Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
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Cooperative Learning in Schools |
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1 | (28) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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1 | (1) |
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Case Study 1.1: The Case of Tom |
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2 | (2) |
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Introducing Cooperative Learning |
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4 | (7) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Promoting Student Discourse |
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7 | (2) |
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Cooperative Learning Pedagogy in the Classroom: Teacher's Role |
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9 | (1) |
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Effective or Expert Teachers |
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9 | (2) |
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The Impact of Mandatory Testing on Cooperative Learning |
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11 | (6) |
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Specific Requirements of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Teachers' Perceptions of Mandatory Testing |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Is Mandated Testing Working? |
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16 | (1) |
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The Potential to Transform Schools: Using Cooperative Learning Pedagogy |
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17 | (1) |
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Case Study 1.2: Transforming a School: A Principal's Story |
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17 | (8) |
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Schoolwide Cooperative Learning |
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19 | (1) |
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Teachers' Reported Satisfaction With Cooperative Learning |
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20 | (2) |
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A Comprehensive School Reform Model |
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22 | (1) |
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Structure and Content: Overview of the Chapters That Follow |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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27 | (2) |
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Key Components in Establishing Successful Cooperative Groups |
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29 | (32) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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29 | (1) |
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Case Study 2.1: An Example of Cooperative Learning in a First-Grade Classroom |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Structuring Positive Interdependence |
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35 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Promoting Interaction |
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37 | (2) |
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Individual Accountability |
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39 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Ensuring Individual Accountability |
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39 | (3) |
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Interpersonal and Small-Group Skills |
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41 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Ensuring That Children Learn These Interpersonal and Small-Group Skills |
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42 | (3) |
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43 | (2) |
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Practical Activity: Ideas for Group Processing |
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45 | (3) |
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How Long Should Students Work in Cooperative Groups? |
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47 | (1) |
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Bringing It All Together: Understanding the Research |
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48 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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What Is Cooperative Learning? |
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50 | (1) |
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The Role of the Teacher in Establishing Cooperative Learning |
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51 | (7) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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59 | (2) |
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Teachers' Discourse to Promote Student Thinking and Learning |
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61 | (30) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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61 | (1) |
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Case Study 3.1: Teacher's Dialogue With a Small Group of Students |
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62 | (1) |
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Teachers' Discourse During Whole-Class, Small-Group, and Cooperative Learning |
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63 | (6) |
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Whole-Class Versus Cooperative Learning |
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63 | (1) |
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Small-Group Versus Cooperative Learning |
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64 | (1) |
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Communication Skills and Cooperative Learning |
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65 | (1) |
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Types of Mediated Learning |
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66 | (2) |
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Pedagogical Practices That Promote Thinking |
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68 | (1) |
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Case Study 3.2: An Exchange Between a Teacher and One of the Small Groups in Her Fifth-Grade Class |
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69 | (2) |
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Case Study 3.3: A Discussion Among Students in a Small Group |
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71 | (2) |
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Case Study 3.4: An Exchange Between an Eleventh-Grade Teacher and a Small Group of Students |
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73 | (3) |
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Case Study 3.5: A Group Discussion Among Eleventh-Grade Students |
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76 | (2) |
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Other Ways of Challenging Students' Thinking and Facilitating Interactions |
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77 | (1) |
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Creating the Learning Environment |
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78 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Creating a Cooperative Learning Environment |
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79 | (3) |
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Bringing It All Together: Understanding the Research |
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82 | (5) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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89 | (2) |
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Strategies to Promote Student Discourse |
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91 | (30) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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91 | (2) |
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Strategies for Helping Students to Dialogue Together |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Case Study 4.1: An Example of the Four Reciprocal Teaching Strategies |
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94 | (3) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Teaching Reciprocal Teaching Strategies to Students to Enhance Students' Discourse and Develop a Greater Understanding of a Passage of Text |
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97 | (3) |
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Practical Activity: Ideas for Establishing Audience Roles During the Report-Back Stage of Each Small Group's Presentation |
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100 | (3) |
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Collaborative Strategic Reading |
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101 | (2) |
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Practical Activity: Ways of Introducing CSR to Students to Enhance Their Understanding of Text |
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103 | (8) |
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105 | (3) |
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Guided Reciprocal Peer Questioning |
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108 | (2) |
