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E-raamat: Access of Individuals to International Justice

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(, Judge of the International Court of Justice)
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This book contends that the right of access to justice (at national and international levels) constitutes a basic cornerstone of the international protection of human rights, and conforms a true right to the Law. It amounts, lato sensu, to the right to the realization of justice.

In such understanding, it comprises not only the formal access to a tribunal or judge, but also respect for the guarantees of due process of law, the right to a fair trial, and to reparations (whenever they are due), and the faithful execution of judgments. On its part, the right to an effective domestic remedy is a basic pillar of the rule of law in a democratic society. In its part, the right of international individual petition, together with the safeguard of the integrity of international jurisdiction, constitute the basic foundations of the emancipation of the individual vis-à-vis his own State.

This is a domain that has undergone a remarkable development in recent years. It is submitted that the right of access to justice belongs today to the domain of jus cogens. Without it, there is no legal system at all. The protection of the human person in the most adverse circumstances has evolved amongst considerations of ordre public. Such recent evolution has been contributing to the gradual expansion of the material content of jus cogens.

Furthermore, the very notion of "victim" (encompassing direct, indirect and potential victims) has been the subject of a considerable international case-law. Victims have had their cause vindicated in situations of utmost adversity, if not defencelessness (e.g., abandoned or "street children", undocumented migrants, members of peace communities in situations of armed conflict, internally displaced persons, individuals in infra-human conditions of detention, surviving victims of massacres).
Tables of Cases xiii
Table of International Treaties, Conventions, and Instruments xx
Table of Statutes of International Courts xxiv
Table of National Legislation xxv
Introduction xxvii
Pt I The Historical Recovery of the Human Person as Subject of the Law of Nations 1(16)
I Introduction: The Legacy of the Individual's Subjectivity in the Emerging Law of Nations
1(2)
II The Individual's Presence and Participation in the International Legal Order
3(3)
III The Rescue of the Individual as a Subject of International Law
6(7)
IV Personality and Capacity: the Individual's Access to Justice at International Level
13(2)
V Concluding Observations: The Historical Significance of the International Subjectivity of the Individual
15(2)
Pt II The Exercise of the Right of Access to International Justice: The Right of International Individual Petition 17(33)
I Evolution and Juridical Nature of the Right of Individual Petition
17(3)
II Consolidation and Scope of the Right of Individual Petition
20(2)
III The Titularity of the Right of Individual Petition: Distinct Formulations
22(5)
IV The Significance and Overriding Importance of the Right of Individual Petition
27(5)
V The Right of Direct Access of Individuals to International Human Rights Tribunals
32(15)
1 Developments in the European System of Protection
32(5)
2 Developments in the Inter-American System of Protection
37(9)
3 Developments in the African System of Protection
46(1)
VI Concluding Observations
47(3)
Pt III Access to Justice at International Level and the Right to an Effective Domestic Remedy 50(13)
I Access to International Justice and Admissibility of Petitions
50(1)
II The Right to an Effective Domestic Remedy as a Basic Pillar of the Rule of Law in a Democratic Society
51(5)
III The Intangibility of Judicial Guarantees in All Circumstances
56(2)
IV The Right to Recognition of Juridical Personality
58(1)
V The Converging Case-Law of the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights on the Rights of Access to Justice and to a Fair Trial
59(4)
Pt IV The Interrelation between the Access to Justice (Right to an Effective Remedy) and the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law 63(13)
I Introduction
63(1)
II The Interrelation between the Access to Justice (Right to an Effective Remedy) and the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law in the Case-Law of the IACtHR
64(2)
III The Overcoming of Vicissitudes as to the Right to an Effective Remedy in the Jurisprudential Construction of the ECtHR
66(5)
IV The Right of Access to Justice Lato Sensu
71(3)
V Concluding Observations
74(2)
Pt V Access to International Justice in Relation to the Interaction between International Law and Domestic Law 76(37)
I Access to International Justice of Victims of Human Rights Violations: General Considerations
