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E-raamat: Acid Gas Extraction for Disposal and Related Topics

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Acid Gas Extraction for Disposal and Related TopicsSuurem pilt
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This is the fifth volume in a series of books focusing on natural gas engineering, focusing on the extraction and disposal of acid gas. This volume includes information for both upstream and downstream operations, including chapters on modeling, carbon capture, chemical and thermodynamic models, and much more.

Written by some of the most well-known and respected chemical and process engineers working with natural gas today, the chapters in this important volume represent the most cutting-edge and state-of-the-art processes and operations being used in the field.  Not available anywhere else, this volume is a must-have for any chemical engineer, chemist, or process engineer working with natural gas.   

There are updates of new technologies in other related areas of natural gas, in addition to the extraction and disposal of acid gas, including testing, reservoir simulations, acid gas injection, and natural gas hydrate formations. Advances in Natural Gas Engineering is an ongoing series of books meant to form the basis for the working library of any engineer working in natural gas today.  Every volume is a must-have for any engineer or library.

Preface xv
1 Rate-Base Simulations of Absorption Processes; Fata Morgana or Panacea?
1(16)
P.J.G. Huttenhuis
G.F. Versteeg
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Procede Process Simulator (PPS)
2(1)
1.3 Mass Transfer Fundamentals
3(5)
1.4 CO2 Capture Case
8(7)
1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
15(2)
References
16(1)
2 Modelling in Acid Gas Removal Processes
17(12)
Alan E. Mather
2.1 Introduction
17(1)
2.2 Vapour-Liquid Equilibria
18(3)
2.3 Modelling
21(4)
2.3.1 Empirical Models
22(1)
2.3.2 Activity Coefficient Models
22(1)
2.3.3 Two (and more) Solvent Models
23(1)
2.3.4 Single Solvent Models
24(1)
2.3.5 Equation of State Models
24(1)
2.4 Conclusions
25(4)
References
26(3)
3 Thermodynamic Approach of CO2 Capture, Combination of Experimental Study and Modeling
29(10)
Karine Ballerat-Busserolles
Alexander R. Lowe
Yohann Coulier
J.-Y. Coxam
3.1 Introduction
30(1)
3.2 Thermodynamic Model
31(1)
3.3 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Aqueous Solutions of Alkanolamines
32(3)
3.4 Conclusion
35(4)
References
36(3)
4 Employing Simulation Software for Optimized Carbon Capture Process
39(8)
Wafa Said-Ibrahim
Irina Rumyantseva
Manya Garg
4.1 Introduction
40(1)
4.2 Acid Gas Cleaning - Process and Business Goals
40(2)
4.3 Modeling Gas Treating in Aspen HYSYS®
42(3)
4.3.1 Inbuilt Thermodynamics
43(1)
4.3.2 Rate-Based Distillation in Aspen HYSYS
44(1)
4.4 Conclusion
45(2)
References
46(1)
5 Expectations from Simulation
47(22)
R. Scott Alvis
Nathan A. Hatcher
Ralph H. Weiland
5.1 Introduction
48(1)
5.2 Realism
48(4)
5.2.1 Conclusion 1
49(1)
5.2.2 Conclusion 2
50(1)
5.2.3 Conclusion 3
50(1)
5.2.4 Conclusion 4
51(1)
5.3 Reliability of Simulation Data: What's Data and What's Not
52(4)
5.3.1 Conclusion 5
54(1)
5.3.2 Conclusion 6
54(1)
5.3.3 Conclusion 7
55(1)
5.3.4 Conclusion 8
55(1)
5.4 Case Studies
56(11)
5.4.1 Hellenic Petroleum Refinery Revamp
56(2)
5.4.2 Treating a Refinery Fuel Gas
58(2)
5.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal in an LNG Unit
60(5)
5.4.4 Tail Gas Treating
65(2)
5.5 Concluding Remarks
67(2)
References
67(2)
6 Calorimetry in Aqueous Solutions of Demixing Amines for Processes in CO2 Capture
