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E-raamat: Astrophysical Techniques

C.R. Kitchin

Formaat: 466 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jul-2020
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780429956997

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Formaat: 466 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 27-Jul-2020
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780429956997

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Long used in undergraduate and introductory graduate courses, Astrophysical Techniques, Seventh Edition provides an accessible yet comprehensive account of the innovate instruments, detectors, and techniques employed in astronomy and astrophysics. Emphasizing the underlying unity of all astronomical observations, this popular textbook provides a coherent state-of-the-art account of the instruments and techniques used in current astronomy and astrophysics.

Fully updated throughout, this seventh edition builds upon the sixth edition, covering improved techniques and cutting-edge methods in the field, as well as other exciting new developments in gravitational waves, dark matter and energy, the use of photonics, and astronomy education and outreach, in addition to further detailed discussions on the latest scientific instruments and individual detectors.

The book is written in a very accessible manner, and most of the mathematics is accessible to those who have attended a mathematics course in their final years at school. Nevertheless, the treatment of the topics in general is at a sufficiently high level to be of use to those professionals seeking technical information in areas of astronomy with which they might not be completely familiar.

Key Features:

Details the instrumentation and theory of astronomical observations, including radio waves, gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, gravitational waves and dark matter and energy and more

Presents the background theory and operating practice of state-of-the-art detectors and instruments

Fully updated to contain the latest technology and research developments

Preface

xiii

Author

Chapter 1 Detectors

(226)

1.1 Optical Detection

(109)

1.1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.1.2 Detector Types

(1)

1.1.3 The Eye

(1)

1.1.4 Semiconductors

(3)

1.1.4.1 The Photoelectric Effect

(2)

1.1.5 A Detector Index

(1)

1.1.6 Detector Parameters

(1)

1.1.7 Cryostats

(1)

1.1.8 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)

(1)

1.1.8.1 CCDs

(15)

1.1.8.2 Charge Injection Devices (CIDs)

(1)

1.1.8.3 CCDs -- The Future

(1)

1.1.9 Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs)

(1)

1.1.9.1 Photodiodes

(2)

1.1.9.2 Avalanche Photodiode

(2)

1.1.9.3 Single Photon Avalanche Photodiodes

(1)

1.1.10 Photography

(1)

1.1.11 Photomultipliers (PMTs)

(2)

1.1.12 Superconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ) Detectors

(1)

1.1.13 Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) or Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs)

(1)

1.1.14 Future Possibilities

(2)

1.1.15 Infrared Detectors

(1)

1.1.15.1 Photoconductive Cells

(1)

1.1.15.2 Bolometers

(2)

1.1.15.3 Other Types of Detectors

(2)

1.1.15.4 Astronomical Applications

(4)

1.1.16 Ultraviolet Detectors

(2)

1.1.16.1 Applications

(1)

1.1.17 Noise, Uncertainties, Errors, Precision and Accuracy

(1)

1.1.17.1 Intrinsic Noise

(1)

1.1.17.2 Signal Noise

(1)

1.1.17.3 Digitisation

(1)

1.1.17.4 Errors and Uncertainties in Data Reduction, Analysis, and Presentation

(5)

1.1.18 Telescopes

(1)

1.1.18.1 Telescopes from the Beginning

(2)

1.1.18.2 Optical Theory

(19)

1.1.19 Telescope Designs

(1)

1.1.19.1 Background

(3)

1.1.19.2 Designs

(10)

1.1.20 Telescopes in Space

(1)

1.1.21 Mountings

(3)

1.1.22 Real-Ti me Atmospheric Compensation

(3)

1.1.22.1 Sampling System

(3)

1.1.22.2 Wavefront Sensing

100

(2)

1.1.22.3 Wavefront Correction

102

(2)

1.1.23 Future Developments

104

(4)

1.1.24 Observing Domes, Enclosures and Sites

108

(2)

1.2 Radio and Microwave Detection

110

(21)

1.2.1 Introduction

110

(1)

1.2.2 Detectors and Receivers

111

(1)

1.2.2.1 Detectors

111

(3)

1.2.2.2 Receivers

114

(3)

1.2.3 Radio Telescopes

117

(11)

1.2.3.1 Construction

128

(1)

1.2.3.2 Future

129

(2)

1.3 X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detection

131

(28)

1.3.1 Introduction

131

(1)

1.3.2 Detectors

132

(1)

1.3.2.1 Geiger Counters

132

(1)

1.3.2.2 Proportional Counters

133

(1)

1.3.2.3 Scintillation Detectors

134

(2)

1.3.2.4 Pair Production Detectors

136

(1)

1.3.2.5 Gas Scintillation Proportional Counters

136

(1)

1.3.2.6 Compton Interaction Detectors

136

(1)

1.3.2.7 Solid-State Detectors

137

(2)

1.3.2.8 MicroChannel Plates

139

(2)

1.3.2.9 Cerenkov Detectors

141

(1)

1.3.2.10 Future Possibilities

141

(1)

1.3.3 Shielding

142

(1)

1.3.4 Imaging

143

(1)

