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E-raamat: Basic Hazardous Waste Management

(Arizona State University, Tempe, USA)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420032604
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420032604

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Covering the latest trends in technologies, regulatory strategies, and statutory developments, this reference introduces issues such as human health hazards, the environmental impact of toxic materials, the paths of released hazardous material, and the roles of science, technology, and risk assessment in the standard-setting process. It explains technology and regulatory requirements for hazardous waste treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal, and discusses site remediation technology, the application of federal statutes, health issues affecting hazardous waste workers, and management of radioactive and biomedical wastes. B&w photos of equipment are included. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This third edition updates and expands the material presented in the best-selling first and second editions of Basic Hazardous Waste Management. It covers health and safety issues affecting hazardous waste workers, management and regulation of radioactive and biomedical/infectious wastes, as well as current trends in technologies. While the topics have been completely revised, the author employs the same practical approach that made the previous editions so popular. Chapters are structured to first outline the issue, subject, or technology, then to describe generic practice, and then to conclude with a summary of the statutory or regulatory approach.

Blackman introduces fundamental issues such as human health hazards; the environmental impacts of toxic, reactive, and ignitable materials; the mobility, pathways and fates of released hazardous materials; and the roles of science, technology, and risk assessment in the standards-setting process. He explores hazardous waste site remediation technology, and the application of federal statutes, regulations, programs, and policies to the cleanup of contaminated sites.

This text provides an introductory framework-which can serve as the foundation for a program of study in traditional as well as modern hazardous waste management-or a component of a related program. Its overview format provides numerous references to more detailed materials to assist the student or instructor in expansion on specific topics.
The Hazardous Waste Perspective
1(36)
Objectives
1(1)
Introduction
1(32)
Dawning of the Problem
2(1)
Early Hazardous Waste Management
3(9)
``Take It Out Back and Dump It''
12(1)
``Treatment'' and Other Assorted Techniques
13(3)
Numbers and Impacts
16(3)
Early Efforts - What Worked/Didn't Work
19(1)
Legislation/Litigation
19(6)
Political
25(1)
Administrative
26(1)
Technical
27(2)
International Aspects
29(4)
Topics for Review or Discussion
33(1)
References
33(4)
Definition of Hazardous Waste
37(14)
Objectives
37(1)
Introduction
37(11)
The Chemist
38(1)
The Life Scientist/Health Professional
39(1)
The Environmentalist
39(1)
The Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat
40(1)
Implementing the RCRA Definition of ``Hazardous Waste''
41(1)
Hazardous Waste Characteristics
42(2)
Listed Hazardous Wastes
44(2)
The ``Mixture'' and ``Derived-From'' Rules
46(1)
Hazardous Waste Identification Rule Development
46(2)
The ``Contained-In Policy''
48(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
48(1)
References
49(2)
Pathways, Fates, and Disposition of Hazardous Waste Releases
51(18)
Objectives
51(1)
Introduction
51(13)
Releases of Chemicals to the Environment
52(1)
Releases to the Atmosphere
52(2)
Releases to Surface Waters
54(1)
Releases to Land
55(1)
Movement, Fates, and Disposition
56(1)
Behavior of Waste Constituents Released to the Atmosphere
56(2)
Movement of Hazardous Waste Constituents in Surface Waters
58(1)
Pathways of Hazardous Waste Constituents Reaching Groundwater
58(4)
Chemical Transformations
