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E-raamat: Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS): An Operational Handbook

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(Gdynia Maritime University, Poland)
  • Formaat: 1136 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Aug-2009
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439847640
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Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS): An Operational HandbookSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 1136 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Aug-2009
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439847640
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Electronic navigation, although still relatively new, is becoming increasingly more common, particularly on commercial vessels. This handbook offers a wealth of detailed information about how different charting systems operate and answers the most commonly asked questions regarding electronic charts (ENC, RNC, DNC) and electronic chart systems (ECDIS, RCDS, ECS). The first resource to provide so much detail on all facets of ECDIS and Electronic Charting Systems, it is certain to serve as the bible for ECDIS users for years to come. It not only provides information for training programs but also for engineers maintaining ECDIS Systems in the field.

The book will be of specific interest to those who need to know about selection, implementation, operational use, benefits, and management of these systems, without getting into the technical details of how ECDIS/GIS actually works.

Arvustused

"I look forward to having Captain Weintrits handbook readily available on my ship for student and officer use. I think it will be a great addition to our Maritime Education and the courses at our academies. I enthusiastically endorse his effort and professionalism without reservation."

--Captain Larry Wade, Master, Training Ship STATE OF MAINE, Adjunct Professor, Department of Marine Transportation, Maine Maritime Academy, USA

"Though it is lengthy for a handbook, I feel the objective as stated by the author is achieved. It is a valuable resource to be utilized for the education of industry professionals in the implantation and management of ECDIS." --Captain Bill Erlanson, Senior Deck Training Officer aboard the Training Ship STATE OF MAINE; Adjunct Professor in the Department of Marine Transportation at Maine Maritime Academy

"For a long time to come, it will be the technical bible for ECDIS for not only providing information for training programs but also for engineers maintaining ECDIS Systems in the field." --George W. Kimball, Electronics Certifier, Instructor and Evaluator, Training Ship STATE OF MAINE, Retired Manager Raytheon Marine Systems, USA

IMO decision xix
Preface xxi
Acronyms and Abbreviations used in the ECDIS Handbook xxiii
Author's Biography xxxi
Introduction 1(1)
IAMU model course on the operational use of ECDIS
1(1)
Relevance to the work of IAMU
Methodology - including breakdown to smaller manageable tasks
ECDIS Training
2(1)
Officers of the watch requirements
STCW'95 convention
Course outline
3(8)
List of principal ECDIS subjects (Training Areas)
Course description
Course outline
Entry standards
Course objectives
Course contents
Legal Aspects, Requirements and International Standards
11(66)
Development of ECDIS
What is ECDIS?
Legal aspects of using electronic navigational charts
Introduction. GIS and ECDIS
14(19)
Introduction
Geographical Information Systems
GIS - A generic definition
Overview of GIS system applications
Marine GIS
Coastal GIS
GIS in exploration and production
Application of ENCs as GIS
GIS and ECDIS
Benefits of ECDIS
Conclusions
ECDIS - INS - IBS
Integrated Navigation Systems
Integrated Bridge Systems
The application of SOLAS
Chapter V/15 to INS, IBS
Carriage requirements
33(11)
SOLAS background
ECDIS in SOLAS
Clear waters ahead for ECDIS
Hydrographic data and charts
Consequences of new SOLAS V regulations
Proposed changes to IMO Performance Standards on ECDIS
Conditions for possible introduction of ECDIS carriage requirements
Proposal for modification of SOLAS
Chapter V, Regulation 19
Proposal for modification of HSC Code,
Chapter 13
Possible authorisation of use of ECDIS in RCDS mode without a requirement to carry an appropriate portfolio of paper charts
Indication of acceptance of RNCs by individual coastal states based on the survey to be conducted by IHO as requested by NAV 50
Definition of, and/or criteria for, the term ``appropriate portfolio of paper charts'' when ECDIS is used in the RCDS mode and as ECDIS back up
Instruments required to monitor the promulgation of official digital charts and paper charts related to ECDIS operation, and provide this information to interested parties
Consider possible implications for IMO instruments and submit a report of its deliberations to NAV 51
Mandatory ECDIS for high-speed craft
IHO online charts catalogue
Definitions of the main terms: ECDIS, ENC, SENC
44(7)
The Importance of electronic charts
Electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS)
Electronic navigational chart (ENC)
System electronic navigational chart (SENC)
Standard display
Display base
All other information
Terminology related to ECDIS
Electronic charts
What are electronic charts systems?