69(12)
Karine Ballerat-Busserolles
Alexander R. Lowe
Yohann Coulier
J.-Y. Coxam
6.1 Introduction
70(2)
6.2 Chemicals
72(1)
6.3 Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium
73(2)
6.4 Mixing Enthalpies of {Water-Amine} and {Water-Amine-CO2}
75(4)
6.4.1 Excess Enthalpies
77(1)
6.4.2 Enthalpies of Solution
78(1)
6.5 Acknowledgements
79(2)
References
79(2)
7 Speciation in Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separating Solutions of Aqueous Amines for Carbon Capture Applications by Raman Spectroscopy
81(14)
O. Fandino
M. Yacyshyn
J.S. Cox
P.R. Tremaine
7.1 Introduction
81(3)
7.2 Experimental
84(3)
7.2.1 Materials
84(1)
7.2.2 Sample Preparation
84(1)
7.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Measurements
85(1)
7.2.4 Methodology Validation
86(1)
7.2.5 Laser Selection Optimization
86(1)
7.3 Results and Discussion
87(4)
7.3.1 Ammonium Carbamate System
87(1)
7.3.2 Methylpiperidine Band Identification
88(1)
7.3.3 (N-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System
89(1)
7.3.4 (2-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System
90(1)
7.3.5 (4-methylpiperidine + Water + CO2) System
91(1)
7.4 Conclusions
91(1)
7.5 Acknowledgements
92(3)
References
93(2)
8 A Simple Model for the Calculation of Electrolyte Mixture Viscosities
95(12)
Marco A. Satyro
Harvey W. Yarranton
8.1 Introduction
95(3)
8.2 The Expanded Fluid Viscosity Model
98(1)
8.3 Results and Discussion
99(5)
8.3.1 EF Model for Salts Neglecting Dissociation
100(2)
8.3.2 EF Model for Ionic Species
102(2)
8.4 Conclusions
104(3)
References
104(3)
9 Phase Equilibria Investigations of Acid Gas Hydrates: Experiments and Modelling
107(8)
Zachary T. Ward
Robert A. Marriott
Carolyn A. Koh
9.1 Introduction
107(1)
9.2 Experimental Methods
108(2)
9.3 Results and Discussion
110(2)
9.4 Conclusions
112(1)
9.5 Acknowledgements
112(3)
References
112(3)
10 Thermophysical Properties, Hydrate and Phase Behaviour Modelling in Acid Gas-Rich Systems
115(26)
Antonin Chapoy
Rod Burgass
Bahman Tohidi
Martha Hajiw
Christophe Coquelet
10.1 Introduction
116(1)
10.2 Experimental Setups and Procedures
117(5)
10.2.1 Saturation and Dew Pressure Measurements and Procedures
117(2)
10.2.2 Hydrate Dissociation Measurements and Procedures
119(1)
10.2.3 Water Content Measurements and Procedures
120(1)
10.2.4 Viscosity and Density Measurements and Procedures
120(1)
10.2.5 Frost Point Measurements and Procedures
120(1)
10.2.6 Materials
121(1)
10.3 Thermodynamic and Viscosity Modelling
122(6)
10.3.1 Fluid and Hydrate Phase Equilibria Model
122(6)
10.4 Results and Discussions
128(8)
10.5 Conclusions
136(1)
10.6 Acknowledgements
136(5)
References
136(5)
11 "Self-Preservation" of Methane Hydrate in Pure Water and (Water + Diesel Oil + Surfactant) Dispersed Systems
141(12)
Xinyang Zeng
Changyu Sun
Guangjin Chen
Fenghe Zhou
Qidong Ran
11.1 Introduction
142(1)
11.2 Experiments
142(4)
11.2.1 Material
142(1)
11.2.2 Apparatus
143(3)
11.2.3 Experimental Procedure
146(1)
11.3 Results and Discussion
146(5)
11.3.1 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in Low Water Cut Oil-Water Systems
146(2)
11.3.2 Self-Preservation Effect without Surfactant in High Water Cut Oil-Water Systems
148(1)
11.3.3 The Effect of Different Surfactants on Self-Preservation Effect in Different Water Cut Oil-Water Systems
149(2)
11.4 Conclusions
151(1)
11.5 Acknowledgement
151(2)
References
151(2)
12 The Development of Integrated Multiphase Flash Systems
153(16)
Carl Landra
Yau-Kun Li
Marco A. Satyro
12.1 Introduction
154(1)
12.2 Algorithmic Challenges
155(1)
12.3 Physical-Chemical Challenges
156(1)
