Contributors |
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xix | |
Foreword |
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xxv | |
Preface |
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xxvii | |
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Section A Zika virus: Introductory chapters |
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1 Flaviviruses and where the Zika virus fits in: An overview |
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Classification, diversity, and evolution |
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3 | (1) |
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Biology of transmission and persistence of MBF and TBF |
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4 | (4) |
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Virion structure, genome, and viral protein function |
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8 | (2) |
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Viral infection and replication cycle |
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10 | (2) |
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Host infection, immune response, and pathogenesis |
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12 | (1) |
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Flavivirus emergence and global burden |
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13 | (1) |
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Emergence of Aedes-borne flaviviruses |
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14 | (1) |
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Emergence of Culex-borne flaviviruses |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Vector-borne flaviviruses diagnoses |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Key facts of flavivirus genera |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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2 The innate immune response during Zika virus infection |
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Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento |
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Amanda Costa Ayres Salmeron |
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Joselio Maria Galvao de Araujo |
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Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes |
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20 | (1) |
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Importance of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in sensing ZIKV |
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21 | (1) |
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Type I interferon in ZIKV infection |
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22 | (1) |
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Innate immunity against ZIKV in the skin |
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22 | (1) |
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Innate immunity against ZIKV in the placenta |
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23 | (1) |
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Innate immunity against ZIKV in the brain |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Innate immunity evasion by ZIKV |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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mRNA expression of innate immune receptors determined by real time PCR |
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25 | (1) |
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Measuring innate immune receptors protein expression by flow cytometry |
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26 | (1) |
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Analyzing innate immune receptors localization and function |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Key facts of innate immune response in ZIKV infection |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
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3 The public health perspective of Zika virus infection |
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Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava |
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Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava |
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31 | (1) |
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Timeline of the outbreaks |
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32 | (1) |
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Epidemiology: Distribution and determinants |
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33 | (1) |
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Geographical distribution |
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33 | (1) |
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Epidemiological determinants |
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33 | (2) |
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Public health consequences |
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35 | (1) |
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Prevention and control of Zika virus infections |
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36 | (1) |
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Better and sustained preparedness |
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36 | (1) |
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Implementation of strategic response framework |
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37 | (1) |
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Strengthening of International Health Regulations: Advice to travelers |
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37 | (1) |
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Strengthening of the sexual and reproductive health services |
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37 | (1) |
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Vector control, surveillance, risk communication, and promotion of research |
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38 | (1) |
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Bridging the gap between social and health inequalities |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Key facts of the Zika virus infections |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (4) |
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4 Inequality in Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome |
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Lia Giraldo da Silva Augusto |
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43 | (1) |
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The macro-drivers of the ZIKV |
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44 | (1) |
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Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of CZS |
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44 | (1) |
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Inequality in the exposure to ZIKV |
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45 | (1) |
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Inequality in susceptibility to the effect of ZIKV on CZS |
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45 | (1) |
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Sources of differential susceptibility |
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46 | (1) |
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Inequality in vector density |
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46 | (2) |
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Inequality in the vulnerability to the effect of vector density on ZIKV incidence |
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48 | (1) |
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The fundamental determination of ZIKV inequalities |
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49 | (1) |
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Socioeconomic implications |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Policies to tackle the inequalities |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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5 Lifestyle factors and congenital Zika syndrome: Drugs, alcohol, and beyond |
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Daniela Pires Ferreira Vivacqua |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Access to information/health education |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Multidisciplinary follow-up |
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59 | (1) |
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Multicenter follow-up of cohorts |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Key facts of birth control methods |
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60 | (1) |
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Key facts of causes of mal formation in newborns |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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6 Economic impact of Zika virus infection and associated conditions |
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Maria Regina Fernandes de Oliveira |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Economic and social impacts of recent outbreaks |