ECDIS
ECS
Equivalency of ECDIS and conventional paper chart
51(5)
ENCs the only route to paperless navigation
ENC coverage
Requirements
Navigate on ECDIS
National hydrographic offices (NHO) and the nautical chart
Legal issues: ECDIS & the user
Conclusion
Performance standards for ECDIS IMO Resolution A.817/19
56(4)
ECDIS international standards description
Introduction
ECDIS performance standards
Data procurement according to IHO standards and requirements
60(2)
IHO S-57 - Data transfer
IHO S-52 - Colours, Symbols, Display Aspects
IHO Committee on Hydrographic Requirements for Information Systems (CHRIS)
CHRIS terms of reference
Rules of procedure
Technical standards and requirements (IEC, ISO)
62(3)
IEC 61174
Scope
Conclusion
Training requirements
65(12)
Training and assessment in operational use of ECDIS
General: The aim of the course
Real-time training
Theory and demonstration
Simulator exercises
Principal types of ECDIS systems and their display characteristics
Risks of over-reliance on ECDIS
Detection of misrepresentation of information
Factors affecting system performance and accuracy
Practice: Setting up and maintaining display
Operational use of electronic charts
Route planning
Route monitoring
Alarm handling
Manual correction of a ship's position and motion parameters
Records in the ship's log
Chart updating
Operational use of ECDIS with radar/ARPA connected
Operational use of ECDIS where AIS connected
Operational warnings, their benefits and limitations
System operational tests
Debriefing exercise
Training and simulation
Principal Types of ECS and Electronic Charts
77(114)
Cartographic design of the electronic chart
Introduction to electronic chart systems and ECDIS
How do they work?
Electronic charts
Raster chart performance standards
ECS/ECDIS/RCDS
Characteristics of electronic chart systems and their different solutions
80(4)
Electronic charts
Electronic chart system
Components of ECS and ECDIS
Electronic chart systems. What are they and what do they do?
How should the mariner use the electronic charts?
Which type of electronic chart is the best for the navigators?
Electronic charts as an aid to navigation
Differences between ECDIS and ECS
84(5)
Differences between ECDIS and ECS
Abstract
What is the navigator looking for?
Terminology etc
ECS in use - Raster systems
ECS in use - Vector systems
Differences between vector and raster charts
89(19)
What are electronic charts?
Vector chart system
Raster chart system
Official vector data
Vector data formats other than IHO S-57
Raster data
The necessity for the ``dual fuel'' system
A BSB story
The two types of electronic charts - Raster and Vector
Differences between ENC and RNC
108(4)
Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs)
ENC production status
The Admiralty ENC Service
ENC distribution
Raster Navigational Charts (RNCs)
RNC distribution
How to use the electronic charts?
What are the regulations?
The IMO requirements when using a type-approved ECDIS
Which type of electronic chart is best for navigator?
So what does this mean in practical terms?
The future of primary navigation
ARCS and ENC
ENC and RNC availability in Australia
Admiralty Raster Chart Service (ARCS)
112(14)
About admiralty charts
ARCS data
ARCS chart service levels
Electronic chart system compatibility
Chart catalogue
A user's unique licence
Data updating system
Proven benefits
ARCS and SOLAS convention
ARCS for GIS in action
ARCS compatible display systems
Differences between RCDS and ECDIS
126(7)
Raster Chart Display System (RCDS)
ECDIS versus RCDS
Dual fuelling and RCDS accepted by IMO
ENC versus privately manufactured data
133(20)
Electronic Navigational Chart
ENC or privately manufactured data?
Services available to Hydrographic Offices from the Electronic Chart Centre
Key features
ENC or privately manufactured data
One or the other or both?
Sources of data
Electronic charts coverage
Quality of data
Assessment standard
ISO 19379-2003
Use of the standard
Contents of the standard
Present status and the future of privately manufactured data
Filling the gap?
Instead of ENC?
ENC and the private data manufacturer
Replacing paper charts
One or the other or both...?
The solution: public and private sectors join together
Collaborations proven successful
C-Map vector charts in format CM-93
141(6)
C-Map electronic charts obtain ISO certification
What is C-Map NT?
Advantages with C-Map vector charts
CM-93 format
Reasons for compression of official electronic charts in S-57 to CM-93/3
CM-93/3 is designed for automatic updating
CM-93/3 is projection-free
CM-93/3 supports all languages and alphabets
CM-93/3 is compatible with all hardware platforms and operating systems
CM-93/3 is not limited to S-57
Global chart database
SENC distribution
Transas vector charts in format TX-97
147(6)
`Interim charts'
Transas World Collection
Chart production
TX-97 customers
Updates and innovation
Transas Chart Catalogue
Transas group
Characteristics of ECS/ECDIS systems for special purposes
153(30)
Military ECDIS
153(7)
ECDIS for naval applications
ECDIS-ECS: Real-time Marine GIS
ECDIS-N
Warship ECDIS (WECDIS)
WECDIS and ECDIS-N
Additional military layers
AML layer themes
Six AML products
The Digital Nautical Chart
160(8)
Navigation Sensor System Interface (NAVSSI)
The Digital Nautical Chart
What is the difference between DNC and ENC?
