Conclusions
163(1)
Policy and procedures
164(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
164(1)
Key facts
164(1)
Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)
164(1)
Summary points
165(1)
Acknowledgments
165(1)
References
165(4)
15 Developmental trajectories in infants and toddlers born with congenital Zika syndrome
Fernanda J.P. Marques
Osvaldo J.M. Nascimento
Marcio Leyser
Introduction
169(1)
Zika virus and the developing brain
170(1)
Congenital Zika syndrome
170(1)
Motor development
171(1)
Cognitive development
171(1)
Communication skills
172(1)
General implications
172(3)
Policy and procedures
175(1)
Measuring head circumference
175(1)
Using standardized tests to evaluate developmental skills in infants with CZS
175(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
176(1)
Key facts
176(1)
Summary points
176(1)
References
176(3)
16 Host genetic susceptibility to ZIKV congenital syndrome: A tale of twins
Luiz Carlos de Caires Junior
Ernesto Goulart
Mayana Zatz
Introduction
179(1)
Zika virus in Brazil
180(1)
Congenital Zika syndrome: Reasons for studying ZIKV effects in humans
181(1)
Risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and other CZS symptoms
181(1)
Twins: A powerful tool for investigating risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and CZS
182(1)
Twins' cells are differentially infected by ZIKV
182(1)
Investigating the molecular NPCs twins' differences
183(2)
Conclusion and follow-up
185(1)
Policies and procedures
186(1)
Generation of iPS cells
186(1)
Generation of NPCs
186(1)
Infection of the NPCs with ZIKV
186(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
186(1)
Key facts of host genetic susceptibility to CZS
186(1)
Summary points
187(1)
References
187(2)
17 Zika virus infection disrupts development of both neurons and glial cells
Dan Xu
Zhiheng Xu
Introduction
189(1)
Cells of the nervous system
189(1)
Role of different cell types in the nervous system
190(1)
Zika virus infection in the nervous system
190(1)
Zika virus infection disrupts normal neurogenesis
191(1)
Neural progenitor cells and Zika virus infection
191(1)
Zika virus infection induces neuronal loss in different brain regions
192(1)
Abnormal glial cell development after Zika virus infection
193(1)
Microglia and astrocyte reactivation after Zika virus infection
194(1)
Zika virus infection affects oligodendrocyte precursor cell development and survival of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
195(1)
An overall view
195(1)
Policy and procedures: Direct or maternal infection
195(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
196(1)
Key facts
196(1)
Key facts of microcephaly
196(1)
Summary points
196(1)
References
197(2)
18 Neurological manifestations similar to multiple sclerosis in adults after Zika virus infection
Soniza Vieira Alves-Leon
Fabricia Lima Fontes-Dantas
Fernanda Cristina Rueda-Lopes
Introduction
199(1)
Multiple sclerosis
200(1)
Molecular mimicry
201(1)
ZIKV induces MS-like neurological manifestation in adults
201(1)
Similar pathways
202(1)
MicroRNAs
203(1)
Concluding remarks
203(1)
Policy and procedures
204(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
204(1)
Key facts of Zika virus and multiple sclerosis
204(1)
Summary points
204(1)
References
205(4)
19 Zika virus and the blood-brain barrier
Rishya Manikam
Soe Hui Jen
Amni Adilah Ismail
Cbandramathi Samudi Raju
Shamala Devi Sekaran
Introduction
209(1)
The disruption of the blood-brain barrier by Zika virus
210(1)
Role of blood-brain barrier
210(2)
Blood-brain barrier crossing mechanisms
212(1)
Zika virus entry mechanisms
213(1)
Endothelial cell dysfunction during Zika virus infection
213(1)
Barrier function and cell membrane permeability
213(1)
Virus-induced cytokine production and immune activation
214(1)
Comparison of hemorrhagic and neurotropic flaviviruses
215(1)
Key facts
216(1)
Summary points
217(1)
Acknowledgment
217(1)
References
217(5)
20 Systems immunology of flavivirus infection
Viviane Schuch
Felipe Martins
Felipe Ten Caten
Mariana Araujo-Pereira
Marielton Dos Passos Cunba
Nadia El Khawanky
Otavio Cabral-Marques
Helder I. Nakaya
Introduction
222(1)
Dengue infection
223(2)
Zika infection
225(1)