1.3.4.1 Collimation

143

(3)

1.3.4.2 Coincidence Detectors

146

(1)

1.3.4.3 Occultation

146

(1)

1.3.4.4 Reflecting Telescopes

146

(5)

1.3.5 Resolution and Image Identification

151

(2)

1.3.6 Spectroscopy

153

(1)

1.3.6.1 Grating Spectrometers

153

(3)

1.3.6.2 Bragg Spectrometers

156

(2)

1.3.7 Polarimetry

158

(1)

1.3.8 Observing Platforms

158

(1)

1.4 Cosmic Ray Detectors

159

(12)

1.4.1 Background

159

(1)

1.4.2 Detectors

160

(1)

1.4.2.1 Real-Time Methods

161

(3)

1.4.2.2 Residual Track Detectors

164

(1)

1.4.2.3 Indirect Detectors

164

(3)

1.4.3 Arrays

167

(2)

1.4.4 Correction Factors

169

(1)

1.4.4.1 Atmospheric Effects

169

(1)

1.4.4.2 Solar Effects

169

(1)

1.4.4.3 Terrestrial Magnetic Field

170

(1)

1.5 Neutrino Detectors

171

(15)

1.5.1 Background

171

(3)

1.5.2 Neutrino Detectors

174

(1)

1.5.2.1 Direct Cerenkov Detectors

174

(6)

1.5.2.2 Indirect Cerenkov Detectors

180

(1)

1.5.2.3 Radiochemical Detectors

180

(3)

1.5.2.4 Scintillator-Based Detectors

183

(2)

1.5.2.5 Acoustic Detectors

185

(1)

1.5.2.6 Indirect Detectors

185

(1)

1.5.2.7 Other Types of Detectors

185

(1)

1.6 Gravitational Radiation

186

(27)

1.6.1 The Quite Remarkable GW150914

186

(4)

1.6.2 Introduction

190

(3)

1.6.3 Detectors

193

(2)

1.6.3.1 Direct Resonant Detectors

195

(1)

1.6.3.2 Direct, Non-Resonant Detectors

195

(10)

1.6.3.3 Pulsar Timing Arrays

205

(6)

1.6.3.4 Indirect Detectors

211

(1)

1.6.3.5 The Future

211

(2)

1.7 Dark Matter and Dark Energy Detection

213

(14)

1.7.1 Introduction

213

(1)

1.7.1.1 Dark Matter

214

(2)

1.7.1.2 Dark Energy

216

(1)

1.7.2 Dark Matter and Dark Energy Detectors

216

(1)

1.7.2.1 Non-Baryonic Dark Matter -- Direct Detectors

216

(4)

1.7.2.2 Non-Baryonic Dark Matter -- Indirect Detectors

220

(2)

1.7.2.3 Non-Baryonic Dark Matter -- Making Your Own

222

(1)

1.7.2.4 Dark Energy Detectors

223

(4)

Chapter 2 Imaging

227

(60)

2.1 The Inverse Problem

227

(4)

2.1.1 Deconvolution

227

(4)

2.2 Photography

231

(1)

2.2.1 Requiem for a Well-Loved Friend

231

(1)

2.3 Electronic Imaging

232

(1)

2.3.1 Introduction

232

(1)

2.3.2 Television and Related Systems

232

(1)

2.3.3 Image Intensifies

232

(1)

2.3.4 Photon Counting Imaging Systems

233

(1)

2.4 Scanning

233

(3)

2.5 Interferometry

236

(25)

2.5.1 Introduction

236

(1)

2.5.2 Michelson Optical Stellar Interferometer

237

(9)

2.5.3 Michelson Radio Interferometer

246

(4)

2.5.4 Aperture Synthesis

250

(6)

2.5.5 Data Processing

256

(2)

2.5.6 Intensity Interferometer

258

(3)

2.6 Speckle Interferometry

261

(3)

2.7 Occultations

264

(9)

2.7.1 Background

264

(4)

2.7.2 Techniques

268

(2)

2.7.3 Analysis

270

(1)

2.7.4 Stellar Coronagraphs

270

(3)

2.8 Radar

273

(9)

2.8.1 Introduction

273

(1)

2.8.2 Theoretical Principles

274

(1)

2.8.2.1 Basic Radar Systems

274

(3)

2.8.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

277

(2)

2.8.3 Equipment

279

(1)

2.8.4 Data Analysis

280

(1)

2.8.5 Ground Penetrating Radar

281

(1)

2.8.6 Meteors

282

(1)

2.9 Electronic Images

282

(5)

2.9.1 Image Formats

282

(1)

2.9.2 Image Compression

282

(1)

2.9.3 Image Processing

283

(1)

2.9.3.1 Grey Scaling

284

(1)

2.9.3.2 Image Combination

284

(1)

2.9.3.3 Spatial Filtering

284

(1)

2.9.3.4 Ready-Made Computer Packages

285

(2)

Chapter 3 Photometry

287

(26)

3.1 Photometry

287

(17)

3.1.1 Background

287

(1)

3.1.1.1 Introduction

287

(1)