Rapid Digital Nautical Charting for military navigation
ECPINS DNC
Electronic charts for VTS purposes
168(6)
VTS, AIS, ECDIS - A natural synergy
Three levels
Interrelationships
ECDIS/vector chart based traffic image (new function)
Work of VTS, Pilot's input and the need for cooperation
Conclusions
Ports and Waterways Safety System (PAWSS)
174(2)
System description
Inland ECDIS
176(7)
Electronic Chart Display and Information System for inland navigation
Primary functions and performance of I-ECDIS
I-ECDIS related definitions
The failure of ECDIS versus the apparent success of ECS
183(8)
RTCM ECS Standards
Electronic charts
ECDIS course
Confusion over charts
Non-official charts
Licensing
A chart distributor perspective
The failure of ECDIS versus the apparent success of ECS
Lack of co-operation between HOs
Lack of coverage in S-57 format
What of SOLAS and national obligations?
Data from private data providers
Analogy with official paper charts
What about the ship-owners?
ECDIS Data
191(86)
IMO requirement for ECDIS
ECDIS data
Associated IHO and IEC standards
Terms and definitions used in the context of ECDIS
194(4)
Electronic chart data
SENC Delivery
ENCs the only route to paperless navigation
Requirements
Navigate on ECDIS
S-57 Edition 3.1 format
SENC
ENC coverage increasing
Appendix 6
Data structure and data base
198(10)
Data contents
198(2)
Introduction
Specification for chart content and display of ECDIS (IHO S-52)
S-57 in detail
Theoretical data model
Data structure
Records
ENC product specification
Chain-node topology
Cartographic objects
Prohibited catalogue object and attribute classes
Catalogue of objects and attributes
200(4)
ENC objects and their attributes
Spatial and meta object attributes
Data exchange standard S-57
204(3)
Introduction
Background
Current limitations of S-57 Edition 3.1
Goal, objectives and benefits
S-57 Edition 3.1 → 4.0 (S-100)
Implications for ENC Product Specification
Summary
Portraying spatial and attribute data
207(1)
Spatial data
Attribute data
Portraying spatial and attribute data
ENC creation
208(17)
ENC production
IHO S-57 Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data
Product Specification of S-57
Updating ENC data set
Cartographic framework
Units
Legend
Object-Orientation and object data model
Methods and behaviours
Display methods and active representation
Validation methods for data integrity
Object versioning and long transactions
Topology and structure
ENC production flowline
ENC distribution
Reference systems
225(10)
World geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84)
225(2)
Background of geocentric coordinate systems
WGS-84 relationships with other geodetic systems
Summary
Effects of using different reference
227(1)
World geodetic system 1984 (WGS-84)
Why the need for a common reference system?
Geodetic datum transformation
European programme for the implementation of a common geodetic reference frame
Relationship of WGS-84 to the ITRF and ETRF reference frames
ETRS 89
EUROCONTROL standard `surveying of navigation facilities'
Quality assurance
Effects of using different horizontal and vertical datum
228(7)
Horizontal datum
Vertical datum
Horizontal datums on charts and their electronic equivalents
What is a horizontal datum?
What is the status of horizontal datums on australian charts?