Yellow fever infection
226(2)
West Nile virus infection
228(2)
Conclusions
230(1)
Policy and procedures
231(1)
Strategies for system immunology analysis
231(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
231(1)
Key facts
231(1)
Summary points
231(1)
References
232(3)
21 Genetic susceptibility to congenital Zika syndrome: Current research and future perspectives
Atila Duque Rossi
Cynthia Chester Cardoso
Introduction
235(1)
Evidence from observational studies
236(1)
Genes already associated with CZS
236(1)
Genetic case-control studies in CZS
237(1)
Exome studies
238(1)
Candidate genes from Flaviviridae infections
238(1)
Dengue virus
238(1)
West Nile virus
239(1)
Japanese encephalitis virus
240(1)
Yellow fever virus
240(1)
Hepatitis C virus
240(1)
Conclusions and future perspectives
241(1)
Policy and procedures
241(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
241(1)
Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS)
241(1)
Summary points
242(1)
References
242(3)
22 Hearing and Zika virus infection
Maria Helena de M. Barbosa
Maria Clara de Magalhaes-Barbosa
Arnaldo Prata-Barbosa
Introduction
245(1)
Auditory impairment in congenital Zika virus infection
246(1)
Auditory impairment in acquired Zika virus infection
247(1)
Pathogenesis
247(1)
Auditory screening and accompaniment
248(1)
For the future
248(1)
Policy and procedures: Hearing screening (Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, 2019)
249(1)
Policy and procedures: Major hearing assessment tests and their uses
249(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
250(1)
Key facts of hearing loss
251(1)
Summary points
251(1)
References
252(3)
23 Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: What it is and how it relates to Zika virus
Mafra Cardoso Aspahan
Paulo Pereira Christo
Introduction
255(2)
Epidemiology
257(1)
Pathogenesis
257(1)
Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
258(1)
Clinical core symptoms of NMOSD and its relationship to ZIKV
258(1)
Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis associated with Zika virus
258(3)
Optic neuritis associated with ZIKV
261(1)
Encephalitis associated with ZIKV
261(1)
Treatment
261(1)
Acute treatment
262(1)
Long-term treatment
262(1)
Policy and procedures
263(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
263(1)
Key facts of NMOSD and ZIKV
264(1)
Summary points
264(1)
References
264(3)
24 Zika virus infection and cytokines
Simone G. Fonseca
Irmtraut Araci H. Pfrimer
Carla Judice
Fabio T.M. Costa
Helder I. Nakaya
Introduction
267(1)
Cytokine profiling in acute ZIKV infection
267(1)
Cytokines associated with symptoms of ZIKV infection
268(1)
ZIKV infection and interferon production
269(3)
Role of T cells in ZIKV infection
272(1)
Cytokines involved in neurological complications
272(1)
Cytokines involved in nonneurological complications
272(1)
Immunoprofiles associated with fetal abnormalities in ZIKV-positive pregnancies
273(1)
Concluding remarks
273(2)
Policy and procedures
275(1)
Assays for cytokine measurements
275(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
275(1)
Key facts
275(1)
Summary points
275(1)
References
276(3)
25 Urological sequels in the scope of the Congenital Zika Syndrome
Lucia Maria Costa Monteiro
Introduction
279(1)
Neurogenic bladder
280(1)
Diagnose of neurogenic bladder
281(1)
Urodynamic studies in children with special needs
281(2)
Neurogenic bladder as a urological sequel of congenital Zika syndrome
283(1)
Treatment of neurogenic bladder in congenital Zika syndrome
284(1)
Further studies related to Zika virus in the urological system
284(1)
Policy and procedures
284(2)
Mini-dictionary of terms
286(1)
Key facts
286(1)
Summary points
286(1)
Acknowledgments
287(1)
References
287(2)
26 Zika virus and impact on male fertility
Jocelyne Piret
Guy Boivin
Introduction
289(1)
Human cases of ZIKV sexual transmission
289(2)
Prolonged shedding of ZIKV in semen
291(1)
Replication of ZIKV in vitro
292(1)
Testis damage induced by ZIKV in animal models
293(1)
Sexual transmission of ZIKV and reduced male fertility in animal models
293(1)
Effects of ZIKV on sperm cells
294(1)
Experimental drugs against ZIKV infection of the MRT
294(1)
