| 1 Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
| 2 Builders of Arachnology |
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7 | (28) |
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33 | (2) |
| 3 Systems of Arachnida |
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35 | (10) |
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41 | (4) |
| 4 The Fossil Arachnida |
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45 | (14) |
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51 | (8) |
| 5 Factors Determining the Distribution of Arachnida |
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59 | (76) |
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59 | (6) |
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5.1.1 Zoogeography and Biogeography: The New Approach |
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59 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Centers of Origin and Dispersal |
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60 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Development of Atlantic Ocean |
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61 | (3) |
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5.1.4 Development of the Indian Ocean |
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64 | (1) |
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5.2 Paleogeography and the Past Distribution of Arachnida |
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65 | (7) |
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65 | (7) |
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5.3 Passive Dispersal and Phoresy of Arachnida: Ballooning, Rafting, and Continental Drift |
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72 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Dispersal (Natural and by Man Activities) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (7) |
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5.4.1 Climatic and Other Barriers and Bridges |
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76 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Real and "Fake" Disjunctions |
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77 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Old World-New World Disjunctions |
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79 | (2) |
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5.4.4 West African-Indomalayan Disjunction |
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81 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Strange (Old?) Disjunctions |
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81 | (1) |
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5.4.6 Disjunctions in the Southern End of the World (New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Patagonia) |
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81 | (1) |
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5.4.7 Boreomontane and Arctic-Alpine Disjunctions |
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81 | (1) |
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5.4.8 Transpacific Disjunctions |
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82 | (1) |
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5.5 Endemics and Relicts in Arachnida |
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83 | (14) |
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83 | (11) |
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5.5.2 Relicts and Relictness |
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94 | (3) |
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5.6 The Northern Limits of Arachnida |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (35) |
| 6 Review of the Classification of the Orders of Arachnida |
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135 | (184) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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6.3 Thelyphonida (Uropygi) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (10) |
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6.9 Solifugae (Solpugida, Solifugi) |
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159 | (11) |
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170 | (15) |
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185 | (4) |
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189 | (4) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (4) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (120) |
| 7 Regional Arachnogeography |
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319 | (306) |
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319 | (1) |
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7.1.1 Zoogeography and Arachnozoogeography |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (8) |
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7.2.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (5) |
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7.3 Balkan Peninsula and Aegaeis |
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328 | (14) |
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7.3.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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328 | (5) |
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333 | (9) |
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342 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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7.5 Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees |
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344 | (4) |
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7.5.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (3) |
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7.6 Mediterranean Sea and Its Islands |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (2) |
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7.7.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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7.8 Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Elba |
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352 | (5) |
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7.8.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (3) |
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357 | (2) |
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7.9.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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7.10 Central and Northern Europe, Great Britain, Ireland, Island, and Faroe Islands |
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359 | (4) |
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7.10.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (4) |
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7.11 Arachnida of the Atlantic Islands (Macaronesia, St. Helena, Ascension) |
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363 | (4) |
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7.11.1 Canary Islands, Azores, and Madeira |
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363 | (4) |
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367 | (1) |
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7.12.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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7.13 St. Helena and Ascension |
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368 | (2) |
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7.13.1 Geography and Paleogeography (General) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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7.14 Russia (North of Caucasus), Belarus, Ukraine, Siberia, Altai, China (North of Yangtze), and Mongolia |
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370 | (4) |
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7.14.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (3) |
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7.15 Sakhalin and Kuril Islands |
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374 | (1) |
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7.15.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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7.16 Caucasus and Transcaucasia |
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375 | (4) |
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7.16.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (3) |
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7.17 Turkey, Cyprus, Sinai, the Dodecanese Islands, Iran, Afghanistan, the Near East, Middle Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula |
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379 | (12) |
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7.17.1 Geography, General Zoology, and Paleogeography |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (11) |
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391 | (2) |
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7.18.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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7.19 Karakorum, Hindu Kush, Pamir, Tian Shan, Himalaya, and Tibet |
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393 | (4) |
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7.19.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (3) |
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397 | (3) |
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7.20.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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400 | (3) |
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7.21.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (3) |
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7.22 Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
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403 | (1) |
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7.22.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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7.23 Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, China South of Yangtze, and Hainan) |
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404 | (17) |
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7.23.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (16) |
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421 | (2) |
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7.24.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (2) |
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7.25 The Malay Archipelago |
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423 | (8) |
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7.25.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (7) |
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431 | (4) |
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7.26.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (4) |
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7.27 Japan (the Ryukyus Excluded) |
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435 | (3) |
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7.27.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (3) |
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7.28.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (2) |
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7.29 Korea (North and South) |
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441 | (3) |
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7.29.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (2) |
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7.30 Africa, North of 20°N |
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444 | (9) |
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7.30.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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444 | (4) |
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448 | (5) |
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7.31 Africa Between 20°N and Zambezi-Kunene (Tropical or Intertropical Africa) |
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453 | (22) |
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7.31.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (21) |
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7.32 Differences Between the Arachnofaunas of East and West Africa |
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475 | (1) |
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7.33 Tropical South America |
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476 | (26) |
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7.33.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (24) |
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502 | (3) |
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7.34.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (2) |
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7.35 Juan Fernandez Islands |
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505 | (1) |
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7.35.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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505 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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7.36 North America, North of Rio Grande (incl. Greenland) |
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506 | (8) |
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7.36.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (7) |
