Foreword |
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xviii | |
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Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxxii | |
About the Author |
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xxxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Looking at Assessment Through the Lens of Multilingual Learners |
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1 | (29) |
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The Dilemma: But English learners isn't an appropriate term (or label), and initial screening only in English isn't an accurate depiction of who our multilingual learners are and what they can do! |
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2 | (2) |
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Federal Influence on Terminology and Assessment |
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4 | (13) |
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Federal Legislative Directives |
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4 | (3) |
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The Name Game: Implications for Assessment |
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7 | (3) |
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10 | (3) |
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Reframing Language Education Models |
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13 | (3) |
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Linguistically and Culturally Sustainable Schools |
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16 | (1) |
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The Resurgence of Bilingual and Dual Language Education |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Research That Supports Bilingualism/Multilingualism |
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17 | (1) |
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Competing Theories and Views of Assessment |
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18 | (3) |
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Creating Language and Assessment Policies |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Multilingual Learners and Social-Emotional Learning |
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23 | (1) |
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Tips for Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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23 | (1) |
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Facing the Issue: Rethink Terminology and Language Education Models |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Accentuate Equitable Assessment Practices for Multilingual Learners! |
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25 | (2) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 1.1 The Link Between Subgroups of Bi/Multilingual Learners and Assessment |
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27 | (1) |
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Resource 1.2 Categorizing Terminology: References to Students, Languages, Teachers, and Programs |
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28 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Getting Started With Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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30 | (27) |
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The Dilemma: But I only speak English! How can I be expected to communicate in other languages? |
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30 | (2) |
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How Language Policy Informs Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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32 | (1) |
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Effective Leadership in Programs Cultivating Multiple Languages |
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33 | (1) |
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Supporting Multilingual Learners During Difficult Times |
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34 | (1) |
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The Assessment Cycle in Multiple Languages |
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35 | (2) |
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Purposes for Assessment Involving Multilingual Learners |
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37 | (6) |
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37 | (1) |
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Initial Assessment for Multilingual Learners |
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38 | (5) |
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Data Associated With Assessment as, for, and of Learning |
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43 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Understanding the Basics of Assessment of Learning |
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46 | (2) |
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Validity for Large-Scale Testing |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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Evoking Systemic Change Through Social Justice |
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48 | (1) |
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Facing the Issue: Advocate on Behalf of Your Multilingual Learners and Their Families |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Enlist Families and the Community in the Assessment Process! |
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50 | (1) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 2.1 Conducting an Assessment Audit for Multilingual Learners |
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51 | (1) |
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Resource 2.2 Collecting Language Samples in Multiple Languages as Part of the Enrollment Process |
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52 | (1) |
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Resource 2.3 Planning the Flow of Assessment Data for Multilingual Learners Throughout the School Year |
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53 | (1) |
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Resource 2.4 Gathering Information on Multilingual Learners for Planning Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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54 | (2) |
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Resource 2.5 Thinking About Assessment as, for, and of Learning |
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56 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Planning Curriculum and Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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57 | (34) |
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The Dilemma: The students are returning to school speaking a mix of languages! |
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58 | (2) |
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Stimulating Assessment in Multiple Languages Through Distributive Leadership |
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60 | (1) |
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Assessment as an Expression of Curriculum Design |
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61 | (1) |
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Features of Effective Curricula for Multilingual Learners |
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62 | (1) |
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Purposes for Assessment in Multiple Languages for Units of Learning |
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63 | (2) |
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Universal Design for Learning: Maximizing Accessibility for Multilingual Learners |
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65 | (1) |
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Resources for Curriculum and Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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66 | (1) |
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Multiliteracies and Multimodal Resources |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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A Multilingual Curriculum Framework With Embedded Assessment |
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68 | (2) |
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Integrated Learning Goals/Targets |
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70 | (2) |
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Common Assessment for Schools and Districts |
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72 | (3) |
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Co-planning Common Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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75 | (3) |
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Planning Interim Assessment |
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78 | (1) |
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Student Assessment Portfolios in Multiple Languages |
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78 | (3) |
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Facing the Issue: Utilize Multilingual Learners' Resources to Maximize Their Language Learning |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Put Trust in Your Multilingual Learners' Language Use! |
