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E-raamat: Emergent Nested Systems: A Theory of Understanding and Influencing Complex Systems as well as Case Studies in Urban Systems

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Understanding Complex Systems
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Mar-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319275505
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Emergent Nested Systems: A Theory of Understanding and Influencing Complex Systems as well as Case Studies in Urban SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Understanding Complex Systems
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Mar-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319275505
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This book presents a theory as well as methods to understand and to purposively influence complex systems. It suggests a theory of complex systems as nested systems, i. e. systems that enclose other systems and that are simultaneously enclosed by even other systems. According to the theory presented, each enclosing system emerges through time from the generative activities of the systems they enclose.





Systems are nested and often emerge unplanned, and every system of high dynamics is enclosed by a system of slower dynamics. An understanding of systems with faster dynamics, which are always guided by systems of slower dynamics, opens up not only new ways to understanding systems, but also to effectively influence them.





The aim and subject of this book is to lay out these thoughts and explain their relevance to the purposive development of complex systems, which are exemplified in case studies from an urban system. The interested reader, who is not required to be familiar with system-theoretical concepts or with theories of emergence, will be guided through the development of a theory of emergent nested systems. The reader will also learn about new ways to influence the course of events - even though the course of events is, in principle, unpredictable, due to the ever-new emergence of real novelty.
Introduction xxvii
1 Complex Systems and Man's Desire to Understand and Influence Them
1(12)
1.1 Complex Systems
4(2)
1.2 The Limits of Planning Complex Systems
6(1)
1.3 Purposive Planning and Untargeted Evolution
6(2)
1.4 Evidence Supporting the Theory
8(1)
1.5 The Structure of This Work: Theory, Evidence, Conclusion
8(5)
Part I A Theory of Emergent Nested Systems
2 Emergent Systems: Nested, Fast, and Slow
13(16)
2.1 What Do We Not Know that We Don't Know?
15(2)
2.2 The Emergence of New Qualities
17(3)
2.3 General Properties of Emergent Systems
20(5)
2.3.1 Nestedness
21(1)
2.3.2 Inward Influence
22(1)
2.3.3 Outward Influence
23(1)
2.3.4 Wholes
24(1)
2.4 Fast and Slow Systems
25(4)
3 Emergent Systems: First Implications
29(12)
3.1 Emergent Nested Systems, Fast and Slow
29(2)
3.2 Objective Novelty in Ontologically Real Systems
31(3)
3.2.1 Subjective Novelty?
31(1)
3.2.2 Ontologically Real Systems
32(1)
3.2.3 Forever Indiscernible Causes?
33(1)
3.3 The Power of the Individual and the Whole
34(6)
3.3.1 The Power of the Individual
35(1)
3.3.2 Modeling Averages
35(1)
3.3.3 The Use of Statistical Models
36(1)
3.3.4 The Power of the Whole
37(1)
3.3.5 The Power of Emergence
38(2)
3.4 Emergent, Not Reshuffled
40(1)
4 Influencing ENS
41(12)
4.1 Influencing ENS
43(2)
4.2 Three Generic Ways to Influence ENS
45(3)
4.2.1 Changing Rules of Inward Influence
46(1)
4.2.2 Changing Activities of Outward Influence
46(2)
4.2.3 Submitting to the Guiding and Selecting Rules
48(1)
4.3 Three Case Studies to Exemplify Influencing ENS
48(5)
Part II Understanding and Influencing Emergent Nested Systems: A Case-Study Approach and Exemplary Cases
5 Understanding ENS
53(16)
5.1 Purpose of a Case Study: Understanding the Emergent Nested System for Subsequent, Purposive Activity
53(1)
5.2 Scope of a Case Study: Focusing on the Single Case
54(3)
5.2.1 Unique Situations Are Decisive
54(1)
5.2.2 Studying Single Cases
55(2)
5.3 A Single-Case Approach for ENS
57(1)
5.4 Enclosing Sociocultural Systems
58(4)
5.4.1 Weaknesses of Some Common System Classifications
59(1)
5.4.2 Distinguishing Empirically Evident Superordinate Systems
60(1)
5.4.3 Introducing the E-CEPT Framework of Superordinate Enclosing Systems
61(1)
5.5 Practical Implications for Studying Single ENS
62(7)
5.5.1 Exploratory and Descriptive
62(1)
5.5.2 Bounded by Dealing with Ontologically Real Entities
63(2)
5.5.3 Heuristic, Iterative, and Empirical
65(1)
5.5.4 Narrative
66(1)
5.5.5 Deductive
66(1)
5.5.6 Non-predictive
67(1)
5.5.7 Situation-Changing
68(1)
6 Guiding Rules and Emerging Novelty in the Urban System of Lviv
69(82)
6.1 Aim, Scope, and Location of Case Studies
70(1)
6.2 Four Superordinate Systems
71(39)
6.2.1 Three Superordinate Cultural Systems of Lviv
76(11)
6.2.2 Economic Superordinate System of Lviv
87(5)
6.2.3 Political Superordinate System of Lviv
92(9)
6.2.4 Technical Superordinate Systems of Lviv
101(9)
6.3 Three Cases and Three Ways of Influencing ENS
110(41)
6.3.1 Case Study 1: Built Heritage
112(12)
6.3.2 Ase Study 2: Entrepreneurship
124(13)
6.3.3 Case Study 3: Public Transport
137(14)
Part III Reflections and Outlook
7 Purposive Decision-Making and Foresighted Activities
151(22)
7.1 Understanding the Nested System by Objective Frequencies of Change
152(1)
7.2 Being an Engaged Observer and Engaging Reporters of Change
153(2)
7.3 Conceiving a Vision of Change
155(1)
7.4 Choosing Among Means of Influence
156(12)
7.4.1 Working on Guiding Rules
156(2)
7.4.2 Triggering Activities
158(3)
7.4.3 Working Within Given Rules
161(2)
7.4.4 Considering Stabilities
163(1)
7.4.5 Making Productive Use of Instabilities
163(3)
7.4.6 Effectuating ENS
166(2)
7.5 Applying the Scientific Method to Test Possible Interventions
168(5)
7.5.1 Applying the Scientific Method
168(1)
7.5.2 Using Models for Alpha Tests
169(1)
7.5.3 Engaging Individuals as Beta Testers
170(3)
8 A Second Look at ENS Theory
173(8)
8.1 Key Findings of a Theory of ENS
173(6)
8.1.1 Fast and Slow Systems are Ontologically Real
175(1)
8.1.2 `Emerging' Patterns are not Emergent
175(1)
8.1.3 Purposive Influence is Possible with Inward and Outward Influence in ENS
175(2)
8.1.4 Nestedness Defines the Development of Complex Systems
177(1)
8.1.5 Influencing Complex Systems Means to Influence the Nesting Processes
178(1)
8.2 Outlook
179(2)
Postlogue 181(2)
Glossary 183(6)
Bibliography 189(8)
Index 197
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