Experimental vaccines against ZIKV infection of the MRT
295(1)
Conclusions
296(1)
Policy and procedures
296(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
296(1)
Key facts of the impact of Zika virus on male fertility
296(1)
Summary points
296(1)
References
296(3)
27 Testicular cell types and infection by Zika virus
Luwanika Mlera
Marshall E. Bloom
Introduction
299(1)
Structural and functional anatomy of the testis
299(1)
Zika virus infection of testicular cells
300(1)
Testicular pathology associated with ZIKV infection
300(2)
Persistent ZIKV infection of testicular cells
302(1)
Testicular cell pathways affected by ZIKV infection
303(1)
Policy and procedures: Diagnosis of testicular infection by ZIKV, sexual transmission, and prevention
304(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
304(1)
Key facts of testicular cell types and infection by ZIKV
304(1)
Summary points
304(1)
Acknowledgment
305(1)
References
305(3)
28 Proteome alterations promoted by Zika virus infection
Juliana Miranda Tatara
Lucelia Santi
Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
Introduction
308(1)
Strains and infection conditions
308(2)
Brazilian strains of ZIKV
310(1)
Proteomic techniques
311(1)
Main molecular alterations after ZIKV infection
311(1)
Signaling pathways are affected by ZIKV infection
312(1)
The immune cell response for viral infection
312(1)
Neurological-associated molecular alterations caused by ZIKV
312(1)
Alteration of metabolic processes as a consequence of ZIKV infection
313(1)
Concluding remarks
314(1)
Policy and procedures
314(1)
Measuring of the head circumference
314(1)
Sample preparation for mass spectrometry
314(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
314(1)
Key facts
314(1)
Summary points
315(1)
References
315(4)
29 SOMAscan proteomics of Zika-infected cells
Kevin M. Coombs
Introduction
319(1)
Proteomics
319(1)
SOMAscans as an alternate proteomic strategy
320(1)
SOMAscan-determined protein dysregulations in cancer and neurological diseases
321(1)
SOMAscan-determined ZIKV-induced protein dysregulation
321(1)
ZIKV infection induces similar and dissimilar protein dysregulation in different cells
322(1)
Different biological functions are activated and inhibited by ZIKV in a cell-dependent manner
323(1)
Future perspectives
323(1)
Policy and procedures: Measuring host protein alterations
324(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
324(1)
Key facts of Zika virus-induced proteomic responses
324(1)
Summary points
324(1)
References
325(2)
30 Zika virus as an oncolytic therapy against brain tumors
Carolini Kaid
Matt Sherwood
Thiago Mitsugi
Mayana Zatz
Introduction
327(1)
Brain tumors
327(1)
Brain tumor treatment challenges
328(1)
ZIKA virotherapy
328(1)
ZIKV and brain tumors
329(1)
ZIKV against glioblastoma
329(1)
ZIKV and embryonal CNS tumors
330(1)
ZIKV and ependymoma
331(2)
ZIKV against non-CNS and prostate tumors
333(1)
Virotherapy is an immunotherapy
333(1)
Safety, virus delivery, and conclusion
334(1)
ZIKV virotherapy safety
334(1)
ZIKV virotherapy delivery and outcome in a canine model
334(1)
Conclusion
335(1)
Policy and procedures
335(1)
In vitro assays, cell line establishment, human samples, and ZIKA virus strain
335(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
335(1)
Key facts
336(1)
Summary points
336(1)
References
336(5)
Section C International aspects
31 Zika virus in Brazil
Andrezza Nascimento
Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
Sabri Saeed Sanabani
Historical perspective
341(1)
Introduction of ZIKV to Brazil
342(2)
ZIKV phylogenetics
344(1)
ZIKA vectors in Brazil
344(1)
ZIKA epidemiology update
345(1)
Conclusion
345(1)
Policy and procedures
346(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
346(1)
Key facts of Brazil
346(1)
Summary points
346(1)
References
347(4)
32 Zika virus and the Middle East
Eyal Meltzer
Introduction
351(1)
Definitions
351(1)
ZIKV vectors in the Middle East
351(2)
Travel-related ZIKV in the Middle East
353(1)
Current recommendations for testing returning travelers for ZIKV
353(1)
Israel
354(1)
Turkey
354(1)
Travel-related ZIKV in the rest of the MiddleEast
354(1)
What can we learn from the absence of Zika in the Middle East?