System based datum conversions
Horizontal control of spatial data
Data quality
235(6)
ENC data quality, accuracy, updatedness, completeness and liability
Accuracy requirements
Official ENC data
Unofficial ENC data
Electronic chart accuracy
Source data deficiencies
Chart compilation inaccuracies
Addressing the accuracy problem
Quality assurance methods for utilising outside source hydrographic data to update nautical charts
Conclusion
Handling of ECDIS data on board
241(10)
Priority layers
Introduction. Gdynia Maritime University lab on ECDIS
Navi-Sailor 2400 of transas
Navi-Sailor 3000 of transas
Electronic charts of various formats
Navi-Sailor 3000 - Information databases
Standard ECDIS functions
Optimised user interface
Chart display modes
Information tools
Expert navigation capabilities
dKart Navigator of Morintech
Organisation of chart data distribution
251(26)
The Worldwide Electronic Navigational Chart Database (WEND)
251(4)
The present state and the future aspects of WEND
The WEND system
Implementation of the WEND system
Ownership and responsibility
Cooperation and coordination
Languages
Standards and quality management
Distribution
Updating
Reimbursement and financial arrangements
Assistance and training
Guidelines for the establishment of ENC production boundaries
WEND - World-wide Electronic Navigational Charts Data Base
Primar - World's first RENC
255(5)
RENC (Regional ENC Co-ordinating Centre)
World's first RENC in stavanger (Norway)
Northern Europe RENC - A joint project (1995)
ENC - The basic products
The ENC production
The establishment of RENCs
The situation in 2001
The RENC organisation
The tasks of a RENC
Range of ENC services
Area of coverage
The Network system
Primar's contribution to standardisation
Acceptance of ECDIS
International Centre of Electronic Navigational Charts (IC-ENC)
260(3)
The Admiralty ENC service
ENC cell numbering
ENC unit numbering
Types of CD in the Admiralty ENC Service
Conclusion
Cooperation between IC-ENC and Primar-Stavanger
263(12)
Renewed cooperation between IC-ENC and Primar-Stavanger - 14th October 2004
Comprehensive guide IC-ENC and Primar on ENC
What about the rest of the HOs? S-63
S-57 data production by SevenCs
275(2)
To be your own RENC/ENC data server
Technical capabilities of SevenCs ENC Server Suite
Presentation of ECDIS Data
277(102)
Display characteristics
Display requirements and basic information to be displayed
Use and restrictions of data
Calculations
System's menu - Chart mode
282(7)
Next generation of ECDIS
ECDIS Presentation Library
Navi-Sailor 2400 ECDIS
Navi-Sailor 3000 ECDIS
User-adjustable interface
Presentation library (colours, marks, symbols and abbreviations)
289(11)
Introduction
Status of the Presentation Library
S-57 and the Presentation Model for ECDIS
Structure of the Presentation Model for ECDIS
Packaging of the Presentation Library
The elements of the Presentation Library - An overview
The colour coding scheme
The library of symbols, fill styles and line styles
Symbology instructions
Conditional symbology procedures
The look-up tables
Mariners' ECDIS Chart 1 diagrams
Catalogue of mariners' navigational object classes
Description of the colour coding system
The colours and symbols
The vector symbol description language
Size and orientation of a vector-symbol
Usage of a complex line style
General colour assignment for ECDIS features
Background area shades
Presentation of navigation-related information
Major rules of data presentation
300(7)
ECDIS data presentation
ENC visualisation
Main rules of display of SENC information
Real time data and ECDIS
Display categories of chart data
307(7)
Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)
Display categories of chart data
Standard Display versus Display Base
Safety values
314(7)
Four new chart features
Safety contour
Safety depth
Isolated dangers
Own-ship safety contour
Contour intervals
Safety depth contour and raster chart
User's data
321(4)
Additional user defined information
Navigational elements and parameters
User files
User chart creating procedure
Modification of presented chart
325(11)
Introduction Problem areas
Data versus information
Display options
Display mode
ECDIS data display facilities
SCAMIN and soundings
Temporary versus permanent
24-hour colour scheme
Some guiding principles
Final thoughts
Display characteristics
Units, data layers and calculations
Automatic presentation rules
336(15)
SCAMIN - The tool to control online generalisation
What is the definition of SCAMIN?
What are the effects of SCAMIN when compiling ENCs?
How are SCAMIN and usages related to each other?
What is the relation of SCAMIN and OVERSCALE?
Some rules how to apply SCAMIN
SCAMIN while zooming in
SCAMIN while zooming out
A refined standard scale list
The relation of compilation scale and navigational purpose
Handling of large datasets for ECDIS
Summary
Modes of presentation
351(5)
Modes of presentation
True and relative motion
Display orientation
Look ahead
North-up orientation
North-up, Head-up, Course-up presentation
Display mode and generation of the neighbouring area
Projection
Errors in displayed data
356(12)
Visualisation
Digital chart accuracy
Source data deficiencies
ENC chart creation
Chart compilation inaccuracies
ECS software
Data inconsistencies across usage bands
Inconsistent depiction and misalignment of data at cell boundaries
Inconsistent depiction of data within a cell
Holes in data coverage
Data gaps and overlaps
