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E-raamat: Comparative Psychology: Evolution and Development of Brain and Behavior, 3rd Edition

Mauricio Papini

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Ilmumisaeg: 20-Oct-2020
Kirjastus: Routledge
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781000177701

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Formaat: EPUB+DRM
Ilmumisaeg: 20-Oct-2020
Kirjastus: Routledge
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9781000177701

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"This revised third edition provides an up to date, comprehensive overview of the field of comparative psychology, integrating both evolutionary and developmental studies of brain and behavior. This book provides a unique combination of areas normally covered independently to satisfy the requirements of comparative psychology courses. Papini ensures thorough coverage of topics like the fundamentals of neural function, the cognitive and associative capacities of animals, the development of the central nervous system and behavior, and the fossil record of animals including human ancestors. This text includes many examples drawn from the study of human behavior, highlighting general and basic principles that apply broadly to the animal kingdom. New topics introduced in this edition include genetics, epigenetics, neurobiological, and cognitive advances made in recent years into this evolutionary-developmental framework. An essential textbook for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses in comparative psychology, animal behavior, and evolutionary psychology, developmental psychology, neuroscience and behavioral biology"--

This revised third edition provides an up to date, comprehensive overview of the field of comparative psychology, integrating both evolutionary and developmental studies of brain and behavior. This book provides a unique combination of areas normally covered independently to satisfy the requirements of comparative psychology courses.

Papini ensures thorough coverage of topics like the fundamentals of neural function, the cognitive and associative capacities of animals, the development of the central nervous system and behavior, and the fossil record of animals including human ancestors. This text includes many examples drawn from the study of human behavior, highlighting general and basic principles that apply broadly to the animal kingdom. New topics introduced in this edition include genetics, epigenetics, neurobiological, and cognitive advances made in recent years into this evolutionary-developmental framework.

An essential textbook for upper level undergraduate and graduate courses in comparative psychology, animal behavior, and evolutionary psychology, developmental psychology, neuroscience and behavioral biology.

List of Tables

xviii

List of Boxes

Preface

xxi

1 Biological Evolution

(35)

1.1 Evidence for Evolution

(11)

Definitions

(1)

Molecular Evidence

(4)

Embryology

(1)

Anatomy

(2)

Biogeography

(1)

Paleontology

(2)

Contemporary Evidence

(1)

Artificial Selection

(2)

1.2 Logic of Natural Selection

(2)

1.3 Origin and Preservation of Genetic Variability

(8)

Genotype and Phenotype

(1)

Mendelian Genetics

(2)

Genetic Drift

(2)

Exons and Introns

(1)

Structural and Regulatory Genes

(1)

Mutation

(1)

Sexual Reproduction

(1)

1.4 Natural Selection

(8)

Types of Direct Fitness

(1)

Field Observations and Experiments

(2)

Measuring Lifetime Reproductive Success

(1)

Natural Selection and Diversity

(1)

Traits Contributing to Survival

(1)

Correlated Traits

(1)

Darwinian Fitness and Adaptation

(1)

Units of Natural Selection

(1)

1.5 Glossary

(3)

1.6 References

(3)

2 Origin and Evolution of Animals

(32)

2.1 Diversity of Life

(4)

Taxonomy

(1)

Five-Kingdom Classification

(1)

Animal Phyla

(2)

2.2 Geological Background

(5)

Geological Periods

(3)

Fossilization

(2)

2.3 Origin and Evolution of Animals

(16)

Pre-Cambrian Fossils

(1)

Cambrian Explosion

(2)

Molecular Phylogenies

(1)

Early Evolution of Vertebrates

(1)

Fishes

(3)

Amphibians

(1)

Reptiles

(2)

Birds

(3)

Mammals

(3)

2.4 Speciation

(1)

2.5 Grades and Clades

(3)

2.6 Glossary

(2)

2.7 References

(2)

3 Evo-Devo, Brain, and Behavior

(30)

3.1 Definitions

(1)

3.2 Early Development

(5)

Early Stages

(1)

Phylotypic Stage

(2)