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ASK to Think-Tel Why Strategy |
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110 | (1) |
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Case Study 4.2: Example of Fifth-Grade Students Dialoguing Together Using the Ask to Think-Tel Why Questioning Strategies |
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111 | (4) |
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Self-Regulated Strategy Development |
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113 | (2) |
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Bringing It All Together: Understanding the Research |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (34) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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121 | (1) |
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Harnessing the Power of the Group: Productive Small Groups |
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122 | (1) |
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Case Study 5.1: Students' Perceptions of Mixed-Ability Groupings in Their Classroom |
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122 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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Catering for Students With Diverse Needs |
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125 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Ideas for Establishing Mixed-Ability Groups |
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126 | (6) |
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127 | (2) |
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Teachers' Perspectives on Grouping Students |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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Practical Activity: Ideas for Establishing Friendship Groups |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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Case Study 5.2: Enhancing Mandy's Low Status in Her Group |
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134 | (11) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Surveying Students' Interests |
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140 | (1) |
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Computer Technology Groupings |
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140 | (4) |
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144 | (1) |
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Case Study 5.3: Preparing a PowerPoint Presentation on Nicotine |
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145 | (3) |
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Practical Activity: Ideas for Establishing Computer Groupings |
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148 | (2) |
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Bringing It All Together: Understanding the Research |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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154 | (1) |
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Assessing Small-Group Learning |
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155 | (38) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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155 | (1) |
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Case Study 6.1: Teachers' Reports on How They Assess Small-Group Learning |
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156 | (8) |
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158 | (1) |
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Curriculum-Based Assessments |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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Computer-Supported Peer Assessment |
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161 | (3) |
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Practical Activity: Conducting Formative Assessments of Small-Group Learning |
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164 | (16) |
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171 | (1) |
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Criterion-Referenced Assessments |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Using Authentic Assessments in Different Contexts |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Exhibitions of Performance |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Problem-Based Learning Using Formative and Summative Assessments |
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178 | (1) |
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Key Points on Summative Assessments and Their Purposes |
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179 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Conducting Summative Assessments of Small-Group Learning |
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180 | (7) |
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Bringing It All Together: Understanding the Research |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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192 | (1) |
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Teachers' Responsibilities in Establishing Cooperative Learning |
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193 | (26) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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193 | (2) |
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Case Study 7.1: A High School Teacher's Experience With Cooperative Learning |
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195 | (18) |
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Creating a Cooperative Learning Environment |
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198 | (1) |
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Student-Centered Learning |
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199 | (2) |
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Negotiate Expectations for Small-Group Behaviors |
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201 | (1) |
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Developing Communication Skills for Group Discussion |
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202 | (2) |
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Specific Metacognitive Skills That Promote Discourse |
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204 | (2) |
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The Teacher's Role in Promoting Mediated Learning |
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206 | (2) |
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Developing Appropriate Helping Behaviors |
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208 | (3) |
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Choosing Tasks for Small-Group Discussions |
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211 | (1) |
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Monitoring Students' Progress and Evaluating Outcomes |
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212 | (1) |
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Case Study 7.2: Developing Criteria for Assessing Group Outcomes in Sixth Grade |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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217 | (2) |
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Future Developments in Using Small Groups |
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219 | (26) |
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Introduction and Learning Objectives |
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219 | (5) |
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Comprehensive School Reform (CSR) |
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221 | (3) |
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Case Study 8.1: Two Middle School Teachers' Experiences With a Comprehensive School Reform Program |
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224 | (6) |
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The Implications of CSR Programs for Democratic and Learner-Centered Teaching Practices |
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228 | (1) |
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Student Participation in Negotiating Opportunities for Learning |
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229 | (1) |
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Practical Activity: Helping Schools Establish Positive Learning Environments |
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230 | (11) |
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The Impact of Computer Technology on Small-Group Learning |
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232 | (3) |
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The Implications for Designing Classrooms of the Future |
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235 | (5) |
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The Importance of Teamwork and Communication |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Further Reading |
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242 | (1) |
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Classrooms of the Future Web Sites |
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243 | (2) |
Glossary |
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245 | (8) |
References |
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253 | (14) |
Index |
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267 | (6) |
About the Author |
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273 | |