354(1)
Conclusions
355(1)
Policy and procedures
355(1)
Testing returning travelers for Zika virus
355(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
356(1)
Key facts on Zika virus in travelers from the Middle East
356(1)
Summary points
356(1)
References
356(3)
33 Genetic diversity of Zika virus in Thailand: How does this compare with other countries
Atchara Phumee
Padet Siriyasatien
Introduction
359(1)
Timeline of the ZIKV outbreaks in Thailand
360(1)
Vectors of ZIKV
361(1)
ZIKV genetic variability in Thailand
361(1)
Policy and procedures
362(1)
Phylogenetic tree construction
362(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
362(1)
Key facts of Zika virus (ZIKV)
363(1)
Summary points
363(1)
References
364(3)
34 Zika virus in Vietnam: Biology, transmission, pathology, associated conditions, and controls
Nguyen Thai Son
Ho Huu Tho
Dinh-Toi Chu
Introduction
367(1)
Biology of ZIKV in Vietnam
368(1)
Transmission of ZIKV in Vietnam
368(1)
Pathology of ZIKV infection in Vietnam
369(1)
Associated conditions of ZIKV infection in Vietnam
370(2)
Controls of ZIKV in Vietnam
372(1)
Policy and procedures
372(1)
Key facts
373(1)
Summary points
373(1)
References
373(4)
35 Zika virus in Vietnam: Epidemic, distribution, strain origin, and potential risks for community health
Dinh-Toi Chu
Tiep Tien Nguyen
Nguyen Thai Son
Introduction
377(1)
Epidemics of ZIKV in Vietnam
378(1)
Distribution of ZIKV in Vietnam
379(2)
Strain origin of ZIKV in Vietnam
381(1)
Potential risks of ZIKV in Vietnam
381(1)
Policy and procedures: Mosquito vector control
382(1)
Key facts from the World Health Organization
382(1)
Summary points
383(1)
References
383(4)
36 Zika virus infection in Mexico: Epidemiological and clinical data
Alfonso Vallejos Paras
Concepcion Grajales Muniz
Teresita Rojas Mendoza
Lumumba Arriaga Nieto
David Alejandro Cabrera Gaytan
Introduction
387(1)
Background
388(1)
Zika distribution and extent in Mexico
388(2)
Microcephaly and congenital syndrome associated with Zika
390(1)
Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Zika in Mexico
391(1)
Policy and procedures
391(1)
Probable case in pregnant women with Zika virus disease
391(1)
Confirmed case of Zika virus disease
391(1)
Discarded case of Zika virus disease
391(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
391(1)
Key facts
392(1)
Summary points
392(1)
References
392(5)
Section D Features of the virus and transmission
37 Cytopathicity and pathogenesis of Zika virus strains
Sergio P. Alpuche-Lazcano
Anne Gatignol
Introduction
397(2)
ZIKV genome and evolution
399(1)
Cytopathic effects and replication capacity of ZIKV lineages
399(1)
The innate immune cell response triggered by different ZIKV lineages contributes to their cytopathicity
400(1)
Cellular RNA interference and stress response contribute to cytopathicity
401(1)
Contemporary Asian-American ZIKV strains contain key mutations that contribute to the pathogenesis
402(1)
Conclusion
403(1)
Policy and procedures
403(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
404(1)
Key facts of cytopathicity and pathogenesis
404(1)
Summary points of cytopathicity and pathogenesis
404(1)
References
405(4)
38 Molecular evolution and codon usage bias of Zika virus
Marianoel Pereira-Gomez
Juan Cristina
Introduction
409(1)
What is codon usage bias?