Accuracy of chartworks
Absolute accuracy with GPS and DGPS
Chart accuracy
NOAA electronic charts
Summary
3D visualisation
368(11)
Presentation of digital hydrographic data
Discussion on digital hydrographic data
Introduction to 3D stereoscopic display techniques
The current situation
The vision
The future roll out
Adding oceanographic marine information objects to the ECDIS
Main Functions of ECDIS
379(50)
Main benefits of ECDIS
Functional capability versus functional status
ECDIS main functions
Calculations
Usefulness of ECDIS to reduce navigational workload
Automatic functions
393(7)
Navigational functions of the electronic charts
Generally, the functions of electronic charts relate to
The main advantage of ECDIS
Basic functions of NS 2400
Additional functions
Manual functions
400(9)
Manual functions
Controls
VRM/EBL
Fixed-point bearing and ERBL
ENC Scale
The MOB button
The FIX button
Selecting the Positioning System
Own chart entries (Mariner's notes)
409(3)
User charts
Mariners' objects
Making manual updates
Creating user charts
Editing user charts
The purpose of user objects
Presentation of navigational marks
412(7)
The use of visual aids to navigation
ENC Data Model
Light sectors
Lights on fixed and floating aids to navigation
Additional information
419(4)
Additional information
Manufacturer's information on the route monitoring display
Non-HO (non-ENC) chart information
Limit on ENC coverage: non-HO data on the display
ECDIS Chart 1
Additional Information Display
Obtaining information from an Electronic Chart
Vector types
423(6)
Vector types
Chart orientation
Speed and log
Radar/ARPA vectors
Vectors information
Special Functions for Route Planning
429(86)
The passage plan
Constructing a voyage track
Following a voyage plan
Route planning and route monitoring in ECDIS
The role of leglines and waypoints in route planning
International requirements for route planning
435(4)
Route planning
Production of official ENC data
International collaboration - SHARED programme
International ECDIS Conference and Exhibition (IECE)
ECDIS route planning argument
Understanding the process of navigation
Sea area selection
439(6)
Sea area selection
Route planning
Ocean passage
Route planning in SOLAS
Navi-Sailor information area
Scale of the chart
No-go area
Route planning information
445(8)
Equipment inventory
Route planning information (where and how the mariner can find it)
Obtaining information on ports
Obtaining information on tides
Obtaining climatic data
Obtaining information on currents
Route planning calculations
453(7)
Route planning
Display Route Mode
Tabular form of route planning
Graphical route planning
Route planning procedure
Passage plan
Great Circle Line calculation
Calculating the voyage schedule
460(6)
Schedule generation and editing
Creating a schedule of the vessel's motion along the route
Voyage calculation in ship-owner office
Route calculations
Current route
Current Way point
ETA calculation in dKart Navigator
Construction of a route
466(9)
Route generation
Route generation procedures
Graphic method
Construction of a route
Waypoints and routes
Route planning mode
Planned route
New route
Supplementary instructions & notes to the routes
Training
How ECDIS handles the data?
Curved track planning
475(4)
Curved track planning
Course alterations & wheel-over
Curved track
Route elements
Radius of gyration
Current Way Point
Planning notes
479(4)
Planning notes
Routes
Additional information
Berth-to-berth route planning
Displaying Way Points' coordinates during editing
The benefits and considerations for the master
Anticipated problems
Safety values according to size and manoeuvring parameters of the vessel
483(4)
Safety value
Obtaining data for steering to the next route segment
Planned route checking for navigational safety
487(3)
Planned route checking facility
Creating a route plan with a check for the presence of dangers to navigation
Alternative routes
490(8)
Contingencies
Alternative routes
Several potential routes through the each sea area
Optimisation of route planning
498(6)
Route optimisation
Weather routeing
Weather Routing, Inc.
Integration with SPOS (weather and route planning tool)
Maritime Intelligent Systems Wings-for-Ships
Modification of a pre-planned route
504(4)
Modification of the plan
Editing a previously created route in Navi-Sailor
Ultimate route selection
508(2)
Voyage Planning
Approval of VPs
Voyage execution
Back-up arrangements
Printout of final route plan
510(5)
Printout of route plan
Tabular form of route planning
Presentation and sharing of VPs
Route Monitoring and Special Functions
515(58)
Monitoring the ship's progress
Route monitoring
Permissible range for deviation from route
Monitored area selection
519(4)
Route monitoring requirements
Route monitoring functions
Monitored area selection
Route monitoring functions
Required route
523(8)
Voyage Monitoring mode
Vector-time selection and setting
531(3)
Bearing and planned speed for each leg
Time management
Setting the parameters for monitoring safety at sea in NS
Settings for the NS operation in the navigation mode
Check measurements and calculations
534(5)
Sailing along the route
Route check and route correction
Loading of and working with a route and Voyage Schedule in the Voyage Monitoring Mode
Trial manoeuvre - obtaining data for steering to the next route segment
Look-ahead function
539(5)
Look-ahead function
ECDIS Look-ahead
Ship's real-time position