Nature-Nurture Interactions

(2)

3.3 Development of the Vertebrate Nervous System

(10)

Neuroembryology

(4)

Axonal Growth and Synapses

(1)

Neuronal Aggregations

(2)

Brain Development and Experience

(2)

Brain Development and Hormones

(2)

3.4 Development and Evolution

(8)

Genetic Assimilation

(2)

Behavioral Neophenotypes

(1)

Heterochrony and Behavior

(1)

Terminology

(2)

Behavior

(3)

3.5 Glossary

(3)

3.6 References

(3)

4 Simple Nervous Systems and Behavior

(33)

4.1 Invertebrate Phyla

(5)

An Overview

(1)

Sponges (Porifera)

(1)

Comb Jellies (Ctenophora)

(1)

Cnidarians (Cnidaria)

100

(2)

Neural Evolution

102

(1)

4.2 Behavior and Simple Neural Networks

103

(9)

Basic Neural Properties

103

(1)

Reflexes

104

(2)

Modal Action Patterns

106

(1)

Command Neurons

107

(3)

Central Pattern Generators

110

(1)

Cotransmission in the Feeding CPG of Aplysia

111

(1)

4.3 Behavioral and Neural Plasticity in Nonassociative Learning

112

(12)

Properties of Habituation

112

(2)

Habituation in Cnidarians

114

(1)

Habituation and Dishabituation of Reflexes and MAPs

114

(1)

Short-Term and Long-Term Habituation

115

(1)

Neural Basis of Short-Term Habituation

116

(1)

The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

116

(1)

The Mollusk Aplysia californica

116

(1)

Neural Basis of Long-Term Habituation

117

(1)

The nematode C. elegans

117

(1)

The Mollusk Aplysia

118

(1)

Short-Term Sensitization

118

(1)

Definitions and Behavioral Examples

118

(1)

Dishabituation and Short-Term Sensitization in Aplysia

119

(3)

Long-Term Sensitization

122

(2)

4.4 Evolution of Learning Mechanisms in Mollusks

124

(1)

4.5 Glossary

125

(2)

4.6 References

127

(4)

5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain and Behavior

131

(48)

5.1 Key Innovations of Vertebrates

131

(3)

Body Plan

131

(1)

Agnathan Brains

131

(3)

5.2 Comparative Neurology

134

(14)

Pattern and Process

134

(1)

Examples of Character Stability

135

(3)

Spinal Cord

138

(1)

Morphology

138

(1)

Functions

139

(3)

Rhombencephalon

142

(1)

Cerebellum

143

(1)

Morphology

143

(1)

Functions

144

(2)

Mesencephalon: The Optic Tectum

146

(1)

Diencephalon

146

(2)

5.3 Telencephalon

148

(11)

Subdivisions

148

(1)

The Fish Telencephalon and Behavior

149

(3)

Evolution of the Telencephalon

152

(1)

Striatum

152

(1)

Limbic System and Behavior

153

(1)

Hippocampus

153

(2)

Amygdala

155

(1)

Origin and Evolution of the Cortex

156

(3)

5.4 Brain Size

159

(12)

Principles of Brain Size

159

(1)

Artificial Selection for Brain Size

159

(2)

Relative Brain Size

161

(2)

Encephalization

163

(1)

Evidence From Fossil Species

163

(1)

Selective Pressures for Encephalization

164

(1)

Encephalization and Behavioral Development

165

(1)

Brain Size and Intelligence

165

(3)

Behavioral Specializations and the Brain

168

(3)

5.5 Glossary

171

(3)

5.6 References

174

(5)

6 Fundamentals of Learning and Cognition

179

(55)

6.1 Definitions

179

(2)

6.2 Forms of Conditioning

181

(9)

Classical Conditioning

181

(2)

Instrumental Conditioning

183

(1)

S→R vs. S→S Associations

183

(2)

Brain Mechanisms of Actions vs. Habits

185

(1)

Distinguishing Conditioning Processes

186

(1)

Logic of the Omission Experiment

186

(2)

Behavior

188

(2)

6.3 Classical Conditioning

190

(14)

Basic Acquisition Phenomena

190

(1)

Contiguity

190

(2)

Temporal Factors

192

(1)

Acquisition Failure vs. Performance Failure

193

(1)

Contextual Modulation of Signal Responding

194

(1)

Behavior

194

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Signal and Contextual Fear

195

(1)

Compound Conditioning

196

(1)

Behavior

196

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Forward Blocking in Fear Conditioning

197

(1)

Extinction

198

(1)

Behavior

198

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Fear Extinction

199

(1)

Inhibitory Conditioning

200

(1)

Behavior

200

(2)

Brain Mechanisms of Fear Inhibition

202

(1)

Occasion Setting

203

(1)

6.4 Instrumental Conditioning

204

(16)

Learning vs. Performance

204

(1)

Instrumental Contingencies

205

(1)

Definitions

205

(1)

Positive Reinforcement

206

(1)

Punishment

207

(1)

Omission

207

(1)

Escape

207

(1)

Avoidance

207

(1)

Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement

208

(1)

Schedules of Reinforcement

209

(1)

Behavior

209

(3)

Brain Mechanisms of Interval Timing

212

(1)

Response-Reinforcer Contiguity

212

(1)

Behavior

212

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Delay Discounting

213

(1)

Adjunctive Behavior

214

(1)

Behavior

214

(2)

Brain Mechanisms of Schedule-Induced Polydipsia

216

(1)

Avoidance Learning

216

(1)

Acquisition Processes

216

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Avoidance Learning

217

(1)

Learned Helplessness

218

(2)

6.5 Situational Generality of Associative Learning

220

(3)

6.6 Brain Mechanisms of Learning and Cognition: An Overview

223

(1)

6.7 Glossary

224

(4)

6.8 References

228

(6)

7 Comparative Analysis of Learning and Cognition

234

(50)

7.7 Terminology

234

(1)

7.2 Comparative Methodology

234

(9)

Distinguishing Between Phenomena and Mechanisms

234

(3)

Mechanistic Levels of Analysis

237

(3)

Species Similarity in Learning Phenomena

240

(2)

Species Differences in Learning Phenomena

242

(1)

7.3 Learning and Cognition in Invertebrates

243

(14)

Invertebrates as Models

243

(4)

Mollusks: Associative Learning

247

(2)

Arthropods: Associative Learning

249

(1)

Invertebrate Cognition

250

(3)

Neural Mechanisms of Associative Learning in Invertebrates

253

(2)

Learning Mutants

255

(2)

7.4 Learning and Cognition as Adaptations

257

(7)

Equipotentiality vs. CS→ US Relevance

258

(2)

Misbehavior

260

(2)

Spatial Learning and Cognition

262

(1)

Food Storing

262

(1)

Cognitive Mapping

263

(1)

Spatial Learning and the Hippocampus

263

(1)

7.5 Learning, Cognition, and Phylogenetic History

264

(11)

Attentional Modulation

265

(1)

Latent Inhibition

265

(1)

Dimensional Transfer

266

(1)

Surprising Nonreward

267

(1)

Aftereffects

267

(1)

Anticipatory Effects

268

(3)

Frustration and Fear in Vertebrates

271

(1)

Problem-Solving Behavior

272

(1)

Insight

272

(1)

Transfer of Learning

273

(2)

7.6 Glossary

275

(3)

7.7 References

278

(6)

8 Higher Cognitive Processes

284

(40)

8.1 From Associative Learning to Cognition

284

(10)

Expectancies

284

(1)

Representation-Mediated Learning

284

(1)

Differential-Outcomes Effect

284

(2)

Some Implications

286

(1)

Spatial Navigation and Mapping

287

(1)

A Field Example

287

(1)

Cognitive Maps

288

(1)

Associative Mechanisms

289

(1)

Path Integration

290

(1)

Episodic-Like Memory

291

(1)

Tool Use and Tool Making

292

(2)

8.2 From Concepts to Social Cognition

294

(22)

Perceptual Concepts

294

(2)

Same-Different Concept

296

(2)

Causality

298

(2)

Number

300

(1)

Numerosity

300

(1)

Counting

300

(1)

Ordinality

301

(1)

Addition

302

(1)

Communication

302

(2)

Language Production

304

(1)

Hand Gestures

304

(2)

Symbols

306

(1)

Language Comprehension

307

(4)

Self-Recognition

311

(2)

Social Cognition: Theory of Mind

313

(3)

8.3 Mental Continuity and Discontinuity

316

(1)

8.4 Glossary

317

(2)

8.5 References

319

(5)

9 Early Learning and Behavior

324

(37)

9.1 Ontogenetic Transitions

324

(1)

9.2 Prenatal and Prehatching Behavior

324

(7)

Mammalian Patterns of Development

324

(3)

Spontaneous Movements

327

(1)

Behavior and Sensory Systems

327

(2)

Fetal Learning

329

(1)

Long-Term Effects of Early Experience

330

(1)

9.3 Infant Behavior

331

(4)

Patterns of Behavioral Development

331

(2)

Sensorimotor Development

333

(2)

9.4 Infant Learning

335

(13)

Neonatal Learning Phenomena

335

(1)

Simple Associative Effects

335

(1)

Complex Associative Effects

336

(1)

Attention and Learning

337

(1)

Orienting Response

337

(1)

Habituation

338

(2)

Latent Inhibition

340

(1)

Emotion and Learning

340

(1)

Conditioned Fear: Behavior and Brain Mechanisms

340

(2)

Conditioned Frustration: Behavior and Brain Mechanisms

342

(2)

Infantile Amnesia

344

(3)

Early Avian Learning and Cognition

347

(1)

Precocial Species

347

(1)

Altricial Species

348

(1)

9.5 Development of Complex Behavior

348

(7)

Animal Personality

348

(3)

Development of Personality Traits

351

(2)

Tool Use and Culture

353

(2)

9.6 Glossary

355

(2)

9.7 References

357

(4)

10 Early Social Learning and Behavior

361

(48)

10.1 From Individual to Social Behavior

361

(1)

10.2 Imprinting

361

(14)

Filial Imprinting

361

(3)

Sensitive Period and Reversibility

364

(1)

Motivation

365

(1)

Learning

366

(3)

Brain Mechanisms of Imprinting

369

(3)

Imprinting-Like Phenomena in Other Species

372

(1)

Altricial Birds

372

(1)

Migratory Species

372

(1)

Imprinting in Mammals?

373

(2)

10.3 Reproductive and Social Behavior

375

(12)

Sexual Imprinting

375

(2)

Mother-Infant Interactions in Mammals

377

(1)

Hormones and Maternal Behavior

377

(1)

Experience and Maternal Behavior

378

(1)

Attachment

379

(1)

Properties

379

(1)

Rats and Other Mammals

379

(1)

Primates

380

(2)

Early Experience and Primate Social Behavior

382

(2)

Play

384

(1)

Behavior

384

(2)

Brain Mechanisms of Play Behavior

386

(1)

10.4 Development of Vocal Behavior

387

(13)

Mammalian Vocalizations

387

(1)

Avian Vocalizations

388

(1)

Calls

389

(2)

Vocal Learning in Birds

391

(1)

Age-Dependent Plasticity

392

(2)

Dialects

394

(2)

Social Modulation of Song in Cowbirds

396

(1)

Brain Mechanisms of Avian Song Learning

397

(1)

Brain Circuit

397

(2)

Patterns of Gene Expression

399

(1)

From Proximate to Ultimate Causation

399

(1)

10.5 Glossary

400

(2)

10.6 References

402

(7)

11 Reproductive and Social Behavior

409

(46)

11.1 Reproductive Biology and Social Behavior

409

(1)

11.2 Mechanisms Underlying Social Behavior

410

(7)

Individual Recognition

410

(1)

Kin Recognition

411

(1)

Social Learning

412

(1)

Feeding Behavior

412

(1)

Predator Recognition

413

(1)

Social Reinforcement

414

(1)

From Social Reinforcement to Reproductive Success

415

(2)

11.3 Mating Systems

417

(9)

A Classification

417

(1)

Polygyny

417

(1)

Resource-Defense Polygyny

417

(1)

Mate-Defense Polygyny

417

(1)

Lek Polygyny

418

(1)

Scramble Competition Polygyny

418

(1)

Polygyny and Sexual Selection

418

(1)

Polyandry

419

(1)

Monogamy

420

(1)

Manipulating Mating Systems

421

(1)

Polygyny Threshold

421

(1)

Empirical Tests

421

(1)

Alternative Mating Strategies

422

(2)

Mating Systems and Brain Evolution

424

(2)

11.4 Patterns of Reproductive Behavior

426

(4)

Agonistic Behavior and Communication

426

(1)

Courtship Displays

427

(1)

Assessing Fitness in Humans

427

(1)

Copulatory Behavior

428

(2)

11.5 Infant Care

430

(6)

Patterns of Parental Care

430

(1)

No Parental Care

430

(1)

Uniparental Care

430

(2)

Biparental Care

432

(1)

Group Care

433

(1)

Brood Parasitism

434

(1)

Parent-Offspring Conflict

435

(1)

11.6 Complex Animal Societies

436

(12)

Factors Contributing to Social Evolution

436

(1)

Subsociality and Eusociality

436

(1)

Eusocial Species

436

(2)

Haplodiploidy

438

(1)

Direct, Indirect, and Group Selection

439

(1)

Eusocial Diplodiploids

440

(1)

Origin of Eusociality: Back to Direct Fitness

441

(2)

Cooperation

443

(1)

Reciprocity

444

(2)

Prosocial Behavior

446

(2)

11.7 Glossary

448

(2)

11.8 References

450

(5)

12 Brain, Behavior, and Evolution of Primates

455

(47)

12.1 What Is a Primate?

455

(3)

Mammalian Evolution

455

(1)

Characteristics of Primates

455

(1)

Taxonomy and Distribution

456

(2)

12.2 The Primate Brain

458

(4)

Brain Size

458

(1)

Encephalization

458

(1)

Selective Pressures

458

(1)

The Primate Neocortex

459

(3)

12.3 Evolution of Language

462

(4)

What Is Language?

462

(1)

Precursors of Language

463

(1)

Biology of Language

464

(1)

Comparative Anatomy

464

(1)

Genetics of Language

465

(1)

Genes, Behavior, and Culture

466

(1)

12.4 Origin of Primates

466

(3)

Plesiadapiforms

466

(1)

Early Primates

467

(1)

New World and Old World Monkeys

468

(1)

12.5 Hominids

469

(17)

Apes

469

(2)

Chimpanzee-Human Divergence: Molecular Evidence

471

(2)

What Is a Hominin?

473

(1)

Taxonomic Problems

473

(1)

Hominin Synapomorphies

473

(2)

Ape or Hominin?

475

(1)

Ardipithecus and the Chimpanzee-Human Divergence

476

(1)

Australopithecines

477

(1)

Basic Characters

477

(1)

Gracile Australopithecines

478

(2)

Robust Australopithecines

480

(2)

From Australopithecus to Homo

482

(1)

Stone Tools

482

(1)

Early Homo Remains

483

(1)

Homo habilis and Homo rudolphensis

484

(1)

Homo erectus

484

(2)

12.6 From Archaic to Modern Humans

486

(8)

Archaic Humans

486

(1)

Homo heidelbergensis and Homo rhodesiensis

486

(2)

Some Additional Findings

488

(1)

Neanderthals

489

(1)

Denisovans

490

(1)

Modern Humans

491

(1)

Early and Recent Modern Humans

491

(2)

Out-of-Africa Migratory Waves

493

(1)

12.7 Conclusion: From Oldowan Tools to Climate Change

494

(1)

12.8 Glossary

495

(2)

12.9 References

497

(5)

Index

502

Mauricio R. Papini is Professor of Psychology at Texas Christian University, USA. His work has centered on brain-behavior relationships in the area of incentive learning, but broader interests in the evolution and development of behavior led to the creation of this book.

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