3.1.1.2 Magnitudes

288

(2)

3.1.2 Filter Systems

290

(6)

3.1.3 Stellar Parameters

296

(8)

3.2 Photometers

304

(9)

3.2.1 Instruments

304

(1)

3.2.1.1 Introduction

304

(1)

3.2.1.2 Photographic Photometry

304

(1)

3.2.1.3 CCD and Photoelectric Photometers

304

(1)

3.2.2 Observing Techniques

305

(1)

3.2.3 Data Reduction and Analysis

306

(2)

3.2.4 High-Speed Photometry

308

(1)

3.2.5 Exoplanets

309

(4)

Chapter 4 Spectroscopy

313

(48)

4.1 Spectroscopy

313

(25)

4.1.1 Introduction

313

(1)

4.1.2 Diffraction Gratings

313

(10)

4.1.3 Prisms

323

(2)

4.1.4 Interferometers

325

(1)

4.1.4.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer

326

(5)

4.1.4.2 Michelson Interferometer

331

(6)

4.1.5 Fibre-Optics

337

(1)

4.2 Spectroscopes

338

(23)

4.2.1 Basic Design Considerations

338

(7)

4.2.2 Prism-Based Spectroscopes

345

(1)

4.2.3 Grating Spectroscopes

346

(5)

4.2.4 Integral Field Spectroscopy

351

(2)

4.2.5 Multi-Object Spectroscopy

353

(2)

4.2.6 Techniques of Spectroscopy

355

(3)

4.2.7 Exoplanets

358

(2)

4.2.8 Future Developments

360

(1)

Chapter 5 Other Techniques

361

(70)

5.1 Astrometry

361

(13)

5.1.1 Introduction

361

(1)

5.1.2 Background

362

(1)

5.1.2.1 Coordinate Systems

362

(2)

5.1.2.2 Position Angle and Separation

364

(1)

5.1.3 Transit Telescopes

365

(1)

5.1.4 Photographic Zenith Tube and the Impersonal Astrolabe

366

(1)

5.1.5 Micrometers

367

(1)

5.1.6 Astrographs and Other Telescopes

367

(1)

5.1.7 Interferometers

368

(1)

5.1.8 Space-Based Systems

369

(1)

5.1.9 Detectors

370

(1)

5.1.10 Measurement and Reduction

371

(2)

5.1.11 Sky Surveys and Catalogues

373

(1)

5.1.12 Exoplanets

373

(1)

5.2 Polarimetry

374

(18)

5.2.1 Background

374

(1)

5.2.1.1 Stokes' Parameters

374

(3)

5.2.2 Optical Components for Polarimetry

377

(1)

5.2.2.1 Birefringence

377

(3)

5.2.2.2 Polarisers

380

(3)

5.2.2.3 Converters

383

(3)

5.2.2.4 Depolarisers

386

(1)

5.2.3 Polarimeters

387

(1)

5.2.3.1 Photoelectric Polarimeters

388

(3)

5.2.4 Data Reduction and Analysis

391

(1)

5.3 Solar Studies

392

(19)

5.3.1 Introduction

394

(1)

5.3.2 Solar Telescopes -- Part 1

394

(1)

5.3.2.1 Binoculars

394

(1)

5.3.2.2 Telescopes

395

(3)

5.3.3 Solar Telescopes -- Part 2

398

(2)

5.3.4 Spectrohelioscope

400

(1)

5.3.5 Narrow Band Filters

401

(6)

5.3.6 Coronagraph

407

(1)

5.3.7 Pyrheliometer/Radiometer

408

(1)

5.3.8 Solar Oscillations

409

(1)

5.3.9 Other Solar Observing Methods

409

(2)

5.4 Magnetometry

411

(10)

5.4.1 Background

411

(1)

5.4.1.1 Zeeman Effect

411

(5)

5.4.2 Magnetometers

416

(4)

5.4.3 Data Reduction and Analysis

420

(1)

5.5 Experimental Astrophysics

421

(1)

5.6 Computers and the Internet

422

(4)

5.6.1 Introduction

422

(1)

5.6.2 Digital Sky Surveys and Catalogues

423

(1)

5.6.3 Virtual Observatories

424

(1)

5.6.4 Management of Large Data Samples

425

(1)

5.7 Astronomy and the Real World

426

(5)

5.7.1 Introduction

426

(1)

5.7.2 Outreach/Education

426

(1)

5.7.2.1 Outreach

426

(1)

5.7.2.2 Education

427

(1)

5.7.3 Pro-Am Collaborations and Citizen Science

428

(1)

5.7.4 Citizen Science

429

(2)

Epilogue

431

(2)

Bibliography

433

(4)

Index

437

Chris is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of Hertfordshire and a freelance writer of astrophysics text books. From 1987 to 2001 he was Director of the University's Observatory at Bayfordbury and from 1996 to 2001 also Head of the Division of Physics and Astronomy. He took early retirement in 2001 in order to concentrate on his writing interests. Chris has written sixteen books as sole author and contributed to another dozen or so, as well as writing hundreds of articles covering interests ranging from popular to specialist research.

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