True motion and own ship offset from the centre of the screen
Compilation scale
The effective size of the screen
Navigation in open (deep sea), coastal and confined waters
544(9)
Real-time ship and environmental data
Scalable ship symbol
Precision navigation
Ship's domain
Obtaining additional information during the Navi-Sailor 2400 operation in the voyage monitoring mode
Alarms and indications
553(6)
Alarm settings for route check
Track control indications and alarms
Alarm requirements
Setting the alarms in Voyage Monitoring Mode in NS 2400
Auxiliary NS facilities used in the Voyage Monitoring Mode
Alarm settings in sailing along the route
Alarms in NS
Current and wind effects
559(6)
Manoeuvring and handling a ship
Planned route and past track
External sources - current and wind effects
NS purpose and capabilities
VOSS (Voyage Optimisation and Safety System)
Obtaining information on weather parameters
Wind interface
Practice with new techniques of presentation - windows statement
565(8)
Windows boxes
Scroll windows
Dialogue windows
Functional window features
Manipulative window features
Help box
Active and inactive windows
Advisory windows
Check window
Data Updating System
573(72)
Background - Copenhagen Declaration
Specific requirements of nautical chart production
New challenges of nautical chart producers
Main benefit
ENC correction systems
New ENC supply and distribution system
Recommendations on ENC data encoding for improved ENC consistency
Commercial systems
Terminology
Updating entities
Production and distribution of official digital updates
581(24)
ENC production and distribution
NIMA DNC corrections - Digital Nautical Chart Vector Database Updates
Updating the NOAA charts
NOAA corrections for raster charts
The WEND/RENC concept of updating data distribution
586(4)
ENC production status
WEND principles
RENC models
Regional ENC Coordinating Centre (RENC)
NHS RENC: Primar-Stavanger
Primar-Stavanger distributors
The IC-ENC concept of updating ENC data
590(5)
International Centre for ENCs (IC-ENC)
The admiralty ENC service
Non Profit Politics of IC-ENC
Quality assurance
ENC distribution
Unit concept
IC-ENC - From concept to reality
ENCs - The challenges ahead
IC-ENC - Meeting the challenges
Virtual RENC (VRENC)
595(3)
Virtual RENC service
Services available to hydrographic offices from the Electronic Chart Centre (ECC)
Other solutions of ENC data distribution
598(1)
Go-It-Alone
Future of the RENC concept
Optional SENC distribution of official ENCs
Production of ``small-scale'' ENCs
Looking to the future
Digital notices to mariners - New digital products of HO
599(6)
No updates - No ENC
Tentative conclusions
Why a new notices to mariners system is required?
dKart system of notices to mariners
Manual, semi-automatic and automatic updating
605(7)
Updating paper charts
Updating official electronic charts
Updating categories
IHO data protection scheme
Data protection
Encryption of ENC information
Definition of user permit
How does the mariner check that all updates have been applied to the official ENC?
ENC service
How are official ENCs named?
Updating ENCs
Performing updates on board
612(17)
Performing updates on board
Avoiding the update chore, electronically
Modus operandi
Co-operative
Work with S-57 format electronic charts in NS
Accepting and displaying chart updating
Making manual updates
Infrastructure for ENC updating
A generic solution
Costs and communication technology
Update infrastructure
Preparation and transfer of chart updates via e-mail
Reception of update information
C-Map real time updating service
Chart manager software
629(6)
ENC chart manager
Data management and updating
Primar-Stavanger Chart Manager utility
How to use the official chart corrections in NS 3000?
Installation of chart corrections
Installation of new charts
Transas chart updating - chart assistant
Updating and safe navigation
635(4)
Updating and safe navigation
The UKHO updating system for ARCS Navigator and Skipper
639(6)
Admiralty Raster Charts Service (ARCS)
ARCS level of service: Navigator
ARCS level of service: Skipper
ARCS skipper chart updating
Latest chart updates applied in seconds
Additional Navigation-Related Information Sensors, Display and Function
645(112)
Introduction
Composite radar with radar, AIS and ENC data correlation
Navigational sensors with potential for connection to ECDIS
650(9)
Connections with other equipment
Navigational sensors
Display of other navigational information
Future trend
ECS/ECDIS possibilities
Performance limits concerning availability, accuracy and integrity
659(5)
Behind the accuracy of electronic charts
The navigator's problem: A critical need for modern chart surveys
Other ECDIS limitations
Fall-back sensor systems
664(4)
Connections with other equipment
Fall-back arrangements
Input and output data and back up and fall-back arrangements
Back-up and fall-back arrangements alarms and indications
Data reference system of each connected sensor
668(7)
Geodetic datums
Geodetic reference systems
Map and chart accuracies
WGS-84 - Common reference system for ECDIS and radar
Navigation with GPS
Navigation in this new way
Chart datum
Datum transformation
The shape of our earth
Understanding chart accuracy counts
Specified chart accuracy
Positioning of survey data
Digital data
Selection of appropriate and unambiguous sensor data
675(1)
Selection of appropriate and unambiguous sensor data (position, course, speed, etc.)