12.4 Why Solids?
156(1)
12.5 Equation of State Modifications
157(3)
12.6 Complex Liquid-Liquid Phase Behaviour
160(2)
12.7 Hydrate Calculations
162(3)
12.7 Conclusions and Future Work
165(4)
References
167(2)
13 Reliable PVT Calculations --- Can Cubics Do It?
169(14)
Herbert Loria
Glen Hay
Carl Landra
Marco A. Satyro
13.1 Introduction
169(2)
13.2 Two Parameter Equations of State
171(1)
13.3 Two Parameter Cubic Equations of State Using Volume Translation
172(3)
13.4 Three Parameter Cubic Equations of State
175(2)
13.5 Four Parameter Cubic Equations of State
177(1)
13.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
177(6)
References
180(3)
14 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Predictions of Carbon Dioxide + Hydrogen Sulfide Mixtures using the CPA, SRK, PR, SAFT, and PC-SAFT Equations of State
183(8)
M. Naveed Khan
Pramod Warrier
Cor J. Peters
Carolyn A. Koh
14.1 Introduction
184(1)
14.2 Results and Discussion
185(3)
14.3 Conclusions
188(1)
14.4 Acknowledgements
188(3)
References
188(3)
15 Capacity Control Considerations for Acid Gas Injection Systems
191(30)
James Maddocks
15.1 Introduction
191(1)
15.2 Requirement for Capacity Control
192(4)
15.3 Acid Gas Injection Systems
196(1)
15.4 Compressor Design Considerations
197(2)
15.5 Capacity Control in Reciprocating AGI Compressors
199(14)
15.6 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/PD Pump Combinations
213(2)
15.7 Capacity Control in Reciprocating Compressor/Centrifugal Pump Combinations
215(1)
15.8 Capacity Control When Using Screw Compressors
215(3)
15.9 Capacity Control When Using Centrifugal Compression
218(1)
15.10 System Stability
219(1)
15.11 Summary
220(1)
Reference
220(1)
16 Review and Testing of Radial Simulations of Plume Expansion and Confirmation of Acid Gas Containment Associated with Acid Gas Injection in an Underpressured Clastic Carbonate Reservoir
221(22)
Alberto A. Gutierrez
James C. Hunter
16.1 Introduction
222(1)
16.2 Site Subsurface Geology
223(4)
16.2.1 General Stratigraphy and Structure
224(3)
16.2.2 Geology Observed in AGI #1 and AGI #2
227(1)
16.3 Well Designs, Drilling and Completions
227(5)
16.3.1 AGI #1
228(3)
16.3.2 AGI #2
231(1)
16.4 Reservoir Testing and Modeling
232(4)
16.4.1 AGI #1
233(1)
16.4.2 Linam AGI #2
233(1)
16.4.3 Comparison of Reservoir between Wells
234(1)
16.4.4 Initial Radial Model and Plume Prediction
234(2)
16.4.5 Confirmation of Plume Migration Model and Integrity of Caprock
236(1)
16.5 Injection History and AGI #1 Responses
236(2)
16.6 Discussion and Conclusions
238(5)
References
241(2)
17 Three-Dimensional Reservoir Simulation of Acid Gas Injection in Complex Geology - Process and Practice
243(16)
Liaqat Ali
Russell E. Bentley
17.1 Introduction
244(1)
17.2 Step by Step Approach to a Reservoir Simulation Study for Acid Gas Injection
245(1)
17.3 Seismic Data and Interpretation
245(1)
17.4 Geological Studies
246(1)
17.5 Petrophysical Studies
246(1)
17.6 Reservoir Engineering Analysis
247(1)
17.7 Static Modeling
247(1)
17.8 Reservoir Simulation
248(1)
17.9 Case History
249(1)
17.10 Injection Interval Structure and Modeling
249(1)
17.11 Petrophysical Modeling and Development of Static Model