410(1)
Evolutionary theories of codon usage bias
410(1)
Genetic variability and molecular evolution of ZIKV
410(1)
Evolution of the codon usage bias in ZIKV
411(2)
Vaccines development as application of the study of codon usage bias in viruses
413(1)
Conclusions and future directions
414(1)
Policy and procedures: Quantification of codon usage bias
414(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
415(1)
Key facts of codon usage in ZIKV
415(1)
Summary points
416(1)
References
416(3)
39 Endosomal compartmentation and the transport route of Zika virus
Katarzyna Owczarek
Krzysztof Pyri
Introduction
419(1)
The Zika virus
420(1)
Apoptotic mimicry of ZIKV
421(1)
Interaction between the Zika virus and the cell
421(1)
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Zika virus
422(1)
Intracellular trafficking of the ZIKV
423(2)
Early stages of virus infection and antiviral drug development
425(1)
Final remarks
426(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
426(1)
Key facts of intracellular transport compartments
426(1)
Key facts of ZIKV structure
427(1)
Summary points
427(1)
References
427(4)
40 Location of virus antigens in murine tissues infected with Zika virus
Antonio Pedro Alves de Matos
Libia Ze-Ze
Fatima Amaro
Maria Joao Alves
Introduction
431(1)
Mouse models of ZIKV infection
432(1)
Spread of ZIKV through the infected mice
433(2)
The congenital Zika syndrome
435(1)
Other nervous structures
436(1)
Infection of the placenta
436(1)
Infection of the reproductive system
437(1)
Policy and procedures: Immunofluorescence stain for frozen tissue sections
438(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
438(1)
Key facts of ZIKV distribution in mice
439(1)
Summary points
439(1)
References
439(4)
41 The role of seminal Zika viral shedding: Tropism, duration, and magnitude
Erin M. McDonald
Aaron C. Brault
Introduction
443(1)
Zika virus tropism for the male reproductive tract
443(1)
The epididymis is critical for sexual transmission
444(1)
ZIKV infects the testis and seminal vesicles
445(2)
Duration and magnitude of ZIKV shedding in semen
447(1)
Concluding remarks
448(1)
Policy and procedures
448(1)
Molecular detection of Zika viral RNA in seminal fluids
448(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
449(1)
Key facts of Zika virus sexual transmission
449(1)
Summary points
449(1)
References
450(3)
42 Nonhuman occurrence of Zika virus infection: Implications for control
Cecile Beck
Rodolphe Hamel
Marine Dumarest
Gaelle Gonzalez
Sylvie Lecollinet
Introduction
453(1)
Role of vertebrate animals in ZIKV epidemiology
454(1)
Sylvatic transmission cycle
454(3)
Urban transmission cycle
457(1)
Identification of ZIKV new reservoir hosts
458(1)
Laboratory diagnosis
458(1)
The contribution of animal models to the study of Zika virus infections
458(3)
Conclusion
461(1)
Policy and procedures
461(1)
Serological assays for evaluating animal exposure to ZIKV
461(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
462(1)
Key facts on the role of animals in ZIKV transmission
462(1)
Summary points
462(1)
References
462(5)
43 Zika virus intrusion into the blood supply: Concerns about transfusion safety
Bruno Deltreggia Benites
Marcelo Addas-Carvalho
Introduction
467(1)
Viral dissemination: Identification of ZIKV in asymptomatic blood donors
467(1)
Potential risks of transfusion transmission and vulnerable populations
468(1)
Transfusion transmission mitigation strategies
469(1)
Identification of at-risk donors
469(1)
Pathogen inactivation methods
470(1)
Patient Blood Management and the use of more restrictive transfusion strategies
471(1)
Current recommendations
471(1)
Conclusions and pending research areas
472(1)
Policy and procedures
472(1)
Investigation of possible transfusion-transmitted infections
472(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
473(1)
Key facts of pathogen inactivation techniques
473(1)
Summary points
473(1)
References
474(5)
Section E Resources
44 Research and recommended resources on Zika virus, pathology, and control
Rajkumar Rajendram
Victor R. Preedy
Vinood B. Patel
Introduction
479(1)
Bibliometric statistics
480(2)
Resources
482(8)
Policy and procedure
490(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
490(1)
Key facts
490(1)
Summary points
491(1)
Acknowledgments 491(1)
References 491(2)
Index 493
Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Dr. Hollins-Martin is a Professor of Maternal Health and has a background that has encompassed a career in womens reproductive health that spans 30 years; the first 11 of these were spent as a clinical midwife in Ayrshire (Scotland) and 19 teaching and researching womens reproductive health within universities. Caroline is an NMC Registered Midwife and Lecturer/Practice Educator. She is also a graduate and post graduate in psychology and a Member of the British Psychological Society (MBPsS). Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at Kings College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Kings College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at Kings College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guys, Kings and St. Thomas Medical School, Kings College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.



Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendrams focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of Kings College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.