Sensor's selection
Radar image superimposition
676(12)
Introduction
Radar Image Overlay (RIO)
Radar as position back-up by ENC object correlation
Radar overlay in Navi-Sailor 3000 ECDIS - Advantages of Radar Integrator
Accuracy limitation
Conclusions
Radar with chart display
ARPA information
688(7)
ARPA information in ECDIS
Functional specifications of ECDIS
Correcting the vessel position using ARPA information
Trial manoeuvre for avoiding collision with other vessels
Automatic track-keeping
695(5)
Track
Automatic track keeping
Autopilot
Channel ECDIS, AIS & Course Trajectory (CEACT) - Software features
Track control
Automatic Navigation & Track Keeping System (ANTS)
Vessel advance predictor
Hydrodynamic predictor
Track storing
Information from radar transponders
700(3)
Definitions of terms related to radar transponders
Vessel detection
Vessel identification
Vessel tracking
Tracking functions
Functions based on wireless data communication (EDI) ship/shore
ECDIS - vector chart based on traffic image (new function of VTS)
Operation with Racons and SARTs
A few words of history
Universal shipborne automatic identification system AIS
703(26)
AIS transponder
AIS data for collision avoidance
Integration of AIS and ECDIS - more information, better view, improved safety
Collision avoidance and surveillance
Improved target identification
How AIS transponder works?
The equipment
Shore usage
Graphical presentation of targets
Route planning and manoeuvring depending on the navigational situation
Local information services
Monitoring of the ship traffic in ports, channels and restricted waters
Enhanced communication facilities
Connection to any electronic chart or radar
Conclusion
Presentation of target information
Selection of additional information
729(17)
Display of additional information on ECDIS
Temporary versus permanent
Weather information in ECDIS
729(5)
Integrated weather information
Additional ECDIS functions
Integrated Navtex information
UAIS interface
User-adjustable interface
Navtex Manager
Navtex receivers
Adding oceanographic Marine Information Objects to the ECDIS
734(10)
Marine Information Objects in ECDIS
Introduction
Oceanographic data for navigation
Oceanographic hierarchy
Incorporation of oceanographic data into ECDIS
Conclusion
GPS/GNSS and electronic navigation
744(2)
Reliability and plausibility of sensor input values
746(4)
Reliability and plausibility of sensor input
ECDIS as a decision support system
Final thoughts
AML and the Recognised Environmental Picture (REP)
750(7)
Additional Military Layers (AML)
Definition of AML
Concept of Recognised Environmental Picture (REP)
Maritime Foundation Data (MFD)
Voyage Data Recording (Documentation)
757(50)
Voyage Data Recorder
Voyage recording in ECDIS
ECDIS outputs
Automatic voyage recording
760(4)
Methods of recording
Conception of control, monitoring and recording system of the ship's movement
Voyage data recording
Data Recording System (DSR)
Imposition of time intervals
764(9)
IMO requirements on voyage recording in ECDIS
Author's concept of ADMAR unit
Measurement of distance to the nearest navigational danger
Reconstruction of past track
773(7)
Automatic recording of navigational situation
Log book records on-chart playback
Playback function
Viewing archive data
Logging functions
Purpose
Printing out information
Playback of the own ship track in play back utility
Display of the own ship track in the NS
Electronic ship logbook formation principles
Electronic log book
780(7)
Electronic logbook
Electronic ship's log in Navi-Sailor 2400
Function: Logbook
Table of events and event parameters in NS 3000
Electronic ship logbook formation principles
ECDIS Electronic Log Book as a Vessel Management System
Voyage data recording and playback in Navmaster ECDIS of PC Maritime
Composition of voyage reports
787(4)
Records of navigation activities and daily reporting
Voyage report in OceanView of C-Map
Display Pilot Mode in Navi-Sailor of Transas Marine
Data recorders
End of Voyage Report (EOV)
Voyage data recorder VDR
791(16)
Black boxes for ships
VDR carriage requirements
International VDR standardisation process
VDR features
Flexible I/O subsystem integrates a multitude of data types
Advanced audio compression
Hardened fixed data capsule
Office Playback
Remote data recovery via satellite
Ownership of the data
The computerised voyage reporter
IMO Resolution A.861(20)
Conclusion
Errors, Status Indications, Warnings and Alarms
807(48)
`Exxon Valdez' lesson
Monitoring technology
Definition and meaning of status indications, indicators and alarms relating to ECDIS
813(3)
Definitions
Route planning in ECDIS
Route monitoring in ECDIS
Alarms and indicators list (IMO Res. A.817(19), App.5)
816(5)
Indication/Alarm
Alarms and indicators in IMO Res. A.817(19)
Nautical indications/alarms and sensor alarms
821(4)
Alarms, indications and warnings
Acknowledgement of alarms
Presentation of alarms
Bridge Alarm Management System and Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm (proposal)
Sensor alarms
Alarms group in NS 3000
Alarms window
Data and chart alarms/alarms settings
825(4)
Improving safety at sea
Alarm settings in NS 2400
Setting the alarms in voyage monitoring mode
Setting the alarms in work with ARPA
Alarm settings in sailing along the route
Function alarm
Recording of alarm activation and acknowledgement
Proper action checklists to avoid alarm situation
829(7)
`Exxon Valdez' catastrophe
The cost benefits of electronic charts
What electronic charts can do?