250(1)
17.12 Injection Zone Characterization
251(2)
17.13 Reservoir Simulation
253(3)
17.14 Summary and Conclusions
256(3)
References
257(2)
18 Production Forecasting of Fractured Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Discontinuous Micro-Fractures
259(22)
Qi Qian
Weiyao Zhu
Jia Deng
18.1 Introduction
260(1)
18.2 Multi-Scale Flow in Shale Gas Reservoir
261(3)
18.2.1 Multi-scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model of Shale Gas Reservoir
261(2)
18.2.2 Adsorption -- Desorption Model of Shale Gas Reservoir
263(1)
18.3 Physical Model and Solution of Fractured Well of Shale Gas Reservoir
264(9)
18.3.1 The Dual Porosity Spherical Model with Micro-Fractures Surface Layer
264(2)
18.3.2 The Establishment and Solvement of Seepage Mathematical Model
266(7)
18.4 Analysis of Influencing Factors of Sensitive Parameters
273(4)
18.5 Conclusions
277(1)
18.6 Acknowledgements
278(3)
References
278(3)
19 Study on the Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Theory of Shale Gas Reservoir
281(20)
Weiyao Zhu
Jia Deng
Qi Qian
19.1 Introduction
282(1)
19.2 Multi-Scale Flowstate Analyses of the Shale Gas Reservoirs
283(2)
19.3 Multi-Scale Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Shale Gas Reservoir
285(6)
19.3.1 Nonlinear Seepage Flow Model in Nano-Micro Pores
285(3)
19.3.2 Multi-Scale Seepage Model Considering of Diffusion, Slippage
288(1)
19.3.3 Darcy Flow in Micro Fractures and Fractured Fractures
289(2)
19.4 Transient Flow Model of Composite Fracture Network System
291(3)
19.5 Production Forecasting
294(4)
19.6 Conclusions
298(1)
19.7 Acknowledgements
299(2)
References
299(2)
20 CO2 EOR and Sequestration Technologies in PetroChina
301(18)
Yongle Hu
Xuefei Wang
Mingqiang Hao
20.1 Introduction
302(1)
20.2 Important Progress in Theory and Technology
302(9)
20.2.1 The Miscible Phase Behaviour of Oil-CO2 System
302(2)
20.2.2 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Engineering Technology
304(2)
20.2.3 Separated Layer CO2 Flooding, Wellbore Anti-Corrosion and High Efficiency Lift Technology
306(1)
20.2.4 Long Distance Pipeline Transportation and Injection Technology
306(1)
20.2.5 Produced Fluid Treatment for CO2 Flooding and Cycling Gas Injection Technology
306(1)
20.2.6 CO2 Flooding Reservoir Monitoring, Performance Analysis Technology
307(1)
20.2.7 Potential Evaluation for CO2 Flooding and Storage
308(3)
20.3 Progress of Pilot Area
311(4)
20.3.1 Block Hei59
312(1)
20.3.2 Block Hei79
313(2)
20.4 Conclusions
315(1)
20.5 Acknowledgements
316(3)
References
317(2)
21 Study on the Microscopic Residual Oil of CO2 Flooding for Extra-High Water-Cut Reservois
319(12)
Zengmin Lun
Rui Wang
Chengyuan Lv
Shuxia Zhao
Dongjiang Lang
Dong Zhang
21.1 Introduction
319(1)
21.2 Overview of CO2 EOR Mechanisms for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs
320(1)
21.3 Experimental Microscopic Residual Oil Distribution of CO2 Flooding for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs
321(4)
21.3.1 NMR Theory
321(1)
21.3.2 In situ NMR Test for Water Flooding and CO2 Flooding
322(3)
21.4 Displacement Characteristics of CO2 Flooding and Improve Oil Recovery Method for Post CO2 Flooding