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82 | (2) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 3.1 A Rating Scale: Integrating Assessment in Curriculum Design for Multilingual Learners |
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84 | (2) |
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Resource 3.2 Planning Assessment in Multiple Languages for a Unit of Learning |
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86 | (1) |
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Resource 3.3 A Rating Scale for Planning Common Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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87 | (1) |
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Resource 3.4 A Checklist for Planning Common Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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88 | (1) |
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Resource 3.5 Planning Multilingual Portfolios to Represent Assessment as, for, or of Learning |
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89 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Collecting and Organizing Assessment Information in Multiple Languages |
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91 | (31) |
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The Dilemma: Discrimination abounds against multilingualism and multiculturalism What can we do? |
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92 | (3) |
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The Role of Leadership in Collecting Data in Multiple Languages |
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95 | (1) |
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Creating and Applying a Theory of Action Tool for Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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95 | (1) |
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Advice for Collecting Data in a Post-Pandemic World |
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96 | (2) |
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Improving Accessibility in Data Collection |
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98 | (1) |
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Revisiting Universal Design for Learning |
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98 | (2) |
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Revisiting Resources for Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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100 | (1) |
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Using Multiliteracies in Data Collection |
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100 | (1) |
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Using Multimodalities in Data Collection |
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101 | (2) |
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Using Translanguaging in Data Collection |
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103 | (3) |
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Co-planning Data Collection in Multiple Languages |
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106 | (1) |
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Collecting and Organizing Common Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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107 | (4) |
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Organizing and Assembling Assessment Portfolios in Multiple Languages |
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111 | (2) |
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Facing the Issue: Collect Data in Multiple Languages Using Multiple Resources to Form a Convincing Body of Evidence |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Take Responsibility for Diminishing Discrimination for Multilingual Learners and Their Families! |
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114 | (1) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 4.1 Creating a Theory of Action Tool for Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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115 | (1) |
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Resource 4.2 Using Images in Collecting Common Assessment Data |
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116 | (1) |
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Resource 4.3 Using Multiliteracies and Multimodal Resources in Assessment as, for, and of Learning |
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117 | (1) |
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Resource 4.4 A Checklist for Co-planning Data Collection in Multiple Languages |
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118 | (1) |
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Resource 4.5 Adding Multimodal Communication Channels to Common Assessment |
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119 | (1) |
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Resource 4.6 Collecting Initial Common Assessment Data (for Students in Grade 3 and Beyond) |
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120 | (1) |
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Resource 4.7 Assessment Portfolio Considerations |
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121 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Interpreting Information and Providing Feedback in Multiple Languages |
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122 | (33) |
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The Dilemma: There simply aren't enough qualified language teachers, so let's place multilingual learners in "special education" classes for support |
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123 | (2) |
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Examining Data in Multiple Languages |
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125 | (1) |
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Interpreting Different Types of Data Involving Multilingual Learners |
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126 | (5) |
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Common Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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131 | (1) |
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Interpreting Student Work With Uniform Criteria for Success |
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131 | (3) |
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Interpreting Translanguaging in Common Assessment |
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134 | (1) |
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Interpreting Common Assessment in Multiple Languages With Qualitative Rubrics |
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135 | (1) |
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Collaboration in Providing Consistent Feedback |
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136 | (2) |
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Providing Feedback During Times of Stress and Duress |
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138 | (1) |
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Creating a Schoolwide Culture of Critique: Language for Feedback |
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138 | (2) |
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Interim/Annual Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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140 | (1) |
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Interpreting Language Proficiency Data Through a "Can Do" Lens |
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141 | (3) |
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Standardized Testing: Reassessing Validity Claims |
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144 | (1) |
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Interpreting Data in Multiple Languages for Local Accountability |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Student Assessment Portfolios in Multiple Languages |
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145 | (3) |
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Facing the Issue: Never Consider Special Education as an Option for Multilingual Learners (Unless Duly Warranted) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Use Multiple Data Approaches, Sources, and Languages When Assessing Multilingual Learners! |
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149 | (1) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 5.1 Interpreting Classroom, Interim/Common, and Annual Data by Assessment Approach |
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150 | (1) |
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Resource 5.2 Collecting, Recording, and Interpreting Information on Multilingual Learners' Languages and Literacies in Content-Based Assessment |
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151 | (1) |
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Resource 5.3 A Checklist of Descriptors for Common Assessment |
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152 | (1) |
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Resource 5.4 Ideas for Multilingual Projects for Common Assessment, Standards, and Criteria for Success |
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153 | (1) |