Faster vessel speeds
Some issues to note
Proper action checklists to avoid alarm situation
Watch relief procedures
Passage planning criteria and checklist
Proper action checklists in alarm situation
836(5)
Introduction
Potential errors in marine navigation
Distributed information - An unsatisfactory approach?
Alarm handling
Alarm reaction
Example of bridge procedures - Norwegian Cruise Line
Errors of interpretation
841(14)
Errors of interpretation (false interpretation of data)
Screen size
Great potential
Use of SCAMIN
Use of attribute CATZOC on meta object M_QUAL
Data gaps and overlaps
Coordinate Multiplication Factor (COMF)
Possible ways ahead
Recommendations
Conclusions
Operational Requirements
855(40)
ECDIS - Procedural and organisational considerations
What should you consider before procuring a digital chart system?
Firm quality control guarantees the safety of navigation
System integrity monitoring and maintenance of equipment
860(11)
The digital chart
System integrity monitoring and maintenance of equipment
IEC 61174 - ENC test data set - General requirements
Data sub-set A - ENC
Data sub-set B - Automatic updating
Data sub-set C - Manual updating
Back-up arrangements
871(5)
Back-up requirements
Options for back-up arrangements
Back-up system options
Appropriate portfolio of up-to-date paper chart as ECDIS back-up
Risk of overreliance on ECDIS
876(19)
Risk of overreliance
876(8)
Hydrographic data and charts
Risk Assessment method for ECDIS
Risks and legislation
Risk assessment definitions
Areas of risk
Assessment process
Practicalities
Benefits of risk assessment
Integrated marine GIS approach in Navigational Charting
884(2)
Introduction
The roles and objective of Hydrographic Service
Customer aspirations and needs
Provision of charts
Coastal mapping
Coastal charts database
Integration of coastal database with GIS
Conclusion
Private sector producers of electronic charts and equipment: potential exposure to liability
886(9)
Introduction
An overview of the products and the risks faced by producers
Potential claims against producers of electronic chart systems
Possible claimants
Shielding the producer from liability
Affirmative defences when faced with a claim
Shifting the blame
Conclusions
Conclusions
895(12)
Why are electronic charts important?
Looking to the future
Operational use of ECDIS, IAMU model course 3.02
Where we are
What went wrong?
IHO response
What needs to be done by the IHO?
IHO CHRIS activities
Amendments to the ECDIS performance standards (2006)
Carriage requirements for ECDIS
Appendix
1. Resolution A.817(19) Performance Standards for Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS)
907(14)
Appendix
2. ECDIS Model Course
921(4)
Appendix
3. Reference Documents Concerning ECDIS, RCDS & ECS
925(2)
Appendix
4. Global ENC Coverage
927(41)
Criteria IC-ENC for Appointing Value Added Resellers VARS
962(1)
IHO worldwide on-line chart catalogue
963(5)
Appendix
5. ECDIS Related Web Sites (Internet Addresses)
968(3)
Appendix
6. Glossary of ECDIS-Related Terms
971(29)
Appendix
7. Main Questions on ECDIS
1000(13)
Appendix
8. The Use of Risk Assessment Methodology When Operating ECDIS in the Raster Chart Display System (RCDS) Mode
1013(13)
Appendix
9. Revised Performance Standards for Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) MSC.232(82)
1026(16)
Appendix
10. Admiralty Vector Chart Service (AVCS)
1042(11)
Bibliography 1053(42)
Subject index 1095
Adam Weintrit is a Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Navigation (since 2008) of Gdynia Maritime University, Poland and the Head of the Navigational Department (since 2003). He was also Head of the Electronic Navigational Charts and ECDIS Simulator (1996-2010).

He has got M.Sc degree from Gdynia Maritime University, Faculty of Navigation (1985), Ph.D and DSc degree (1992) and habilitation degree (2004) from Warsaw Technical University, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography. He has over 25 years experience in teaching and research works in the field of maritime navigation, sea transport, hydrography, cartography, geodesy and safety at sea. He has been involved in national projects founded by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research, several local projects founded by GMU and has also co-operated in few international projects, including European Union projects and he received 3 grants of the IAMU founded by the Nippon Foundation (including two as a project leader).

He has published more than 250 reports and papers in journals and conference proceedings. He is author of 18 books on navigation, including 5 handbooks on ECDIS and electronic charts. He has many times been the member of the program and organising committees of international conferences and symposiums. He is Chairman of TransNav.
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