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7.37 Polynesia and Micronesia |
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514 | (5) |
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7.37.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (4) |
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519 | (3) |
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7.38.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (2) |
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7.39 Antarctic and Subantarctic Arachnofauna |
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522 | (6) |
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7.39.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (5) |
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528 | (97) |
| 8 Some Peculiarities of the Distribution of Arachnida |
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625 | (208) |
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8.1 Mediterranean and Central European Arachnofauna |
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625 | (1) |
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8.2 Arachnofauna of the Ancient Mediterranean |
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625 | (1) |
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8.3 The Boundary Neotropica-Nearctic |
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626 | (3) |
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626 | (1) |
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627 | (1) |
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627 | (1) |
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627 | (1) |
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628 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Uropygi (Thelyphonida) |
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628 | (1) |
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628 | (1) |
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628 | (1) |
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629 | (1) |
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8.4 Mexico: The Great American Interchange of Fauna |
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629 | (10) |
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8.4.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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629 | (10) |
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8.5 Arachnida of the Antilleans and Mesoamerica |
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639 | (11) |
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639 | (11) |
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8.6 Antillean (Caribbean) Islands |
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650 | (24) |
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8.6.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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650 | (19) |
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8.6.2 Comparison Between the Faunas of Central America and the Antilleans |
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669 | (4) |
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673 | (1) |
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673 | (1) |
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8.7 Patagonia: South Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Tierra del Fuego |
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674 | (5) |
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8.7.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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674 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Arachnogeographical Character of South Chile and Argentina |
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675 | (4) |
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8.8 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |
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679 | (1) |
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8.8.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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679 | (1) |
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8.9 The Boundary Between Palearctic and Paleotropical |
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680 | (1) |
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8.9.1 The Boundary Between Western Palearctic and Afrotropical Arachnofaunas |
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680 | (1) |
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8.10 Arachnida in the Afrotropical and Palearctic Regions |
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681 | (7) |
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8.10.1 Analysis and Comments |
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681 | (7) |
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8.11 The Boundary Across China |
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688 | (2) |
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8.11.1 The Transitional Zone |
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688 | (1) |
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8.11.2 Arachnogeography of Himalaya |
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689 | (1) |
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8.11.3 East Asiatic (Himalayan-Chinese) Region of Lopatin (1980) |
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690 | (1) |
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8.12 The Cape Arachnofauna |
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690 | (11) |
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8.12.1 Africa South of Zambezi-Kunene |
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690 | (11) |
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8.13 Arachnofauna of Madagascar and the Adjacent Islands |
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701 | (1) |
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701 | (10) |
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8.14.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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701 | (10) |
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711 | (2) |
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8.15.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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711 | (2) |
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8.16 Seychelles (incl. Aldabra), Comores |
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713 | (14) |
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8.16.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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713 | (13) |
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8.16.2 Remarkable Distributions and Absences |
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726 | (1) |
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8.17 Evaluation of Wallace's Line and the Other Lines in Southeast Asia According to the Arachnida |
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727 | (19) |
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728 | (1) |
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728 | (1) |
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728 | (2) |
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8.17.4 Development of Wallacea and the Surrounding Lands of Southeast Asia and the Malayan Archipelago |
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730 | (1) |
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8.17.5 The "Lines" and Some Other Groups |
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731 | (1) |
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8.17.6 Arachnida and the Lines |
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732 | (11) |
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743 | (3) |
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8.18 The Arachnida of the Papuan Subregion |
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746 | (7) |
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8.18.1 New Guinea and Melanesia |
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746 | (7) |
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8.19 Arachnogeography of Australia and Tasmania |
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753 | (11) |
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753 | (11) |
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764 | (3) |
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8.20.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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764 | (3) |
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8.21 Parasitiformes (Some Ixodida and Mesostigmata): Australia and New Zealand |
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767 | (1) |
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768 | (6) |
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8.22.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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768 | (6) |
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774 | (3) |
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8.23.1 Geography, General Zoogeography, and Paleogeography |
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774 | (3) |
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777 | (1) |
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778 | (5) |
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782 | (1) |
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783 | (50) |
| 9 Cave Arachnida |
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833 | (20) |
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9.1 Cave Life in Different Orders |
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833 | (9) |
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9.2 Distribution of Cave Arachnida in Different Geographical Areas |
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842 | (4) |
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846 | (1) |
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846 | (7) |
| 10 High-Altitude Arachnida (Partly from Beron 2008, Updated in Beron 2016) |
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853 | (40) |
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853 | (7) |
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10.2 Major Groups of Arachnida in the Old World Living At or Above 2200m |
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860 | (4) |
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10.3 Level of Knowledge on Opiliones in the High Mountains and Credibility of Conclusions |
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864 | (1) |
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10.4 Maximum Altitudes of Spiders Living Above 2200m in the Old World |
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864 | (6) |
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10.5 High-Altitude Arachnida in the Oreal of the Himalayas, Compared with the Alps |
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870 | (10) |
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10.6 High-Altitude Arachnida in the Mountains of Central Asia |
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880 | (2) |
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10.7 Afrotropical High-Altitude Arachnida |
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882 | (2) |
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884 | (1) |
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10.9 Champions in Altitude (Above 4500m) in the Old World |
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884 | (2) |
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10.10 Some Personal Notes on the High-Altitude Arachnofauna of the Americas and Elsewhere |
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886 | (2) |
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888 | (5) |
| 11 Zoogeographical Notes on Different Orders of Arachnida |
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893 | (12) |
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893 | (1) |
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894 | (1) |
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894 | (1) |
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11.4 Thelyphonida (Uropygi) |
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895 | (1) |
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896 | (1) |
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896 | (1) |
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897 | (1) |
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897 | (1) |
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898 | (2) |
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900 | (2) |
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902 | (1) |
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902 | (3) |
| 12 Zoogeographical Subdivisions of the World |
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905 | (26) |
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927 | (4) |
| 13 General Conclusions |
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931 | (8) |
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936 | (3) |
| Index |
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939 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta