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E-raamat: Conventional and Organic Farming: A Comprehensive Review through the Lens of Agricultural Science

  • Formaat: 600 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Dec-2017
  • Kirjastus: 5M Books Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781912178759
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  • Formaat: 600 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Dec-2017
  • Kirjastus: 5M Books Ltd
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781912178759
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Organic farming comes with many connotations of 'natural', 'wholesome', 'healthy', 'superior', 'environmentally friendly', and 'sustainable'. But just what is the scientific evidence behind the claims of healthier food and better farming systems made by the organic movement? Using peer reviewed literature, the latest studies, and a rigorous investigation of claims made by opponents of conventional farming, the author provides an even handed and scientifically objective review of the contributions of organic farming to human health, crop yields, the environment, and agriculture from a global perspective. The aim is to separate out the marketing spin, the claims of one camp or another, and political ideologies to provide a straightforward appraisal of both the benefits and exaggerated claims of organic farming. The approach taken is to present the evidence in the form of data, study results, and presentation of source material for the claims made by conventional and organic, and leave the reader to make their own judgements on the validity of the case for organic over conventional farming. The book also addresses a fundamental question in modern farming-organic agriculture's ability to feed the world in the face of a growing population and growing demand for meat. It provides a timely scientific comparison of the practices, relative yields, and benefits of organic versus conventional agriculture. The ways conventional farming has progressed from hunter gatherer days and possible future developments are discussed. Conventional and Organic Farming will be an ideal book for agricultural policy makers, researchers and academics, as well as agricultural students, conventional, and organic farmers. [ Subject: Farm Studies, Agriculture Studies, Agricultural Policy]
Part 1 From Hunter Gatherers to Agricultural Science 1(50)
Chapter 1 Origin of Farming and the Historical Appreciation of the Value of Manure and Legumes
3(13)
Domestication of animals and crops 10,000-8,000 BC
3(2)
Hunter-gatherers and a natural way of life
5(2)
Appreciation of the value of manure and legumes
7(5)
Summary
12(1)
References
13(3)
Chapter 2 The Fertilizer and Pesticide Roads - from Manure to Man-Made Fertilizers and from Sulphur to Synthetics
16(28)
From Romans to the printing press (1476)
16(1)
Before agricultural chemistry (1477-1800)
17(4)
Agricultural chemistry from 1800
21(6)
Early soil amendments
27(3)
Birth of the modern fertilizer industry
30(1)
Fertilizers - the end of the road
31(6)
The pesticide road from sulphur to synthetics
37(3)
Summary
40(1)
References
41(3)
Chapter 3 Social and Agricultural Scene in 1920s and 1930s
44(7)
Social, political and economic background
44(2)
Agricultural background
46(1)
Public health
47(1)
Summary
48(1)
References
48(3)
Part 2 The Nature, Origin and Benefits of Organic Farming 51(174)
Chapter 4 Organic Farming - Principles, Promotion and Perceptions
53(30)
Lord Northbourne
54(1)
Farmers and growers
54(3)
Biodynamic and mainstream organic farming
57(3)
International and national agencies
60(3)
Non-governmental bodies
63(1)
Promotion by mainstream organic groups
64(2)
Public perceptions and the reasons for choosing organic food
66(5)
Perceptions, labelling and promotion of organic food in the USA
71(2)
Reasons for farming organically
73(1)
Detecting organic fraud
74(3)
Summary
77(1)
References
78(5)
Chapter 5 Biodynamic Agriculture - Key Aspects and Development
83(20)
Dislike of modern agriculture
84(1)
Investigation of Steiner's ideas by the Koliskos
84(1)
The nine biodynamic preparations
85(5)
Promotion and extension of Steiner's ideas by Pfeiffer
90(4)
Control of weeds, insects, disease and mice
94(1)
Influence of the Moon on plant growth
95(2)
Biodynamic research
97(1)
Genetic engineering and nanotechnology
98(1)
Influence of biodynamic agriculture on the origin of the mainstream organic movement
98(1)
Summary
99(1)
References
100(3)
Chapter 6 Origin and Development of Mainstream Organic Movements
103(18)
Eve Balfour (1898-1990)
104(2)
Haughley Research Farms (1940)
106(1)
The Living Soil (Balfour 1943)
107(1)
Soil Association (1946)
108(2)
Reaction to The Living Soil and the Soil Association
110(1)
Haughley Experiment (1945-1969) - Results
110(3)
Organic associations in English-speaking countries
113(3)
Organic associations in other countries
116(2)
Summary
118(1)
References
119(2)
Chapter 7 Organic Areas, Crops and Markets Across the World
121(18)
Areas of organic crops
121(2)
Main organic crops and areas
123(1)
Africa
124(1)
Asia
124(1)
Europe
125(2)
North America
127(1)
Latin America
127(2)
Oceania
129(1)
Biodynamic crops and farms
129(1)
Mainstream organic markets
130(5)
Summary
135(1)
References
136(3)
Chapter 8 Regulation and Certification of Organic Farming
139(15)
Biodynamic farming
139(2)
Development of mainstream organic standards
141(3)
Mainstream organic farming regulations
144(1)
IFOAM norms for organic agricultural production
145(3)
Organic equivalence arrangements
148(1)
Non-food crops and products
149(1)
Summary
149(2)
References
151(3)
Chapter 9 Organic Farming and Health - the Pioneers
154(17)
Soil, organic farming methods, diet and health
154(2)
Pioneers, Howard, Sykes, McCarrison, Wrench, Price and John Boyd-Orr
156(8)
The Medical Testament of the Cheshire doctors (1939)
164(2)
Huntingdon feeding experiment
166(1)
Submission to UK Parliament
166(1)
Summary
167(2)
References
169(2)
Chapter 10 Organic Farming and Health - Studies and Concerns
171(30)
Human health studies
172(6)
Human health concerns
178(12)
Research on potential effects of organic food on human health
190(1)
Health of farmers
191(1)
Summary
192(1)
References
193(8)
Chapter 11 Soil Organic Matter, Relevance and Benefits
201(13)
Appreciation of soil organic matter
201(2)
Organic matter in soils
203(2)
Importance and benefits of soil organic matter
205(4)
How to maintain and increase soil organic matter levels
209(1)
Soil organic matter and EU legislation
210(1)
Summary
210(1)
References
211(3)
Chapter 12 Manures and Slurries - Composition, Production and Application
214(11)
Nutrient composition of manure
214(2)
Production and recovery of manure
216(2)
Application of manure: amounts, method and timing
218(2)
Sewage sludge
220(2)
Summary
222(1)
References
223(2)
Part 3 Comparison of Organic and Conventional Farming 225(108)
Chapter 13 Comparison of Yields of Organic and Conventionally Grown Crops
227(28)
Haughley Experiment
229(1)
Comparison of organic and conventional yields where the nutrient inputs are known
229(9)
Comparison of yields of organic and conventionally grown crops
238(5)
USA: comparison of organic and conventional yields in 2008 and 2011
243(2)
Some implications of conversion to organic
245(2)
Nutrient sources for organic farms
247(1)
Summary
248(3)
References
251(4)
Chapter 14 Composition of Organic and Conventionally Grown Crops - Health Implications
255(42)
Plant composition - secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds
256(3)
Toxic effects of bioactive compounds
259(1)
Bioactive compounds in organic and conventional crops: meta-analyses
260(11)
Cadmium and heavy metals
271(1)
Relevance of the varying composition of crops associated with farming system
272(3)
Phytoalexins and their occurrence
275(2)
Examples of phytoalexins according to plant family
277(3)
Phytoalexins in organic produce and in misshapen fruit and vegetables
280(2)
The grapefruit effect and possible parsnip effect
282(2)
Phytoalexins in the wild ancestors of crops
284(1)
Summary
284(3)
References
287(10)
Chapter 15 Pesticides - The Fear and the Problems
297(36)
Synthetic pesticides
297(4)
Hidden costs of pesticides
301(1)
Rachel Carson
301(2)
Cocktails of pesticide residues
303(1)
Cancer
304(1)
Phytoalexins (natural pesticides) in the diet
305(4)
Pesticides used by organic farmers
309(2)
Regulation of synthetic pesticides and pesticide residues
311(3)
Toxicological studies on rodents
314(2)
Toxicological assessments of coffee and wine
316(2)
Hormesis
318(3)
Carcinogenic pharmaceuticals
321(1)
Hazard and risk
322(1)
Summary
322(2)
References
324(9)
Part 4 Nitrogen: the All-Important Element 333(74)
Chapter 16 Human Requirement for Nitrogen and Where it Comes From with a note on Phosphorus and Potassium
335(38)
Nitrogen and man
335(5)
Nitrogen: where it comes from
340(9)
Recovery and utilization of N in crops
349(4)
Utilization of biologically fixed N
353(4)
Equating fertilizer N with biological fixation of N by forage legumes and soybeans
357(2)
Phosphorus and potassium
359(5)
Summary
364(2)
References
366(7)
Chapter 17 Behaviour of Nitrogen in the Soil and Environment and the Contribution of Nitrous Oxide and Methane to Greenhouse Gases
373(34)
Supply of absorbable nitrogen
374(1)
Reactive nitrogen
375(9)
Recovery of nitrogen from fertilizers and organic materials
384(1)
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture
385(6)
Environmental impacts of organic and conventional farming
391(6)
Summary
397(1)
References
398(9)
Part 5 Sustaining Adequate Food Production and the Future 407(102)
Chapter 18 Sustaining Food Production - Problems of Population, Subsistence Farming and Sustainability
409(37)
Current situation
409(5)
Population, farm sizes and numbers
414(1)
Price of food
414(4)
Sustainability
418(7)
Sustainability and ability of organic farming to feed the world
425(11)
Planetary boundaries for mankind
436(1)
Summary
437(3)
References
440(6)
Chapter 19 Sustaining Food Production - Supply of Animal Protein, the Nitrogen Problem, Lessons of Organic Farming and Importance of Technology and Innovation
446(31)
Supply of animal protein
446(6)
The nitrogen problem and greenhouse gas emissions
452(4)
Lessons of organic farming
456(4)
Importance of technology and innovation
460(10)
Summary
470(1)
References
471(6)
Chapter 20 Sustaining Food Production - Basic Constraints and Potential of Plant Breeding and Mycorrhiza
477(32)
Nutrient supply
478(1)
Basic constraints to plant growth
478(4)
Plant breeding and genetic engineering
482(13)
Mycorrhiza
495(4)
Bacteria in the rhizosphere
499(1)
Summary
500(2)
References
502
Appendix
Chapter
5. Rudolf Steiner Agricultural Course (1924)
509(9)
Chapter
6. Founder and early members of Soil Association
518(3)
Chapter
12. Manures and slurries, composition
521(1)
Chapter
14. Benefits of fruit and vegetables and supplementation with dietary antioxidants
522(8)
Chapter
15. LD50 and HERP
530(4)
Chapter
16. Nitrogen use efficiency
534(2)
Chapter
17. Greenhouse gas emissions by country
536(1)
Organic products
537(1)
Glossary 538(13)
Epilogue 551(3)
Index 554
Victor M. Shorrocks is a specialist in the mineral nutrition of crops gaining his D.Phil. at Oxford with work on the uptake of phosphorus and potassium by barley and sunflower in 1957. In the latter part of his career he concentrated on the mineral micro-nutrition of plants, animals and man with his quarterly publication Micronutrient News, consulting worldwide. He has continued to keep up with developments in organic farming a topic which he has followed for over 60 years and which led to him study plant breeding.