62(2)
Topics for Review or Discussion
64(2)
References
66(3)
Toxicology and the Standard-Setting Processes
69(20)
Objectives
69(1)
Introduction
69(16)
Public Health Impacts
70(1)
Toxicity Hazard
70(4)
Toxic Actions
74(1)
Risk Assessment and Standards
75(6)
Other Hazards
81(2)
Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria
83(1)
Technology-Based Standards
83(1)
Risk-Based Standards
83(1)
RCRA Standards
84(1)
Standards Implementing the Land Disposal Restrictions
84(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
85(1)
References
85(4)
Hazardous Waste Sources/Generators
89(18)
Objectives
89(1)
Introduction
89(14)
The Generator Defined
90(1)
The Three Classifications of Generators
90(1)
Wastes Generated
91(1)
Regulatory Requirements
92(2)
EPA ID Number
94(1)
Pretransport Regulations
94(3)
Accumulation of Waste
97(2)
The Manifest
99(2)
Biennial Reporting Requirements
101(1)
Records Retention
101(1)
Exports and Imports of Hazardous Wastes
102(1)
Generator Responsibilities for Restricted Waste Management
102(1)
Generator Requirements
102(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
103(1)
References
104(1)
Appendix A: Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries
105(1)
Appendix B: DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments
106(1)
Transportation of Hazardous Wastes
107(20)
Objectives
107(1)
Introduction
107(16)
Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation
108(1)
Highway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes
109(1)
Railway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes
110(1)
Accidents/Incidents Involving Hazardous Waste Shipments
111(3)
Regulatory Structures
114(1)
Department of Transportation Regulations
114(1)
Transportation Incidents Involving Hazardous Wastes
115(1)
RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Transporters
116(1)
EPA ID Number
117(1)
The Manifest
117(1)
Handling Hazardous Waste Discharges
118(1)
Import/Export Activity
118(5)
Topics for Review or Discussion
123(1)
References
124(3)
Treatment and Disposal Methods and Processes
127(70)
Objectives
127(1)
Introduction
127(65)
Administrative and Nontechnical Requirements
128(1)
Subpart A -- Facilities That Are Subject to the Regulations
129(1)
Subpart B -- General Facility Standards
129(3)
Subpart C -- Preparedness and Prevention
132(1)
Subpart D -- Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures
133(2)
Subpart E -- Manifest System, Record Keeping, and Reporting
135(1)
General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities
135(1)
Part 265, Subpart F -- Groundwater Monitoring
136(2)
Part 264, Subpart F -- Releases from Solid Waste Management Units
138(2)
Subpart G -- Closure, Post-Closure
140(1)
Subpart H -- Financial Requirements
141(1)
Hazardous Waste Treatment
142(4)
Activated Carbon Adsorption
146(1)
Stripping
146(2)
Neutralization
148(2)
Precipitation
150(3)
Stabilization and Solidification
153(2)
Oxidation and Reduction
155(1)
Biological Treatment
155(1)
Subpart Q -- Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatment
156(2)
Destruction of Hazardous Wastes by Thermal Processes
158(4)
Subpart O -- Hazardous Waste Incinerators
162(3)
Subpart P -- Thermal Treatment of Hazardous waste
165(1)
Accumulation and Storage of Hazardous Waste
165(1)
Subpart I -- Containers
166(3)
Subpart J -- Tanks
169(4)
Subpart DD -- Storage in Containment Buildings
173(1)
Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste
173(1)
Landfills
174(2)
Subpart N -- Landfills
176(3)
Surface Impoundments
179(1)
Subpart K -- Surface Impoundments
180(2)
Waste Piles
182(1)
Subpart L -- Waste Piles
183(1)
Land Treatment
184(1)
Subpart M -- Land Treatment
184(1)
Underground Disposal
185(2)
Subpart R -- Underground Injection
187(1)
Other Treatment and Disposal Methods
188(1)
Ocean Dumping
188(1)
Ocean Incineration
189(1)
Land Disposal Restrictions
189(3)
Topics for Review or Discussion
192(1)
Appendix A: MACT Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units
193(1)
References
194(3)
Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization, Reuse, and Recycling
197(26)
Objectives
197(1)
Introduction
197(20)
Hazardous Waste Minimization Techniques
199(1)
Source Reduction
199(2)
Product Changes
201(1)
Source Control
202(4)
Hazardous Waste Recycling
206(1)
Use and Reuse
207(2)
Reclamation
209(1)
Multi-Conceptual Approaches
210(1)
The RCRA Hazardous Waste Minimization Program
210(2)
RCRA Regulation of Recycling
212(1)
EPA Implementation of The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990
213(4)
Topics for Review or Discussion
217(1)
Appendix A: State Agency P2 Linkages and Resources
218(2)
Appendix B: P2 Information, Concepts, and Linkages
220(1)
References
221(2)
RCRA Permits, Compliance, and Enforcement
223(18)
Objectives
223(1)
Introduction
223(16)
Permits to Treat, Store, or Dispose of Hazardous Waste
224(1)
Facilities Permitted
224(1)
The Permitting Process
225(3)
The ``Permit As a Shield''
228(1)
Closure Plans and Post-Closure Permits
228(1)
RCRA Permits As a ``Virtual Elimination'' Tool
229(1)
The Corrective Action Process
229(2)
Remediation Waste Management Units
231(1)
Compliance Requirements of RCRA
232(1)
Self-Monitoring
233(2)
Inspections
235(1)
Enforcement of RCRA Regulations
236(1)
Informal Administrative Actions
236(1)
Formal Administrative Orders
237(1)
Civil Actions
237(1)
Criminal Action
238(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
239(1)
References
239(2)
Assessment Techniques for Site Remediation
241(30)
Objectives
241(1)
Introduction
241(23)
Identifying Problem Sites and Obtaining Background Information
243(1)
Purpose
243(1)
Cultural History
244(1)
Technical Information
244(1)
Regulatory History
244(1)
Background Report
245(1)
Site Assessment Procedures in the Private Sector
245(1)
Pre-Phase I
246(1)
Phase I
246(1)
Phase II
246(1)
Standardized Environmental Site Assessments
247(1)
Environmental Audits
247(2)
Environmental Management Systems
249(1)
Compliance Inspections/Investigations by Regulatory Agencies
249(1)
Purpose
249(1)
The Inspection Plan
250(1)
Conduct of the Inspection/Investigation
251(10)
Site Evaluation
261(1)
National Priorities List
261(1)
Hazard Ranking System
262(1)
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study
262(1)
Record of Decision
263(1)
Negotiations, Enforcement
263(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
264(2)
Appendix A: ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (Appendix x2)
266(1)
References
267(4)
Site Remedial Technologies, Practices, and Regulations
271(38)
Objectives
271(1)
Introduction
271(31)
Remedial Objectives
273(1)
Programmatic Objectives
273(1)
Technical Objectives
273(2)
On-Site Remedial Techniques
275(1)
Containment Methods
275(2)
Extraction Methods
277(9)
Treatment Methods
286(6)
Destruction Methods
292(1)
Off-Site Technologies and Practices
293(2)
Excavation
295(3)
Mechanical and Hydraulic Dredging
298(1)
RCRA and Superfund Remedial Actions
298(1)
RCRA Corrective Actions
298(1)
Superfund Remedial Actions
299(2)
Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model
301(1)
Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative and Environmental Justice
301(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
302(1)
References
303(5)
Appendix A: Typical Plants Used in Various Phytoremediation Applications
308(1)
Medical/Biomedical/Infectious Waste Management
309(26)
Objectives
309(1)
Introduction
309(22)
Definition and Characterization of Medical Waste
312(1)
Infectious Waste
312(1)
Medical Waste
312(2)
Infectious Waste Management
314(1)
Designation of Infectious Waste
314(1)
Segregation of Infectious Waste
315(1)
Packaging of Infectious Waste
315(1)
Storage of Infectious Waste
316(3)
Transport of Infectious Waste
319(1)
Treatment of Infectious Waste
320(1)
Steam Sterilization
320(1)
Incineration
321(2)
Chemical Disinfection
323(3)
Emerging Treatment Technologies
326(1)
Disposal of Treated Waste
327(1)
Contingency Planning
327(2)
Regulatory and Advisory Considerations
329(1)
Staff Training
330(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
331(1)