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65 | (2) |
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The cost of vector control |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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The cost of ZIKV-associated microcephaly |
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68 | (1) |
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The cost of congenital Zika syndrome |
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69 | (1) |
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The costs of ZIKV-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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69 | (1) |
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Understand the economic evaluation of health technologies |
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70 | (1) |
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Economic evaluation of current and emerging health technologies |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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7 Health promotion, health education, and risk communication for Zika virus disease |
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Health promotion and education program during a noncrisis situation |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Epidemiological assessment |
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76 | (1) |
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Educational and ecological assessment |
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77 | (1) |
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Administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment phase |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Risk communication for Zika virus disease |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Key facts of Zika virus disease or ZVD |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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8 Molecular mechanisms of Zika virus-induced neurological pathology |
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83 | (1) |
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ZIKV impairs mitotic spindle assembly |
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83 | (2) |
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Premature neural progenitor cell differentiation during ZIKV infection decreases the number of mature neurons |
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85 | (1) |
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ZIKV induces apoptosis in infected and bystander cells |
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86 | (1) |
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ZIKV interferes with developmental gene expression programs |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Conclusions and outstanding questions |
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89 | (1) |
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Policy and procedures: Measuring apoptosis |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Key facts of the unfolded protein response |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (5) |
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9 Validation of Zika virus infections: Nonmolecular aspects, immunoassays, and beyond |
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95 | (1) |
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Symptoms and diagnosis of ZIKV infection: Basics and guidance |
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96 | (1) |
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Serological methods used in diagnosing ZIKV infection |
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96 | (1) |
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Basics about ZIKV antibody detection |
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96 | (3) |
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Methods for detecting ZIKV antibodies |
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99 | (1) |
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Virus neutralization assays |
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99 | (1) |
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Hemagglutination inhibition and immunofluorescence assays |
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100 | (1) |
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Immunoassays for detecting anti-ZIKV IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Key facts of immunoassays used for the diagnosis of ZIKV infection |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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10 Validation of Zika virus infections: A focus on molecular methods |
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107 | (1) |
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Molecular methods: ZIKV nucleic acids |
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108 | (1) |
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Basics of the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Multiplex real-time RT-PCRs |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Mini-dictionary of the terms |
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113 | (1) |
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Key facts of molecular tests used for diagnosis of ZIKV infection |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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11 Coinfection of Zika with Dengue and Chikungunya virus |
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Marlen Yelitza Carrillo-Hernandez |
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Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Distribution of coinfections |
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118 | (2) |
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Detection of arboviruses in coinfections |
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120 | (2) |
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Clinical outcomes of coinfections |
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122 | (1) |
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Coinfection with ZIKV and DENV |
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122 | (1) |
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Coinfection with ZIKV and CHIKV |
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123 | (1) |
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Triple coinfection with ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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12 Zika virus, pathology, and control: Zika vaccine strategies in development |
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129 | (1) |
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Adaptive immunity to ZIKV infection |
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130 | (1) |
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The humoral immune response to ZIKV |
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130 | (1) |
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The T-cell immune response to ZIKV |
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131 | (1) |
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Key challenges facing Zika vaccine development |
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131 | (1) |
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Target populations for ZIKV vaccination |
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131 | (1) |
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The protection afforded by ZIKV vaccination |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Whole virus-based vaccines |
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132 | (1) |
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Subunit virus-based vaccines |
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133 | (1) |
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Clinical evaluation of Zika vaccine candidates |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Key facts on Zika vaccine |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (5) |
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Section B Effects on neurological and body systems |
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13 The adult brain and neurologic manifestations of the Zika virus |
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143 | (1) |
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Zika virus and the nervous system: Neuro Zika |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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GBS-Zika virus treatment and prognosis |
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147 | (1) |
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Others neurological complications |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Using the Brighton collaboration GBS working group criteria for GBS diagnosis |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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14 Postmortem studies: Contribution to understand the pathogenesis of congenital Zika syndrome |