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Resource 5.5 Annotating Multilingual Learners' Use of Multiple Languages Across Three Dimensions |
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154 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Evaluating and Reporting Assessment information |
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155 | (34) |
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The Dilemma: But how can we evaluate the effectiveness of instruction or programs for multilingual learners in multiple languages if we only depend on results from assessment in one language? |
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156 | (2) |
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An Equity Framework for Assessing Multilingual Learners |
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158 | (3) |
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Another Single Story, A Different Scenario: State Reclassification Criteria |
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161 | (2) |
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Creating Assessment-Capable Students and Schools |
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163 | (1) |
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Evaluating Linguistically and Culturally Responsive Assessment Practices |
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164 | (2) |
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The Role of Rubrics in Evaluating and Reporting Assessment Results |
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166 | (1) |
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Designing Student-Centered Rubrics |
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167 | (2) |
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Reporting Assessment Results |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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Common Assessment Across Classrooms |
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172 | (1) |
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Interim School or District Assessment |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (2) |
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Reconsidering Grading Practices |
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177 | (2) |
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Multilingual Learners' Role in Evaluation and Reporting |
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179 | (1) |
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Facing the Issue: Consider the Many Stories of Multilingual Learners and Their Families |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Never Evaluate Evidence or Programs for Multilingual Learners Based on a Single Story! |
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180 | (2) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 6.1 Designing an Equitable Assessment Framework for Multilingual Learners |
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182 | (2) |
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Resource 6.2 Evaluating Assessment-Capable Classrooms, Schools, and Districts |
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184 | (1) |
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Resource 6.3 Linguistically and Culturally Responsive Assessment and Reporting of Data: A Rating Scale |
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185 | (1) |
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Resource 6.4 Student-Centered Rubrics |
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186 | (1) |
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Resource 6.5 Reporting Results From Measures of Assessment of Learning |
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187 | (1) |
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Resource 6.6 Principles for Grading Multilingual Learners |
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188 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Taking Action Based on Assessment Results |
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189 | (31) |
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The Dilemma: The "`COVID slide' may be especially troublesome for English-language learners, the 5 million students still learning English in the nation's K--12 schools" (Mitchell, 2020). How will schools and districts measure multilingual learners' "COVID slide"? |
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189 | (3) |
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Action 1 Engage in Reflective Practice and Inquiry |
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192 | (3) |
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Reflect on and Inquire About Students' Social-Emotional Learning |
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194 | (1) |
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Action 2 Determine Priorities in Assessing in Multiple Languages |
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195 | (3) |
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Engage in District- and Schoolwide Professional Learning on Assessment Literacy |
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196 | (2) |
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Action 3 Challenge the Status Quo in Assessment: Take the Multilingual Turn |
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198 | (1) |
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Transform Assessment Practices |
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198 | (1) |
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Action 4 Assess Multilingual Learners From a Strengths-Based Lens |
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199 | (2) |
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Apply an Assets-Based Philosophy to All Multilingual Learners |
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199 | (2) |
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Action 5 Enact Effective Assessment Practices in Multiple Languages |
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201 | (5) |
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Exert Locus of Control Through Assessment as, for, and of Learning |
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202 | (1) |
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Let Multilingual Learners Take the Lead |
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202 | (1) |
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Give Teachers Autonomy in Communities of Practice |
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203 | (1) |
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Determine Program Effectiveness Based on Assessment in Multiple Languages |
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204 | (1) |
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Consider Principles for Assessment in Dual Language Contexts |
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205 | (1) |
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Action 6 Use Assessment Data in Multiple Languages to Leverage Systemic Change |
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206 | (5) |
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Evoke Systemic Change Through Assessment |
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206 | (1) |
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Envision Systemic Change for Multilingual Learners |
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207 | (2) |
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Instill Systemic Equity and Excellence for All Students |
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209 | (1) |
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Apply Assessment as, for, and of Learning in Your Setting |
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210 | (1) |
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Taking Action: Lessons Learned From Crises |
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211 | (1) |
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Facing the Issue: Consider Crises as Eye-Opening Opportunities for Multilingual Learners |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Resolving the Dilemma: Provide Equitable Educational Opportunities to All Minoritized Students, Including Assessment in Multiple Languages for Multilingual Learners! |
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212 | (3) |
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Resources for School and District Leaders |
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Resource 7.1 Taking Action Based on Assessment Results in Multiple Languages |
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215 | (1) |
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Resource 7.2 Determining Priorities in Assessing in Multiple Languages |
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216 | (2) |
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Resource 7.3 Planning a Student-Led Conference Supported by a Teacher and Family Member |
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218 | (1) |
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Resource 7.4 A Learning System Centering on Multilingual Learners |
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219 | (1) |
Glossary |
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220 | (10) |
References |
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230 | (18) |
Index |
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248 | |