325(2)
21.4.1 CO2 Displacement Characteristics for Extra High Water Cut Reservoirs
325(1)
21.4.2 Improved Oil Recovery for Post CO2 Flooding
326(1)
21.5 Conclusions
327(4)
References
328(3)
22 Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Geological Utilization and Storage in China: A Review
331(28)
Qi Li
Ranran Song
Xuehao Liu
Guizhen Liu
Yankun Sun
22.1 Introduction
332(1)
22.2 Status of CCUS in China
332(4)
22.3 Monitoring of CCUS
336(7)
22.3.1 Monitoring Technology at Home and Abroad
336(5)
22.3.2 U-tube Sampling System
341(1)
22.3.3 Monitoring Technologies in China's CCUS Projects
341(2)
22.4 Monitoring Technology of China's Typical CCUS Projects
343(2)
22.4.1 Shenhua CCS Demonstration Project
343(2)
22.4.2 Shengli CO2 -EOR Project
345(1)
22.5 Environmental Governance and Monitoring Trends in China
345(6)
22.6 Conclusion
351(1)
22.7 Acknowledgements 352 References
352(7)
23 Separation of Methane from Biogas by Absorption-Adsorption Hybrid Method
359(18)
Yong Pan
Zhe Zhang
Xiong-Shi Tong
Hai Li
Xiao-Hui Wang
Bei Liu
Chang-Yu Sun
Lan-Ying Yang
Guang-Jin Chen
23.1 Introduction
359(2)
23.2 Experiments
361(6)
23.2.1 Experimental Apparatus
361(1)
23.2.2 Materials
362(1)
23.2.3 Synthesis and Activation of ZIF-67
363(1)
23.2.4 Gas-Slurry Equilibrium Experiments
363(1)
23.2.5 Data Processing
364(2)
23.2.6 Breakthrough Experiment
366(1)
23.3 Results and Discussions
367(7)
23.3.1 Adsorbent Characterization
367(1)
23.3.2 Ab-Adsorption Isothermal
368(2)
23.3.3 Breakthrough Experiment
370(4)
23.4 Conclusions
374(1)
23.5 Acknowledgements
374(3)
References
374(3)
Index 377
Ying (Alice) Wu is currently the President of Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. (STC) in Calgary, Canada. From 1983 to 1999 she was an Assistant Professor and Researcher at Southwest Petroleum Institute (now Southwest Petroleum University, SWPU) in Sichuan, China. She received her MSc in Petroleum Engineering from the SWPU and her BSc in Petroleum Engineering from Daqing Petroleum University in Heilongjiang, China.

John J. Carroll, PhD, PEng is the Director, Geostorage Process Engineering for Gas Liquids Engineering, Ltd. in Calgary, Canada. Dr. Carroll holds bachelor and doctoral degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, and is a registered professional engineer in the provinces of Alberta and New Brunswick in Canada.  His fist book, Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers, is now in its second edition, and he is the author or co-author of 50 technical publications and about 40 technical presentations.

Weiyao Zhu is Professor at University of Science & Technology Beijing in China and Adjunct Professor in State Key Lab of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery at the Northeast Petroleum University. He has published more than 100 technical papers and an author of 6 technical books. His research focus is on fluid mechanics in porous media, the theory and application of the multiphase flow for resource exploitation, new energy development, environmental fluid mechanics, and reservoir simulation.
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