76(6)
II The Interaction between International Law and Domestic Law in Human Rights Protection
82(7)
III The Needed Revision or Control of Reservations to Human Rights Treaties
89(9)
IV The Interaction between International Law and Domestic Law and the Rule of Exhaustion of the Local Remedies
98(9)
1 Human Rights Treaties and the Role of National Courts
98(1)
2 The State's Duty to Provide Effective Local Remedies and the Individual's Duty to Have Recourse to Them: The Emphasis on Redress or the Realization of Justice
99(1)
3 The Rationale of the Local Remedies Rule in Human Rights Protection
100(7)
V The Principle of Complementarity in International Criminal Law
107(3)
VI Beyond Subsidiarity: State Responsibility, Substantive Law, and the Interaction between International Law and Domestic Law in the Present Domain of Protection
110(3)
Pt VI Access to Justice: The Safeguard and Preservation of the Integrity of International Jurisdiction 113(12)
I The Intangibility of International Jurisdiction
113(1)
II The Position of International Human Rights Tribunals
114(5)
1 Developments in the European Human Rights System
114(1)
2 Developments in the Inter-American Human Rights System
115(3)
3 General Assessment
118(1)
III Direct Access of Individuals in Provisional Measures of Protection
119(1)
IV Access to Justice: The Realization of the Right to Justice
120(2)
V The Prevalence of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law
122(1)
VI Concluding Observations
123(2)
Pt VI New Developments in the Notion of `Potential Victim': The Preventive Dimension of Protection 125(7)
I Introduction
125(1)
II Origins and Development of the Notion of Victim
125(2)
III The Continuing Evolution of the Notion of 'Potential Victim'
127(2)
IV New Developments of the Notion of 'Potential Victim'
129(2)
1 Autonomous Configuration of the Notion of Victim in its Preventive Dimension
130(1)
2 Condition of Victim and Legitimatio ad Causam: A Precision
130(1)
V Concluding Observations
131(1)
Pt VIII The Protection of Victims in Situations of Great Adversity or Defencelessness - I 132(19)
I Introduction: International Protection of Victims in Distress
132(1)
II The Drama of Uprootedness and the Growing Need of Protection of Migrants
133(9)
III The Protection of Migrants in International Case-Law
142(7)
1 European Human Rights System
142(2)
2 Inter-American Human Rights System
144(42)
a The Advisory Opinion on the Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law (1999)
145(2)
b The Advisory Opinion on the Juridical Condition and Rights of Undocumented Migrants (2003)
147(2)
IV Concluding Observations
149(2)
Pt IX The Protection of Victims in Situations of Great Adversity or Defencelessness - II 151(28)
I Introduction: The Centrality of the Suffering of the Victims
151(1)
II The Protection of Abandoned or 'Street Children'
152(5)
III The Protection of Members of Peace Communities and Other Civilians in Situations of Armed Conflict
157(6)
IV The Protection of Internally Displaced Persons
163(8)
V The Protection of Persons under Sub-human Conditions of Detention
171(3)
VI Concluding Observations: The Prevalence of Human Rights of Persons in Situations of Vulnerability
174(5)
Pt X Access to Justice of Victims of Massacres and Crimes of State 179(13)
I Massacres and Crimes of State: Introductory Observations
179(3)
II Victims of Massacres
182(1)
III The Determination of the Aggravated Responsibility of the State
183(3)
IV The Determination of the Condition of Victim
186(3)
1 Identified and Identifiable Victims: Identification of Victims at Distinct Stages of the Procedure
186(1)
2 Classification or Categorization of Victims
187(1)
3 Centrality and Expansion of the Notion of Direct Victim
188(1)
V The Victims' Right to Redress
189(1)
VI Concluding Observations
190(2)
Pt XI The Overcoming of Obstacles to Direct Access to Justice 192(17)
I Introduction
192(1)
II The Proper Role of International Human Rights Tribunals
193(1)
III Towards the End of Self-Amnesties
194(2)
IV The Right to the Law (droit au Droitl Derecho al Derecho) as an Imperative of Jus Cogens
196(2)
V The Expansion of the Material Content of Jus Cogens
198(3)
VI The Evolving Presence of Victims in International Criminal Jurisdictions
201(4)
VII Concluding Observations: The Protection of the Human Person in the Light of Considerations of International Ordre Public
205(4)
Conclusions 209(4)
Select Bibliography 213(18)
I Books
213(5)
II Courses, Collections, Contributions to Books
218(6)
III Monographs and Reports
224(1)
IV Articles
225(6)
Index 231
Antônio A. Cançado Trindade is a Judge of the International Court of Justice, the former President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and held the post of Professor of International Law at the University of Brasilia from 1978 to 2009.
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