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155 | (1) |
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Pathogenesis of the lesions in CZS |
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156 | (7) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (4) |
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15 Developmental trajectories in infants and toddlers born with congenital Zika syndrome |
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169 | (1) |
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Zika virus and the developing brain |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (1) |
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Measuring head circumference |
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175 | (1) |
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Using standardized tests to evaluate developmental skills in infants with CZS |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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16 Host genetic susceptibility to ZIKV congenital syndrome: A tale of twins |
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Luiz Carlos de Caires Junior |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Congenital Zika syndrome: Reasons for studying ZIKV effects in humans |
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181 | (1) |
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Risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and other CZS symptoms |
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181 | (1) |
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Twins: A powerful tool for investigating risks for ZIKV-associated microcephaly and CZS |
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182 | (1) |
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Twins' cells are differentially infected by ZIKV |
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182 | (1) |
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Investigating the molecular NPCs twins' differences |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Infection of the NPCs with ZIKV |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Key facts of host genetic susceptibility to CZS |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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17 Zika virus infection disrupts development of both neurons and glial cells |
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189 | (1) |
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Cells of the nervous system |
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189 | (1) |
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Role of different cell types in the nervous system |
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190 | (1) |
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Zika virus infection in the nervous system |
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190 | (1) |
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Zika virus infection disrupts normal neurogenesis |
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191 | (1) |
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Neural progenitor cells and Zika virus infection |
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191 | (1) |
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Zika virus infection induces neuronal loss in different brain regions |
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192 | (1) |
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Abnormal glial cell development after Zika virus infection |
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193 | (1) |
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Microglia and astrocyte reactivation after Zika virus infection |
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194 | (1) |
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Zika virus infection affects oligodendrocyte precursor cell development and survival of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Policy and procedures: Direct or maternal infection |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Key facts of microcephaly |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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18 Neurological manifestations similar to multiple sclerosis in adults after Zika virus infection |
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Fabricia Lima Fontes-Dantas |
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Fernanda Cristina Rueda-Lopes |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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ZIKV induces MS-like neurological manifestation in adults |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Key facts of Zika virus and multiple sclerosis |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (4) |
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19 Zika virus and the blood-brain barrier |
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209 | (1) |
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The disruption of the blood-brain barrier by Zika virus |
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210 | (1) |
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Role of blood-brain barrier |
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210 | (2) |
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Blood-brain barrier crossing mechanisms |
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212 | (1) |
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Zika virus entry mechanisms |
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213 | (1) |
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Endothelial cell dysfunction during Zika virus infection |
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213 | (1) |
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Barrier function and cell membrane permeability |
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213 | (1) |
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Virus-induced cytokine production and immune activation |
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214 | (1) |
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Comparison of hemorrhagic and neurotropic flaviviruses |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (5) |
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20 Systems immunology of flavivirus infection |
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Marielton Dos Passos Cunba |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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West Nile virus infection |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Strategies for system immunology analysis |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (3) |
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21 Genetic susceptibility to congenital Zika syndrome: Current research and future perspectives |
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235 | (1) |
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Evidence from observational studies |
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236 | (1) |
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Genes already associated with CZS |
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236 | (1) |
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Genetic case-control studies in CZS |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Candidate genes from Flaviviridae infections |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Japanese encephalitis virus |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Conclusions and future perspectives |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Key facts of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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22 Hearing and Zika virus infection |
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Maria Helena de M. Barbosa |
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Maria Clara de Magalhaes-Barbosa |
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245 | (1) |
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Auditory impairment in congenital Zika virus infection |
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246 | (1) |
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Auditory impairment in acquired Zika virus infection |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Auditory screening and accompaniment |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Policy and procedures: Hearing screening (Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, 2019) |
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249 | (1) |
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Policy and procedures: Major hearing assessment tests and their uses |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Key facts of hearing loss |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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23 Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: What it is and how it relates to Zika virus |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder |
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258 | (1) |
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Clinical core symptoms of NMOSD and its relationship to ZIKV |
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258 | (1) |
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Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis associated with Zika virus |
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258 | (3) |
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Optic neuritis associated with ZIKV |
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261 | (1) |
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Encephalitis associated with ZIKV |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Key facts of NMOSD and ZIKV |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
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24 Zika virus infection and cytokines |
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Irmtraut Araci H. Pfrimer |
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267 | (1) |
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Cytokine profiling in acute ZIKV infection |
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267 | (1) |
|
Cytokines associated with symptoms of ZIKV infection |
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268 | (1) |
|
ZIKV infection and interferon production |
|
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269 | (3) |
|
Role of T cells in ZIKV infection |
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272 | (1) |
|
Cytokines involved in neurological complications |
|
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272 | (1) |
|
Cytokines involved in nonneurological complications |
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272 | (1) |
|
Immunoprofiles associated with fetal abnormalities in ZIKV-positive pregnancies |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
|
Assays for cytokine measurements |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
|
25 Urological sequels in the scope of the Congenital Zika Syndrome |
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|
Lucia Maria Costa Monteiro |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Diagnose of neurogenic bladder |
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281 | (1) |
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Urodynamic studies in children with special needs |
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281 | (2) |
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Neurogenic bladder as a urological sequel of congenital Zika syndrome |
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283 | (1) |
|
Treatment of neurogenic bladder in congenital Zika syndrome |
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284 | (1) |
|
Further studies related to Zika virus in the urological system |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
|
26 Zika virus and impact on male fertility |
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289 | (1) |
|
Human cases of ZIKV sexual transmission |
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289 | (2) |
|
Prolonged shedding of ZIKV in semen |
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291 | (1) |
|
Replication of ZIKV in vitro |
|
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292 | (1) |
|
Testis damage induced by ZIKV in animal models |
|
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293 | (1) |
|
Sexual transmission of ZIKV and reduced male fertility in animal models |
|
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293 | (1) |
|
Effects of ZIKV on sperm cells |
|
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294 | (1) |
|
Experimental drugs against ZIKV infection of the MRT |
|
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294 | (1) |
|
Experimental vaccines against ZIKV infection of the MRT |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
|
Key facts of the impact of Zika virus on male fertility |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (3) |
|
27 Testicular cell types and infection by Zika virus |
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299 | (1) |
|
Structural and functional anatomy of the testis |
|
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299 | (1) |
|
Zika virus infection of testicular cells |
|
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300 | (1) |
|
Testicular pathology associated with ZIKV infection |
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300 | (2) |
|
Persistent ZIKV infection of testicular cells |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Testicular cell pathways affected by ZIKV infection |
|
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303 | (1) |
|
Policy and procedures: Diagnosis of testicular infection by ZIKV, sexual transmission, and prevention |
|
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304 | (1) |
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|
304 | (1) |
|
Key facts of testicular cell types and infection by ZIKV |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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|
305 | (3) |
|
28 Proteome alterations promoted by Zika virus infection |
|
|
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|
|
Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva |
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308 | (1) |
|
Strains and infection conditions |
|
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308 | (2) |
|
Brazilian strains of ZIKV |
|
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
|
Main molecular alterations after ZIKV infection |
|
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311 | (1) |
|
Signaling pathways are affected by ZIKV infection |
|
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312 | (1) |
|
The immune cell response for viral infection |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Neurological-associated molecular alterations caused by ZIKV |
|
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312 | (1) |
|
Alteration of metabolic processes as a consequence of ZIKV infection |
|
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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|
314 | (1) |
|
Measuring of the head circumference |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Sample preparation for mass spectrometry |
|
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314 | (1) |
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|
314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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|
315 | (4) |
|
29 SOMAscan proteomics of Zika-infected cells |
|
|
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319 | (1) |
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|
319 | (1) |
|
SOMAscans as an alternate proteomic strategy |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
SOMAscan-determined protein dysregulations in cancer and neurological diseases |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
SOMAscan-determined ZIKV-induced protein dysregulation |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
ZIKV infection induces similar and dissimilar protein dysregulation in different cells |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Different biological functions are activated and inhibited by ZIKV in a cell-dependent manner |
|
|
323 | (1) |
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|
323 | (1) |
|
Policy and procedures: Measuring host protein alterations |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Key facts of Zika virus-induced proteomic responses |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
30 Zika virus as an oncolytic therapy against brain tumors |
|
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|
|
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327 | (1) |
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|
327 | (1) |
|
Brain tumor treatment challenges |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
ZIKV against glioblastoma |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
ZIKV and embryonal CNS tumors |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
ZIKV against non-CNS and prostate tumors |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Virotherapy is an immunotherapy |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Safety, virus delivery, and conclusion |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
ZIKV virotherapy delivery and outcome in a canine model |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
In vitro assays, cell line establishment, human samples, and ZIKA virus strain |
|
|
335 | (1) |
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|
335 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
336 | (5) |
|
Section C International aspects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte |
|
|
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Introduction of ZIKV to Brazil |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
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|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (4) |
|
32 Zika virus and the Middle East |
|
|
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
ZIKV vectors in the Middle East |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
Travel-related ZIKV in the Middle East |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