Appendix A: Bloodborne Pathogens Final Standard: Summary of Key Provisions
332(2)
References
334(1)
Radioactive Waste Management
335(40)
Objectives
335(1)
Introduction
335(32)
Background
337(1)
The Nature, Effects, and Measurement of Radioactivity
338(1)
Radioactivity
338(1)
Types of Radiation
339(3)
Measurement of Radioactivity
342(1)
Human Health Effects of Exposure to Radiation
343(1)
Radiation Protection
344(1)
Permissible Dose Concepts and Applications
344(1)
The ALARA Concept
345(1)
Pathways of Dispersion and Human Exposure
345(1)
Physical Protection
346(1)
Radiological Monitoring Programs
346(4)
Regulatory Structures
350(1)
Historical Development of Policies and Statutes
350(1)
Statutory and Regulatory Framework
351(1)
Department of Energy Management of Cleanup Programs
352(1)
High-Level Radioactive Waste Management
352(1)
HLW Defined and Described
352(1)
HLW Treatment and Disposal
352(5)
Transuranic Waste Management
357(1)
TRU Defined and Described
357(1)
TRU Disposal
358(1)
Low-Level Waste Management
359(1)
LLW Defined and Classified
359(1)
Treatment and Disposal of LLW
359(5)
Mixed Waste Management
364(1)
Mixed Waste Defined and Described
364(1)
Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Management
365(1)
Tailings Defined, Described, and Characterized
365(1)
Treatment and Control
366(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
367(2)
Appendix A: Commercial and Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Options
369(2)
References
371(4)
Underground Storage Tank Management
375(20)
Objectives
375(1)
Introduction
375(17)
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks -- Problems and Causes
376(1)
Galvanic Corrosion
377(1)
Faulty Installation
378(1)
Piping Failures
378(1)
Spills and Overfills
379(1)
Compatibility of UST and Contents
379(1)
Mobility of Leaked Hydrocarbon Fuels
380(2)
Protection of Tanks and Piping from Corrosion
382(1)
Protection by Sacrificial Anode
382(1)
Protection by Impressed Current
382(1)
Protection by Cladding or Dielectric Coating
383(1)
Protection of Piping
383(1)
Detection of Leaks from Underground Storage Tank Systems
384(1)
Detection of Leaks in Pressurized Underground Piping
385(1)
Detection of Leaks in Underground Suction Piping
385(1)
RCRA Subtitle I Regulations and Requirements
386(1)
Background
386(1)
Implementation Schedule
386(1)
Requirements for New Petroleum UST Systems
387(1)
Requirements for Existing UST Systems
387(1)
Corrective Action Requirements
388(1)
Financial Responsibility Requirements
389(1)
The LUST Trust Fund
390(1)
Closure of Underground Storage Tank Facilities
390(1)
Permanent Closure
390(1)
Exceptions to Permanent Closure
391(1)
Temporary Closure
391(1)
Compliance Summary
391(1)
Compliance Status As of September 30, 1999
391(1)
Topics for Review or Discussion
392(1)
References
393(2)
Hazardous Waste Worker Health and Safety
395(32)
Objectives
395(1)
Introduction
395(24)
Hazards Encountered on Hazardous Waste Sites
397(1)
Chemical Exposure
397(1)
Explosion and Fire
398(1)
Oxygen Deficiency
399(1)
Ionizing Radiation
399(1)
Biologic Hazards
400(1)
Bloodborne Pathogens
400(1)
Safety Hazards
400(1)
Electrical Hazards
401(1)
Heat Stress
401(1)
Cold Exposure
402(1)
Noise Hazard
402(1)
Other Physical Hazards
402(1)
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
403(1)
Background
403(1)
The HAZWOPER Summarized
404(1)
Standards Applicable to Clean-up Sites
404(7)
Standards Applicable to Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Sites
411(1)
Standards Applicable to Emergency Response Teams
412(1)
Other Important Topics and Compliance Issues
413(1)
Respirator Selection Criteria
414(1)
Applicable Air Contaminant Standards
415(1)
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
416(1)
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
416(1)
Chemical Hazard Communication
417(1)
Workplace Violence
417(1)
The OSHA Unified Agenda
418(1)
Appendix A: OSHA Workplace Standards That May Apply to Hazardous Waste Sites
419(6)
References
425(2)
Glossary 427(24)
Index 451


William C. Blackman Jr.