Current recommendations for testing returning travelers for ZIKV |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Travel-related ZIKV in the rest of the MiddleEast |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
What can we learn from the absence of Zika in the Middle East? |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Testing returning travelers for Zika virus |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Key facts on Zika virus in travelers from the Middle East |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
33 Genetic diversity of Zika virus in Thailand: How does this compare with other countries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Timeline of the ZIKV outbreaks in Thailand |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
ZIKV genetic variability in Thailand |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Phylogenetic tree construction |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Key facts of Zika virus (ZIKV) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
34 Zika virus in Vietnam: Biology, transmission, pathology, associated conditions, and controls |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Biology of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Transmission of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Pathology of ZIKV infection in Vietnam |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Associated conditions of ZIKV infection in Vietnam |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Controls of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
35 Zika virus in Vietnam: Epidemic, distribution, strain origin, and potential risks for community health |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Epidemics of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Distribution of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Strain origin of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Potential risks of ZIKV in Vietnam |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Policy and procedures: Mosquito vector control |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Key facts from the World Health Organization |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (4) |
|
36 Zika virus infection in Mexico: Epidemiological and clinical data |
|
|
|
|
Concepcion Grajales Muniz |
|
|
|
|
David Alejandro Cabrera Gaytan |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Zika distribution and extent in Mexico |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Microcephaly and congenital syndrome associated with Zika |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Zika in Mexico |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Probable case in pregnant women with Zika virus disease |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Confirmed case of Zika virus disease |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Discarded case of Zika virus disease |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (5) |
|
Section D Features of the virus and transmission |
|
|
|
37 Cytopathicity and pathogenesis of Zika virus strains |
|
|
|
Sergio P. Alpuche-Lazcano |
|
|
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
ZIKV genome and evolution |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Cytopathic effects and replication capacity of ZIKV lineages |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
The innate immune cell response triggered by different ZIKV lineages contributes to their cytopathicity |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Cellular RNA interference and stress response contribute to cytopathicity |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Contemporary Asian-American ZIKV strains contain key mutations that contribute to the pathogenesis |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Key facts of cytopathicity and pathogenesis |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Summary points of cytopathicity and pathogenesis |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (4) |
|
38 Molecular evolution and codon usage bias of Zika virus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
What is codon usage bias? |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Evolutionary theories of codon usage bias |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Genetic variability and molecular evolution of ZIKV |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Evolution of the codon usage bias in ZIKV |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Vaccines development as application of the study of codon usage bias in viruses |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Conclusions and future directions |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Policy and procedures: Quantification of codon usage bias |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Key facts of codon usage in ZIKV |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
39 Endosomal compartmentation and the transport route of Zika virus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Apoptotic mimicry of ZIKV |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Interaction between the Zika virus and the cell |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Zika virus |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Intracellular trafficking of the ZIKV |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Early stages of virus infection and antiviral drug development |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Key facts of intracellular transport compartments |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Key facts of ZIKV structure |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (4) |
|
40 Location of virus antigens in murine tissues infected with Zika virus |
|
|
|
Antonio Pedro Alves de Matos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Mouse models of ZIKV infection |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Spread of ZIKV through the infected mice |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
The congenital Zika syndrome |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Infection of the placenta |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Infection of the reproductive system |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Policy and procedures: Immunofluorescence stain for frozen tissue sections |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Key facts of ZIKV distribution in mice |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (4) |
|
41 The role of seminal Zika viral shedding: Tropism, duration, and magnitude |
|
|
|
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Zika virus tropism for the male reproductive tract |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
The epididymis is critical for sexual transmission |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
ZIKV infects the testis and seminal vesicles |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
Duration and magnitude of ZIKV shedding in semen |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Molecular detection of Zika viral RNA in seminal fluids |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Key facts of Zika virus sexual transmission |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (3) |
|
42 Nonhuman occurrence of Zika virus infection: Implications for control |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Role of vertebrate animals in ZIKV epidemiology |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Sylvatic transmission cycle |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Identification of ZIKV new reservoir hosts |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
The contribution of animal models to the study of Zika virus infections |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Serological assays for evaluating animal exposure to ZIKV |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Key facts on the role of animals in ZIKV transmission |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (5) |
|
43 Zika virus intrusion into the blood supply: Concerns about transfusion safety |
|
|
|
|
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Viral dissemination: Identification of ZIKV in asymptomatic blood donors |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Potential risks of transfusion transmission and vulnerable populations |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Transfusion transmission mitigation strategies |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Identification of at-risk donors |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
Pathogen inactivation methods |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Patient Blood Management and the use of more restrictive transfusion strategies |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Conclusions and pending research areas |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Investigation of possible transfusion-transmitted infections |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Key facts of pathogen inactivation techniques |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (5) |
|
|
|
44 Research and recommended resources on Zika virus, pathology, and control |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (8) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
Acknowledgments |
|
491 | (1) |
References |
|
491 | (2) |
Index |
|
493 | |